First, the spread of Buddhism and the spread of Buddhism in China
Buddhism is one of the three major religions in the world. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, it was introduced to China from India; Popular in the feudal ruling class at the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, it preached the doctrines of "immortality of death", karma, no killing, no stealing, no fornication, no lying, no drinking, compassion-oriented, good deeds and monasticism. At that time, because of frequent wars, smoke everywhere, people's lives were in ruins, hardworking people and rich people in Rong Lu could get spiritual comfort from Buddhist teachings, and the ruling class could use Buddhism to anesthetize the people, so it spread quickly.
The disseminators of Buddhism realize that to make Buddhism take root in China, it must be combined with the national conditions of China. After Buddhism was introduced into China, in order to survive and develop, it absorbed China traditional culture in thought and doctrine, infiltrated and influenced each other, and became an important part of China culture. In the late Eastern Jin Dynasty, Hui Yuan, a Buddhist leader, tried his best to communicate Confucian feudal ethics with Buddhist karma, and advocated filial piety to the monarch, which was in line with the theory of karma. And directly put forward the "theory of the unity of Buddhism and Confucianism." Some Buddhist sects in Sui and Tang Dynasties were founded by combining China's traditional thoughts. Zong Mi, a scholar of Huayan Sect, used the four virtues of Zhouyi (Yuan, Heng, Li and Zhen) to integrate the four virtues of Buddhism (Chang, Le, I and Jing). With the "five permanents" (benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faithfulness) and the "five commandments" (no killing, no stealing, no lewdness, no drinking and no lying), the trend of Confucianism in Taiwan Province is getting stronger and stronger. During the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, more attention was paid to the integration of China's traditional thoughts. Zhiyuan, a scholar of Tiantai Sect in the Northern Song Dynasty, preached that "without Zhong Ni's teaching, there would be no governance in the country, no security at home and no security in the body". And "the country is ungovernable, the family is uneasy, the body is uneasy, and what is the solution to the family?" He also put forward the idea of "cultivating morality with Confucianism and governing the mind with Buddhism", in which Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism are practiced both inside and outside, thus developing into a religion with Chinese national characteristics.
Second, the establishment of tea ceremony and the infiltration of Buddhism.
China, the hometown of tea, has a long history and is brilliant. However, the word "tea ceremony" has long been forgotten until a Japanese scholar asked China people, "Is there a tea ceremony in China?" A ridiculous and ironic joke.
There are different opinions about the establishment of China Tea Ceremony. There is a saying in Lu Yu's Tea Classic called "frugality". There is a saying in Feng Experience, "Because of Hung-chien's theory, tea ceremony is popular." (Please note that it was in the late Tang Dynasty), there was the "Tea Ceremony initiated by China and Zhu Quan in the early Ming Dynasty" and so on. A hundred flowers blossom, indicating that everyone is studying deeply and the situation is gratifying. Lu Yu, who is good at growing vegetables and tea, pioneered the "three boiling" cooking method of baked cake tea, expounded the efficacy of tea and paid attention to the spiritual enjoyment of drinking tea. There is no doubt that he is the founder of China Tea Ceremony. But unfortunately, he did not clearly put forward the word "tea ceremony" in the Book of Tea, which is puzzling.
According to the information in the author's hand, the word "tea ceremony" was first clearly put forward in the poem "The King of Tea Song Xiao Cui Shi" in the middle Tang Dynasty. The poem says: if you drink it, you will feel sleepy and feel comfortable all over the sky; Drink my god again, and suddenly it is like flying rain and sprinkling light dust; After three drinks, you will get the word. Why bother?
This thing is noble and unknown to the world. The world drinks too much and deludes itself.
Worried about watching the night in Bi Zhuo's urn, laughing at Tao Qian's hedge.
Cui Hou took a sip of his crazy song.
Who knows that the tea ceremony is all true, only Dan Qiu did it.
