1. Jingdezhen Jingdezhen has a long history and tradition of porcelain making. Porcelain has been fired since the Five Dynasties, and it has been more than 400 years since the Ming Dynasty. During these 400 years, the famous kilns in China's history rose one after another, became famous for a while, and flourished for a while, but most of them did not last long and declined one by one.
After the Ming Dynasty, Jun kiln, Longquan kiln, Cizhou kiln and other series of porcelain have been unable to compete with Jingdezhen's blue and white, colored porcelain and colored glaze porcelain, or stopped production or went into decline.
Jingdezhen porcelain workers have absorbed the advantages of famous kilns all over the world on the basis of rich practical experience from generation to generation, and developed and improved them. From the initial position of keeping pace with famous kilns all over the world, it has gradually developed into a leading position and become the center of the national porcelain industry.
Jingdezhen is located in the northeast of Jiangxi Province, surrounded by mountains and flowing through the Yangtze River. Jingdezhen has unique natural conditions. Macangshan in Fuliang County and nearby counties such as Xing Zi, Leping, Wuyuan, yujiang county and Boyang are mountainous areas, which contain a large number of minerals such as kaolin, porcelain stone, glazed fruit and refractory soil.
These raw materials for making porcelain are not only low in impurity content and good in technological performance, but also suitable for making high-grade porcelain, with extremely rich reserves. Jingdezhen and its four townships have a long flame, and porcelain burning is the most suitable, which provides rich fuel for kiln burning.
Many porcelain kilns are located in the Yangtze River and its communication coast, and the river water can be used to wash porcelain clay; Set a water hammer to crush porcelain clay by hydraulic power. At the same time, the Yangtze River waterway is smooth, and a large number of porcelain can be transported downstream to Poyang Lake, and then transported to important trading ports such as Jiujiang, Nanjing and Yangzhou, and sold to domestic and foreign markets.
Jingdezhen in Song Dynasty mainly fired a single variety of celadon, which was called celadon, blue and white porcelain because of its glaze color. This kind of celadon-white porcelain, which is between celadon and white porcelain, has the unique regional characteristics of Jingdezhen.
After the late Qing Dynasty, blue-and-white porcelain was generally called "welcoming youth". There is only one blue-and-white porcelain in Song literature, which is called "Shadowless Blue". Porcelain books published in the late Qing Dynasty and even the early Republic of China have such names as "Yin Qing", "Yingqing" and "Yinqing", all of which refer to blue and white porcelain.
Jingdezhen has discovered the ruins of Song Dynasty kilns firing celadon, including Hutian, Hu Xiang, Shengmeiting, Shinan Street, Huangnitou and Liujiawan. These kiln sites left a lot of fragments, and it is conceivable that porcelain was burned at that time.
Since 1950s, 15 provinces and regions have unearthed blue and white porcelain in Jingdezhen. Blue-and-white porcelain was widely circulated in the last century, and numerous unearthed blue-and-white porcelain and rich porcelain kiln ruins proved each other, reflecting the development and prosperity of Jingdezhen ceramic industry in the Song Dynasty.
Jingdezhen burned celadon and white porcelain in the five dynasties, but celadon and white porcelain have not been found in the five dynasties kiln site. Judging from the development of China porcelain kilns, they all inherited the traditional varieties in the early stage and improved or developed. But Jingdezhen is an exception. Celadon and white porcelain, which were popular in the Five Dynasties, disappeared in the Song Dynasty and were replaced by celadon and white porcelain. This phenomenon cannot be explored from the general law, and there should be other reasons. Since the Han and Tang Dynasties, the development of ceramics has its own laws, but there are also examples of imitating other varieties in the same period. For example, painted pottery in the north of Han Dynasty imitated Jiangnan painted lacquer in the same period, tricolor and twisted tires in Tang Dynasty imitated silk printing and dyeing and rhinoceros lacquerware in the same period, and sauce glazed porcelain in Song Dynasty imitated sauce lacquer in the same period. There are many similar examples.
