Qigong is a self-exercise method to optimize body and mind by using consciousness. Qigong was officially named by the government in the 1950s. There were many names in ancient times, such as keeping in good health, guiding the way, breathing, observing one, etc., and there were no fewer than 30 names. Among them, "guidance" and "health preservation" are the most appropriate. Guiding, that is, "guiding qi to make harmony and inducing body to make softness", comprehensively embodies the content of qigong exercise and is the key technology: making qi more peaceful and body more flexible. Health, more emphasis on the purpose of exercise, is connotation. Self-care guidance and health care methods have been popular for thousands of years, but it was officially promulgated as one of the medical means by the authority of the central government in AD 6 10. That year (the sixth year of the Great Cause of Sui Dynasty), Chao (the president of the Central Hospital, equivalent to the Minister of Health) published the book On the Causes of Diseases. This book discusses the etiology, pathogenesis and symptoms of various diseases, and is the earliest and most complete monograph on TCM pathology in the medical history of China. The book is divided into five volumes, sixty-seven doors and two thousand and thirty-nine. He is Zhang Zhongjing's most important medical work since Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Synopsis of the Golden Chamber. Different from the predecessors, this book basically does not involve prescriptions, but only writes at the end of each theory that "its soup, ironing, needle and stone have different prescriptions, which are attached at the back." A brush. On the contrary, the book * * * contains 289 "health preservation" or "guiding methods" and 2 13 specific methods. It can be said that Chao is a master of medical qigong for thousands of years. It is also the earliest leader of "medical qigong" today. The publication of Treatise on Febrile Diseases indicates that the application of Qigong in medicine has entered a mature stage. "Argumentation and exertion" is the biggest feature of this book. Most of the 2 13 methods introduced in the book are selected according to different symptoms. There are different methods for visceral diseases. For example, the method under "liver disease" is "patients with liver disease are worried but not happy, sad and angry, dizzy and painful, and' oh' is exhausted and cured; The guiding method under the heading of "heart disease" is: "Heart patients are divided into cold and heat, and when they are cold, they inhale; "If the hot air blows out"; The guiding method of "spleen disease" is: "patients with spleen disease have decent upper air blowing, pain, itching, boredom, pain, and' Xi' when exhaling." The guiding method of "Lung Disease Syndrome" is: "Patients with lung disease, with stuffy throat and full abdomen and deafness, exhale with' mouth four'. The words "ha", "shout", "blow", "Xi", "hush" and "mouth silk" are used to treat diseases of the five internal organs, but they are not from the Chao family. Tao Hongjing in the Five Dynasties (AD 452-53 1) has been recorded, but as an official medical method, it is the contribution of the Chao family. Another feature of Chao's works is conciseness. All the methods introduced by Chaoshi are very simple and easy to implement in daily life. For example, the "wind spin" has only one action: "Hold the right knee with both hands, hold the fake action, and remove the wind spin. "There are only eight words. Treatment of "constipation": "Tortoise moves qi, covers its mouth, nose, head and face, lies upright, rests for nine times, and exhales through its nose. "Only 14 words, the main points of the body adjustment and breath adjustment are very clear. Chao's method is concise and to the point, and it is easy for people who are interested in spreading medical qigong to follow suit and learn from it. If the operation is complicated, the effect may not be good. On the contrary, simple operation will definitely open the door to convenience.