This poem is a combination of romanticism and realism. The "three drinks" are connected with each other, which makes the spiritual enjoyment of drinking tea the most perfect and touching compliment. It not only clearly put forward the word "tea ceremony", but also cast a strong religious color on the tea ceremony from the beginning, which was unmatched by any monk or scholar in the tea culture circle centered on Huzhou in the middle Tang Dynasty. Combined with other important tea events in Jiao Ran, the author thinks that Jiao Ran is the founder of Zen Tea Ceremony in China. As the palace tea set hidden for more than 1 100 years reappears in Famen Temple, the academic circles believe that there are diversified tea ceremonies with different styles in Tang Dynasty, such as palace tea ceremony, monk tea ceremony and literati tea ceremony, which shows the profoundness and brilliance of tea culture in Tang Dynasty, which is a breakthrough in academic research. However, among the three kinds of tea ceremony, Biju thinks that the monk tea ceremony is the main one, and its charm and influence exceed the first two. The penetration of Buddhism into tea ceremony is recorded in historical materials, including Danqiu in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and Hui Yuan in the Eastern Jin Dynasty did not like tea. It can be seen that "tea Zen blindly" has a long history. However, the author believes that the formation of climate began in the middle Tang Dynasty.
From the above poem, we can realize the fragrance and intensity of tea in the temple. Monks can't do without tea all day long to worship God, meditate, recite scriptures and meet friends. Zen tea ceremony embodies the atmosphere of kindness, simplicity, self-cultivation, self-cultivation and understanding, and also integrates the thoughts and feelings of Confucianism and Taoism. The Tang Xizong gold and silver series tea set hidden in the underground palace of Famen Temple, the highest royal etiquette, can more convincingly understand the true meaning of "tea Zen blindly" from the aspects of design, modeling and decoration (placed in the back room with Buddhist relics). Zen tea ceremony reached its peak in the Song Dynasty and spread to Japan, South Korea and other countries. Now it has spread to the western world and made efforts to promote cultural exchanges between countries.
Third, China Tea Ceremony and Buddhism.
Buddhism was founded in ancient India from the 6th century BC to the 5th century BC, and was introduced to China in the Han Dynasty. After the spread and development of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, it reached its peak in the Tang Dynasty. Tea flourished in Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty. Lu Yu, a tea sage who founded the China Tea Ceremony, was adopted by the Zen master Zhiji when he was free, studied literacy and recited Buddhist scriptures at the Longgai Temple in Jingling, and later became friends with Jiao Ran, a poet in the Tang Dynasty. In Lu Yu's autobiography and tea classics, there are praises to Buddhism, and there are also records that monks love tea. It can be said that the tea ceremony in China is inextricably linked with Buddhism from the beginning, among which both monks and customs are talked about, and Zen tea is well known.
The first section Zen tea blindly
First, the ideological basis of Zen tea blindly
The initial relationship between tea and Buddhism was that tea provided an irreplaceable drink for monks, and monks and monasteries promoted the development of tea production and the progress of tea-making technology. In addition, in the practice of tea ceremony, there are more and more similarities in ideological connotation between tea ceremony and Buddhism.
One is bitterness.
Buddhism is vast, but it takes the four truths as the general program.
When Sakyamuni made his first speech in Liudaoyuan after becoming a monk, he talked about the four truths. And bitterness, determination, extinction and Tao are the fourth. How bitter is life? The Buddha believes that the pain of life, the pain of old age, the pain of illness, the pain of death, the pain of hate, the pain of love, and the pain of seeking. In a word, all the substances that constitute human existence and the spiritual factors in the process of human existence can bring people distress, and what Buddhism seeks is endless suffering and the other side of turning back. Meditation is to see through the concept of life and death, to achieve a thorough understanding and to relieve pain. Tea is bitter. Li Shizhen wrote in Compendium of Materia Medica: Tea tastes bitter and cold, and Yin in Yin is a good way to reduce fire. Fire is a disease, and fire is clear. Tea is sweet after it is bitter. Buddhism can produce all kinds of associations to help practitioners taste life and break the bitter truth when drinking tea.
The second is quiet.
Tea ceremony pays attention to quietness, elegance and truth, and regards quietness as the only way to get rid of mystery and taste. Buddhism also advocates quietness. In Buddhist meditation, there is no adjustment (regulating the mind, body, food, rest and sleep) and the three studies of abstinence, stupidity and wisdom in Buddhism are also based on quietness. Zen is born out of tranquility. It can be said that meditation is an important course for Zen masters in past dynasties to understand Buddhism. In meditation, people are inevitably tired and sleepy. At this time, only tea can refresh the mind and overcome drowsiness, and tea has become the best friend of Zen.