Jade has always been a rare thing and monopolized by the ruling class. Blue and white porcelain appeared when blue and white jade was desirable but not desirable. Jingdezhen ceramists should use local high-quality raw materials to burn jade blue-and-white porcelain to meet the needs of consumers. It was loved by people from the day it appeared, and soon won the reputation of fake jade.
There is a "jade pillow cabinet" in Li Qingzhao's "Drunken Flowers" in the Southern Song Dynasty. The jade pillow here refers to a blue-and-white porcelain pillow, the color is like sapphire; The words "Jade from Kunshan" and "Jade from Kungang" are engraved on the blue-and-white porcelain bowl in Yuan Dynasty, which indicates that blue-and-white porcelain is made of imitation jade, with obvious implications.
Jingdezhen blue-and-white porcelain in the Song Dynasty was dominated by daily utensils, including dishes, plates and bowls for food, bowls, cups and plates for wine, incense for bowls, washing and various washings, lamps for lighting, and boxes for medicinal materials, spices or women's cosmetics. There is a mother box, and three small boxes are connected to the big box, and pink, black silk and red silk are respectively placed for women to use when making up. In addition, there is a statue of Guanyin, which was burned for a good man and a loyal woman. With the burial, there are tower-shaped bottles, double lions, statues, lying babies, silver ingots and other pillows, among which silver ingots are more. The picture below shows the ink cylinder cup of Jingdezhen kiln in Yongzheng, Qing Dynasty.
Blue-and-white porcelain is more common in Song tombs in Jiangnan area, and a few tombs have exact epitaphs. By comparing the blue-and-white porcelain unearthed from the tombs in the 1960 s, we can roughly see the evolution and popularization time of the utensils. Bowl filling is a set of wine containers, which was very popular in the Five Dynasties. There are many banknotes and bowls unearthed in the tombs of the Northern Song Dynasty, which still have the characteristics of imitating metal, and it is also common that the body of the vessel is shaped like a melon prism. Most of the notes made in early tombs were covered with a lion-shaped button above the cover. This bowl was made from the tombs of Huizong politics and period at the latest. Bowls prevailed in the Tang Dynasty and were tall. In the Five Dynasties, the bowl evolved into a shallow style, but it still retained the legacy of flat mouth and similar size at the bottom of the mouth in the Tang Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, the blue-and-white porcelain bowl changed from the mouth to the folded shoulder, which gradually converged below the shoulder, with a big mouth and a small bottom, and its shape changed greatly. Popular time is the same as a note bowl. Bottle caps originated in the late Northern Song Dynasty and prevailed in the Southern Song Dynasty. The bottle is slender, and the top and bottom are roughly equal. The upper part of the neck is slender, with patterns of dragons, tigers, turtles, snakes, wind, cranes, chickens and dogs piled on it. There is a tower-shaped cover with a button with a bird pattern on it, and some are standing cranes. The lower part of the bottle is decorated with extra decorations. People are piled around their shoulders, some are warriors, some are twelve Chen. The bottle was capped until the end of Yuan Dynasty. The upper part of the bottleneck is only one-third of the height of the bottle, and the bottle body becomes longer, which has changed a lot compared with the Southern Song Dynasty. The output of boxes in the Song Dynasty was very large, and workshops specializing in making boxes appeared in the Southern Song Dynasty. The boxes fired in Jingdezhen are small and flat, including round, octagonal, hexagonal and chrysanthemum petals. The cover is mostly decorated with positive prints, and the bottom of the box is unglazed. Some have workshop marks, such as Biography of Wu and Biography of Duan, and the inscriptions are all in Yang language. There are "Wu", "Xu" and "et al" with workshop marks unearthed at home and abroad. The record of "there were more than 300 kilns in the past" mentioned by Jiang Qi Ji Tao is completely credible.