Although Chao is a master of medical qigong, he is not the initiator. Using qigong to protect people's health has been very popular since ancient times. The excavation of cultural relics in Mawangdui Han Tomb and the comeback of "Yin Shu" in Zhangjiashan Han Tomb reveal its glorious history. We can not only get a glimpse of the economic and cultural achievements before the Western Han Dynasty, but also further realize the great achievements of ancient medical qigong. There are three kinds of medical literature about meridians unearthed in Mawangdui, besides Fifty-two Prescriptions for Diseases, Pulse Method and Death of Yin and Yang: two kinds of Yin and Yang Eleven-pulse Moxibustion Classics (A and B) and one kind of Foot and Arm Eleven-pulse Moxibustion Classics, which shows that the study of meridians has a profound relationship with the occurrence and development of medical qigong. Li Shizhen once pointed out in the Examination of Eight Veins in the Strange Meridian that the eight veins in the Strange Meridian were discovered by well-trained qigong experts. Because "the meridian tunnel can only be taken care of by the visitors." Mawangdui's guide map and bamboo slips "The Prescription for Health" directly reflect the research results of medical qigong in the early Han Dynasty. The "guide map" contains the "complete technical works" of various medical qigong. Among them, the contribution of dialectics is 700 years earlier than that of Chao. Quegu Shi Qi is another medical qigong document written on the same silk as the unearthed guide map. This article is written after the guide map and the Yin-Yang Eleven-pulse Moxibustion Sutra (second edition), which shows that there are certain internal relations among the three documents. "Quegu Shi Qi" is one of the effective means of medical qigong, which includes two aspects: "Quegu" and "Shi Qi", that is, to treat a certain disease by not eating for a period of time. "Historical Records" said: Sean was "sexually ill, that is, he was guided not to eat grains." It seems that the treatment of "Bi Gu" had a certain influence at least in the early Han Dynasty and the Han Dynasty. "Eating gas" is also called "inhaling gas" and "inhaling gas". This paper introduces the precautions and principles of eating gas in different seasons. There are more than 200 bamboo slips and wooden slips in the Prescription for Health Preservation unearthed in Mawangdui, which mainly states (1) that health preservation must conform to the objective laws of nature. (2) Pay attention to daily food hygiene. (3) Pay attention to a healthy lifestyle. "Health-preserving prescription" has been lost for a long time, and its reappearance makes up for the blank of traditional medical sexual health care in China.
1984, a large number of cultural relics were unearthed from the Han tomb at No.274 Zhangjiashan, Jiangling, Hubei. Among them, bamboo slips 1236. Recording guidance, medicine, law, mathematics, military theory and so on. Introduction is a monograph guiding science, with 1 12 bamboo slips. The burial time should be two years in Lv Hou (BC 186) or soon after. It is earlier than Mawangdui Han Tomb 18 years. The title of the book is the original title, which means the book of instruction. Huangdi Neijing notes "cited guidance", and "cited" is simply called "guide". The book is divided into three parts: the first part describes the way of keeping in good health, which is very similar to the book "Keeping in Good Health" in Mawangdui Han Tomb; The second part records the methods of guidance and the methods of treating diseases through guidance. The former complements the silk painting "Guide Map" of Mawangdui Han Tomb. The guide map has pictures, but no words. Although there are several digital titles, it is difficult to get a glimpse of the whole leopard. The rich text explanation of the guide book makes people clear at a glance. The written expression of the latter is almost exactly the same as that described in the monograph of Chao 700 years later, indicating that the formation of medical qigong in Sui Dynasty should have originated from the early Han Dynasty or even earlier. The reappearance of Yin Shu makes us more clear: firstly, as an academic and medical qigong, it is an independent discipline. Not influenced by Taoism, Buddhism and Confucianism, and has nothing to do with martial arts; Second, although there are guiding records in later Taoist books such as Zhang Junfang's Song Dynasty "Yun Qi Qian", they are all "streams" rather than sources; Thirdly, medical qigong, as a means of self-rehabilitation, has become quite popular in society.
Even so, the entry of medical qigong into mainstream medicine should be attributed to Chao Fangyuan, an imperial doctor in Sui Dynasty. Although many famous doctors worked part-time in Qigong before Sui Dynasty. Zhang Zhongjing, a sage of traditional Chinese medicine, is an expert himself. Hua Tuo, a generation of imperial doctors, is one of the well-known editors of Wuqinxi. Tao Hongjing, a famous doctor of Liang, wrote the Record of Raising Sex and Prolonging Life. The first volume is teaching precepts, eating precepts, miscellaneous precepts and praying for blessings, and the second volume is taking qi to treat diseases, guiding massage and controlling women's profits and losses. This paper summarizes the methods of prolonging life, and has made many achievements in the research of medical qigong. However, after the Sui Dynasty, the famous doctors in Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties almost all took medical qigong as a compulsory course and had a lot of experience, which was the credit of Chao.