The third is "everything"
Morino, a Japanese tea ceremony master, once said: You know, the essence of tea is nothing more than boiling water and ordering tea. The essence of tea ceremony is to understand the mystery of the universe and the philosophy of life from trivial daily life. Zen also requires people to realize the Tao from ordinary things through meditation.
The fourth is release.
In the final analysis, people's distress is because they can't let go, so Buddhist practice places special emphasis on letting go. Virtual cloud mage, a monk in modern times, said: Practice can only be achieved by putting everything down, otherwise it will be in vain. Drop everything. What is this? There are six inner roots, six outer dust and six middle knowledge, and these eighteen realms should be put down. In short, the physical and mental world should be put down. Let go of everything, people naturally relax, extremely relaxed. Looking around the world, the sky is blue and the sea is blue, the mountains are beautiful, the sun is beautiful and the moon is bright. Tea tasting also emphasizes relaxation, putting down the work at hand, stealing half a day's leisure, relaxing one's tense nerves and relaxing one's imprisoned sex. It's best to play Lian Zhu's poem: put it down and put it down. Where do you care? Be an idle person and talk about the moon and stars. May everyone be a carefree tea man who can put everything down.
Second, the contribution of Buddhism to the development of tea ceremony
Since ancient times, monks have loved and loved tea, and take tea as a companion for self-cultivation and sit tight. In order to meet the daily drinking and hospitality needs of monks, many temples have their own tea gardens. At the same time, in ancient times, only temples had the best conditions to study and develop tea-making technology and tea culture. There is a saying in our country that famous temples are famous for their tea since ancient times. According to the Tang Dynasty's "National History Supplement", famous teas such as Fuzhou Fangshan Bud, Jiannan Mengding Stone Flower, Yuezhou Jiaohu Cream and Hongzhou Xishan Bailu were all produced in temples. The demand of monks for tea objectively promoted the development of tea production and provided a material basis for tea ceremony. In addition, the contribution of Buddhism to the development of tea ceremony mainly includes three aspects.
1. The eminent monks either wrote tea poems, recited tea words, painted tea pictures, or sang songs about tea with literati, which enriched the content of tea culture.
2. Buddhism provided the tea ceremony with the same philosophical ideas as Brahma and the practice ideas of abstinence, steadiness and wisdom, which deepened the ideological connotation of the tea ceremony and made it more verve. In particular, Brahma-I worldview and Taoist philosophy of harmony between man and nature complement each other, forming the pursuit of metaphysical realm of things and me in China's tea ceremony aesthetics.
3. Buddha tea is an activity that provides reference for the development of tea ceremony. Zheng Banqiao wrote a beautiful couplet: celebrities never swim in water, and monks love to fight tea since ancient times. The continuous tea drinking activities in Buddhist temples are of great help to improve tea drinking technology and standardize tea drinking etiquette. During the Jubilee of the Southern Song Dynasty, thousands of large-scale tea banquets were often held, and the four-second tea drinking standard was included in the Baizhang regulations. In modern times, some scholars think that a hundred schools of thought are clean.
Zhang Qing turtle is a symbol of the combination of Buddhist tea ceremony and Confucian tea ceremony. Third, the artistic conception of Zen tea depends on oneself to truly understand Zen tea. This kind of experience can be felt through the practice of tea affairs. It can also be understood through tea tasting poems and tea tasting couplets. The following four couplets and four tea poems are very interesting, which is helpful to blindly understand the artistic conception of Zen tea
Four tea couplets
1 Tea bamboo shoots are full of Zen flavor, and pine and fir are true. -Su Dongpo
2 a spoonful of soul-stirring, drinking water and thinking of the source, who has the idea of life, half-life alliance, listening to the sound of spring, I love the sound of mountains. -Zhao Yin Temple
Three empty, sit for a while regardless of you and me, both ends are roads, eat a light and go their separate ways. -a teahouse on the ancient Luoyang road.
4 a scroll of scriptures, Linxi River is really wise, worshiping for thousands of years, and the flag and gun are in the wind. -Shangrao Lu Yu Spring Festival couplets
Four tea poems
1 Topic Du Xunhe (Tang), Upper House of Dexuan
When you are busy, you are idle, and leisure is wider than the sky.