Song celadon not only has the characteristics of white embryo and jade-like luster, but also is decorated with carving, grating, grating and printing, which further enhances the artistic appeal of celadon. Blue-and-white porcelain in the early Northern Song Dynasty won people's appreciation for its multi-luster, no grain, regular shape and jade-like enamel. After the mid-period, a large number of carved flowers, plaid dots and plaid patterns appeared on the utensils, and several carved small plates were unearthed from Zongshen Yuanfeng Tomb, which showed that the method of overburning was adopted. After the Southern Song Dynasty, printing decoration became popular again. Among the artifacts handed down from ancient times and unearthed from tombs, there are many such printing plates and bowls, and the printing plates are repeatedly fired. The decorative theme and layout method are similar to Dingyuan kiln in Quyang, Hebei Province, and are obviously influenced by Dingyuan kiln.
Jingdezhen has superior natural conditions, high-quality kaolin, abundant firewood of Pinus massoniana in mountainous areas, convenient water transportation, especially skilled porcelain craftsmen, which are incomparable to any porcelain kiln in the south of the Yangtze River.
The jade color of blue and white porcelain has a great influence on Jiangnan porcelain kiln. There are many porcelain kilns imitating Jingdezhen blue and white porcelain, including Nanfeng, Jizhou, Ningdu, Ganzhou, Jinxi and Guixi in Jiangxi. Dehua, Quanzhou, Tongan, Yongchun, Anxi, Nan 'an, Putian, Fuqing, Minqing, Xianyou, Lianjiang, Pucheng, Chong 'an, Guangze and Jianning Kilns in Fujian; Kilns in Chaozhou, Guangzhou and Huizhou in Guangdong; Tengxian, Rongxian, Guiping and Beiliu Kilns in Guangxi; Kilns in Sun Yicheng and Wuhan, Hubei; Yiyang kiln and Hengyang kiln in Hunan; Jiangshan and Taishun kilns in Zhejiang, 34 counties in 8 provinces, have formed a blue and white porcelain system centered on Jingdezhen. Blue-and-white porcelain system is one of the two major porcelain kiln systems in the south of the Yangtze River, which has great influence and ranks first among the six major porcelain systems in the Song Dynasty.
In the Ming Dynasty, the Imperial Kiln Factory was set up in Jingdezhen to burn porcelain for the royal family and the imperial court, which was rewarded internally and exchanged externally. The Imperial Kiln Factory sent a pottery supervisor to concentrate the best porcelain craftsmen in Jingdezhen, monopolized high-quality porcelain clay and green materials, and fired the most exquisite products with abundant funds according to the needs of the imperial court, regardless of labor costs and manpower. In this way, China's porcelain-making technology has been pushed to a new peak.
Porcelain production in the Ming Dynasty also developed rapidly. Although there are no exquisite products from the official imperial kiln factory, the output is huge. "To the north, to Jiaozhi in the south, to the sea in the east, and to Shu in the west, all take Jingdezhen" (Wang: Tao Shu, Jiangxi). Among them, there are many high-grade products, and the "Qin County" porcelain needed by the imperial court is produced in private kilns. Especially in the late Ming dynasty, with the germination of capitalist factors in porcelain industry, private porcelain kilns surged. In the 19th year of Jiajing (1540), "Jingdezhen people in Fuliang took pottery as their profession and gathered more than 10,000 servants". During the Wanli period (1573 ~ 1620), the number of "town gangs" was "not less than tens of thousands per day". Official kilns are often inferior to private kilns, resulting in a situation of "officials and people vying for profits" and finally forming a new system of "officials making people burn". In addition, the decorative patterns of folk kilns are natural and bold, especially the realistic decorative patterns depicting nature, which can better reflect the rich creativity of porcelain makers and the rich life atmosphere of working people. Jingdezhen folk kiln porcelain deserves attention.
In the Ming Dynasty, the level of porcelain-making technology in Jingdezhen was greatly improved, and the division of porcelain-making work was very fine. "Tiangong Wu Kai" lists that the process of making porcelain includes various processes, such as spring soil, mud, blank making, water temperature, interference, ring making, calligraphy and painting, water spraying, over-rusting, box filling, kiln filling and baking. From raw material mining to firing, "it takes 70 second-hand to make a finished product." In other words, it takes 72 processes to make a piece of porcelain. Most processes basically do their own jobs, with fine division of labor and technical Excellence, so as to continuously improve product quality. Jingdezhen porcelain makers also summarized the advantages of China's south and north kilns and invented the egg-shaped kiln, namely Jingdezhen kiln. The innovation of kiln has greatly improved the output and quality. In this way, Jingdezhen's porcelain industry is becoming more and more prosperous.
In Jingdezhen, which stands on the bank of the Yangtze River, hundreds of chimneys in official kilns and folk kilns are shrouded in red flames day and night, and fireworks are facing each other. "Thousands of mountains are loud, the sky is hot, and people can't sleep at night." The grand occasion is unprecedented and it has become a world-famous porcelain capital.
2. Zhuxian Town, the hometown of Qifeng, is located in Xiangfu District, Kaifeng City. Located on the "Three Points and One Line" golden tourist line along the Yellow River in Zhengzhou, it is only 40 minutes' drive from Zhengzhou International Airport. Since ancient times, it has been prosperous and splendid, and its historical and cultural heritage is extremely profound.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, Zheng Zhuanggong stationed troops in Gucheng Village, Zhuxian Town to build a city, which was called "Kaifeng House", with the intention of "expanding territory". During the Han Emperor's period, Kaifeng, the ancient capital of the Eight Dynasties, was changed to Kaifeng to avoid the emperor's taboo. During the Warring States period, this was the hometown of the chivalrous Zhu Hai. To commemorate his rescue of Zhao Yougong with Xinlingjun, his hometown was renamed as "Zhuxian Town".
Zhuxian Town is adjacent to Jia Luhe, and the farthest waterway can turn from Huaihe River to Yangzhou. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, it has been an important land and water transportation artery and commercial port. In the Ming Dynasty, it was the only land-water transshipment hub in Kaifeng. Once ranked first in land and water transportation in North China, with prosperous business and developed economy. It is as famous as Foshan Town in Guangdong, Jingdezhen Town in Jiangxi and Hankou Town in Hubei, and is called "Four Famous Towns in China".
A long history has given birth to a thick culture. There are many cultural landscapes in Zhuxian Town, and cultural relics and historic sites are scattered all over the place. There is the Yuefei Temple in Zhuxian Town, one of the "Three Great Yuemiao Temples in China", the woodcut New Year pictures in Zhuxian Town, which was rated as the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage, the Zhuxian Town Mosque with architectural style called "the largest mosque in East Asia" and the birthplace of "the mother of Henan Opera" with auspicious symbols.
With the vicissitudes of the world, other ancient towns are becoming more and more prosperous. Only Zhuxian Town "prospers because of water and declines because of water", which is silent in the long river of history.
The history of Zhuxian Town should not be silent, and the Millennium ancient town should be revived. In the new period, the construction of the Central Plains Economic Zone and the integration of Zhengzhou and Bian have achieved remarkable results. Qifeng's hometown in Zhuxian Town is rich in cultural tourism resources and good location advantages, which will develop into an important supporting point for Henan Province to build a cultural province and Kaifeng's cultural tourism system.
On May 9th, 20 12, a groundbreaking ceremony was held for Qifeng Old Garden Scenic Area in Zhuxian Town, which was invested and built by Henan Kaixinyifang Group. This project is a key project in Henan Province, a key tourism project in Henan Province and a key project in Kaifeng City. The total planned area of the project is about 5,300 mu, with a total investment of 654.38+0.2 billion yuan. * * It is divided into eight functional areas: ancient town amorous feelings area, lake-surrounding scenic area, leisure resort area, ancient battlefield cultural experience area, ecological farmer experience area, cultural and creative health care area, ecological wetland experience area and ecological woodland sightseeing area.
Qifeng's hometown in Zhuxian Town, with the planning and development concept of "building a city with ecology, realizing a dream with culture, being classical outside and fashionable inside", has built a tourist destination focusing on water sightseeing, entertainment, shopping, leisure and holiday activities, and created a characteristic tourism complex.
The historical development of the ancient town of Zhu Xian was deeply excavated in the hometown of Kaifeng, Zhuxian Town, which vividly reproduced the prosperous business, splendid culture, continuous boats and colorful scenery along the river. With the development of modern tourism as the main body and the purpose of driving the people in the surrounding areas out of poverty and getting rich, accelerate the pace of beautiful countryside construction around Zhuxian Town; According to the current situation of the scenic spot, the project relies on the original ecological natural environment, takes local culture, history, customs and customs as resources, and takes the urban population as the goal to develop characteristic tourism projects that meet the needs of modern tourists.
The hometown of Qifeng in Zhuxian Town digs deep into the historical and cultural connotation of Zhuxian Town. While advocating various conventional tourism forms such as cultural tour, historical tour, leisure tour, experience tour, etc., we extensively draw lessons from advanced tourism design and planning concepts at home and abroad, and put forward a brand-new multi-format comprehensive tourism development model to provide tourists with original ecological and humanized services.
At present, the hometown of Kaifeng in Zhuxian Town has been completed and opened, covering an area of 870 mu. Including Zhu Xian ancient town, grain storage area, Juxian Lake, Zhuangyuan Street, Kuixing Street and Xiabaxing Street. The gathering of ancient buildings, waterfront houses and specialty shops in the north and south of the Yangtze River will open a romantic and warm tour of the Central Plains water town for tourists.
Qifeng's hometown in Zhuxian Town takes retro Ming and Qing architecture as the main architectural type, and integrates rich history and traditional culture, showing visitors a unique water town in the Central Plains. "The town and lake are connected, the scenery and the lake are interdependent, the town is in the water, the water is in the town, and the town and the lake are integrated", which reproduces the bustling scene of Zhuxian Town when merchant ships shuttled day and night, with bright lights on both sides at night and spectacular scenery along the river.
3. Foshan Town Foshan, formerly known as Ji Hua Township, has a long history and profound cultural heritage, and is a national historical and cultural city. According to textual research, Foshan's human history originated from Shi Lan Street in Chancheng District. About 4500-5500 years ago, the ancestors of Baiyue came here along the Xijiang River and Beijiang River to thrive and create primitive civilization by fishing and pottery making. In the second year of Zhenguan in the Tang Dynasty (AD 628), because three Buddha statues were excavated on Tapogang in the city, they thought this place was a place of Buddhism, so they set up a stone table and changed Ji Hua Township to "Foshan", also known as "Chancheng".
During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the handicraft industry, commerce and culture in Foshan were very prosperous. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it developed into an important town in Lingnan, with many businessmen and developed industry and commerce. Together with Hankou Town in Hubei, Jingdezhen Town in Jiangxi and Zhuxian Town in Henan, it is also called the "Four Famous Towns" in China, and the "Four Great Meetings" in the world with Beijing, Hankou and Suzhou. The four major industries of ceramics, textiles, casting and medicine in the south are very prosperous. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Foshan became one of the cradles of modern national industries in China. The first new reeling factory and the first match factory in China were born one after another, and the "Bamboo Mouth Factory of Nanyang Brothers Tobacco Company" was established.
The long history has given birth to the unique charm of Lingnan traditional culture. Foshan is known as the hometown of pottery, Cantonese opera, martial arts, Guangzhou yarn center, Lingnan medicine center, southern casting center and folk art center.
Foshan is the "Tao Dou of South China", and its pottery has a long history of more than 700 years. Since ancient times, it has had the reputation of "Shiwanwa is the best in the world". Nanfeng ancient stove, built in Zhengde period of Ming Dynasty, is the oldest firewood burning dragon kiln in the world. It has been handed down from generation to generation for more than 400 years and is known as the "living fossil of ceramics". In 2005, Foshan won the title of "Ceramic Capital of China".
Foshan is the birthplace of Cantonese opera Southern Red Bean. The nickname of Cantonese opera artists-"Children of the Red Boat", the earliest organization of Cantonese opera-Qionghua Guild Hall was born. It is a major feature of Foshan culture that folk spontaneously organize Cantonese opera to sing Private Bureau, which lasts for a long time. The Qionghua Cantonese Opera Art Festival, held every year, makes Foshan present a grand occasion of "berthing a red boat in the sand at night and watching Qionghua by thousands of people".
Foshan is the "hometown of Lingnan medicine". The ancient prescription medicine has a history of more than 400 years, and its products are complete, which can be divided into seven categories: ointment, Dan, pill, powder, tea, oil and wine. It is an essential Chinese patent medicine for artisans, families and tourists, and a number of time-honored and famous medicines such as "Huangxianghua" Ruyi oil, "popular" medicinal liquor and "Yuanjilin" Ganhe tea have emerged.
The foundry industry in Foshan began more than 2000 years ago. Pots, pots, bells and towers cast in Foshan in the Song Dynasty were famous all over the country. By the Ming Dynasty, Foshan's casting technology had reached a fairly high level and became the smelting center of South China. During the Opium War, the cannons cast in Foshan played an important role in resisting foreign invasion.
Foshan is the cradle of folk art in the Pearl River Delta, which breeds and retains a large number of folk arts and folk customs that embody the essence of Lingnan culture, such as autumn scenery, lion dance, dragon dance, dragon boat rap and dragon boat race. Traditional handicrafts such as autumn colors, paper-cutting, woodcut New Year pictures, pottery sculptures, gray carvings and brick carvings are exquisite and unique. At the end of 2005, six projects, including lion dance, Cantonese opera, dragon boat rap, Foshan woodblock New Year pictures, Guangdong paper-cutting and Shiwan pottery and plastic arts, which Foshan participated in the declaration, entered the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage lists.
Since ancient times, Foshan has been rich in humanities and talented people. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, there have been nine champions in Guangdong, and Foshan ranks fifth. The Ming and Qing Dynasties were "a humanistic country with equal emphasis on both Qi and Qi". In modern times, Kang Youwei, the leader of the Reform Movement, political activists Zhang, Dai Hongci, Tan Pingshan, He Xiangning, Luo Dengxian and Deng Pei, national industrialists Chen Qiyuan, Jane and Jane Yujie, scientists Zhan Tianyou and Zou, writers Wu, Cantonese opera stars, Ma Shiceng, martial arts masters Liang Zan, Bruce Lee and famous doctors were born.
In recent years, focusing on the goal of building a famous cultural city, Foshan has promoted the integration of traditional historical culture and modern urban culture, shaped an open, inclusive and innovative Foshan cultural image, and made every effort to build a "cultural city" brand. Successfully held the Forum of Asian Ministers of Culture, the 7th Asian Art Festival, the 6th China Golden Rooster and Hundred Flowers Film Festival, the Guangdong International Music Summer Camp and other cultural activities with great influence at home and abroad. All kinds of cultural facilities are at an advanced level in the whole province and the whole country, and a multi-level supporting cultural service network has basically taken shape. Guangdong Cantonese Opera Theatre and Guangdong Cantonese Opera Museum settled in Foshan, and China Artists Association International Art Exchange Center settled in Shunde. Foshan Folk Art Research Association and Foshan Peacock Gallery Audio-visual Electrical Appliance Co., Ltd. were recognized as the first batch of national cultural industry demonstration bases; Shiwan Town Street in Chancheng District was rated as "China's Famous Charming Town", Daqitou Village in Sanshui District and Bijiang Community in Shunde District were rated as "National Famous Historical and Cultural Villages".
Foshan is rich in tourism resources and is a famous tourist attraction. Foshan ancestral temple, Xiqiao Mountain, Nanfeng ancient stove, Qinghui Garden, Zaopingfeng Mountain, Nanguo Taoyuan, Chencun Flower World and Sanshui Lotus World were rated as "the New Eight Scenes of Foshan". Among them, Foshan ancestral temple is known as "the palace of oriental art", which integrates ancient ceramics, wood carving, casting and architectural art; Xiqiao Mountain is a national-level scenic spot with the reputation of "two famous mountains in southern Guangdong". Shunde Qinghui Garden and Foshan Liangyuan are four famous gardens in Guangdong in Qing Dynasty. Gaoming Zaoping Mountain is the highest peak in Foshan. Chencun Flower World is the largest flower production and trading base and flower culture theme park in southern China. Sanshui Lotus World is a large-scale lotus ecological park with rich variety resources in the world. There are Li Donghua, Kang Youwei's former residence, Baolin Temple, Lubao Ancestral Hall, Huang Feihong Memorial Hall and Bruce Lee Memorial Hall, which allow visitors to appreciate the unique Lingnan culture. At present, Foshan's characteristic tourism with the theme of history and culture, southern martial arts, business exhibitions, industrial sightseeing, leisure and vacation, shopping and food, and beautifying home is in the ascendant.
Foshan has a long history of food culture and is the "hometown of food" in the Pearl River Delta. Foshan is one of the cradles of Cantonese cuisine and is known as "Eating in Guangdong and Learning in Foshan". Foshan has always been famous at home and abroad for its rich folk recipes, numerous restaurants and superb cooking skills. In 2004, Shunde was named "the hometown of chefs in China" by China Cuisine Association. In order to promote Foshan food culture, the "Foshan Food Festival" held during the "Eleventh" period every year has become a grand tourism festival integrating food, tourism, culture and art.
Hankou Town has a very important city at the intersection of the Yangtze River and Hanshui River, which is Wuhan, the capital of Hubei Province and the largest metropolis in Central China. However, it is not long before Wuhan formed a unified administrative division. For a long time, there are actually three towns across the river, namely Wuchang, Hankou and Hanyang.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, these three places were not even in a prefecture-level administrative region. Taking the Qing Dynasty as an example, Wuchang County in the Qing Dynasty belonged to Wuchang Prefecture, which was subordinate to Wuchang Prefecture. Hanyang County belongs to Hanyang Prefecture, which is a subsidiary county of Hanyang Prefecture, and Hankou was also under the jurisdiction of Hanyang Prefecture at that time.
It was not until the Northern Expeditionary Army conquered the three towns of Wuhan in modern times that the National Government took Wuchang, Hanyang and Hankou as "Jingzhao District" on New Year's Day of 1927, and officially moved the capital from Guangzhou to Wuhan. This is the first time in history that the three towns have been merged into one administrative division in official documents.
So, where is the core of Wuhan? It's really hard to say At present, the scope of "Three Towns in Wuhan" is the seven central urban areas of Wuhan today, and the seat of the Wuhan Provincial Party Committee and the provincial government is in Wuchang (now Wuchang District, Qingshan District and Hongshan District). China, the birthplace of modern industry in Wuhan, is located in Hanyang (now Hanyang District); Wuhan's financial, commercial, foreign exchange center and main transportation hub are in Hankou (now Jianghan District, Jiang 'an District and Hekou District).
However, Hankou is undoubtedly the largest and most populous city in Wuhan.