There is nothing wrong with floating life, and it has never been a hundred years old.
Let's knock on the stone pine moon and let sleep and tea boil the stone root spring.
Although I am not like a teacher, both my teacher and I understand this.
Have tea with a monk (Tang) in Qingshan Lake.
Between the fireworks in the spring and the white clouds, I sit and drink fragrant tea, loving Beishan.
The boat under the rock can't bear to go, and the clear stream is flowing at dusk.
3 Chen Jiru (Ming)
In the mountains, China and Japan try new springs every day, and the predecessor of Hejun is Lao Yuchuan.
The stone pillow invaded the banana leaf dream, and the bamboo stove was soft and misty.
To be straightforward is to get a glimpse of the three flavors. After the heart is connected, you can turn over a hundred articles.
If you want to laugh at drunken villagers, you will waste your life throwing money at the staff.
4 Tea and China Cultural Development Zhao Puchu
Seven bowls of flavor, one pot is really interesting.
Tea is better than holding 100 thousand empty.
After reading these tea poems and tea couplets, can you smell tea from Zen and taste Zen from tea?
Section 2 Buddhist Scriptures and Zen Words in Tea Ceremony
Beautiful rocks and mountains, beautiful rivers and waters. China Tea Ceremony is nourished by Buddhist culture, such as stones and jade, water and pearls. The introduction of Buddhist scriptures and Zen language into tea ceremony can often enlighten people's wisdom, help people understand the connotation of tea ceremony and get endless fun from it.
I. None
Wu is a word often written by Zen monks in history, and it is also a treasure often hung in tea rooms. Nothing is nothing said by the secular world, but nothing beyond what the secular world thinks, which is a reflection of the Buddhist worldview. When it comes to nothing, we can't help but mention the allusions of the five ancestors. Before teaching the mantle, Hong Ren, the fifth ancestor of Zen Buddhism, called all his disciples and asked them to write their own understanding of Buddhism. Whoever wrote the best would be given the mantle. Shen Xiu, the first disciple of Hong Ren, was a learned monk. He wrote: I am a bodhi tree, and my heart is like a mirror. Wipe frequently, and don't create dust. Hongren thinks the beauty of this poem is beautiful, but he has not yet realized the true meaning of Buddhism. Huineng, a young monk who was boiling water in the temple at that time, also wrote a poem: Bodhi has no trees, and the mirror is not a stage. There is nothing, so there is no dust. Hongren believes Huineng has realized it. So that night, I passed the cassock and the iron curtain left by the protector to Huineng. Because Huineng understands the truth of impermanence, selflessness and nirvana silence. Only by knowing that there is nothing in the world can we further realize that there is nothing in the world, and there are flowers, moons and towers. Tea scholars generally believe that only by realizing the realm of nothingness can the blind truth of Zen tea be created. Nothing is the source of tea ceremony art creation.
Second, the straight heart is the Dojo
Tea ceremony circles regard the teahouse as a Dojo to cultivate the mind and realize the Tao. An upright heart is a pure and peaceful heart. We should abandon all troubles, destroy all delusions and keep a pure heart. If the mind is straight, it can be cultivated everywhere. Without an upright heart, even in the most silent ancient temple in the mountains, you can't make a positive result. Tea ceremony believes that the real world is the ideal world, and seeking, verifying and realizing Tao can all be carried out in reality, and liberation can only be realized in reality. Straight heart is the favorite motto of Dojo poets.
Third, the normal mind is the Tao.
Normal mind is to completely forget the subjective initiative of doing what should and should not be done according to the secular routine, but to maintain an empty and quiet state of mind that is not artificial, impetuous, supercilious, greedy or angry.
Fourth, the eternal sky was once romantic.
This sentence comes from Volume II of Five Lights Meeting Yuan. Once, a monk asked Hui Chong, a Zen master: When the founder of Buddhism didn't come to China, was there Buddhism in China? Hui Chong said: Let's put aside what hasn't come yet. What should we do now? The monk didn't understand and asked, I really don't understand. Please ask the master for advice. Hui Chong, a Zen master, said: The sky is eternal, and there are winds and moons. Implicit means that Buddhism coexists with heaven and earth, regardless of Buddhism, and Zen is everyone's own business, so we should focus on ourselves and reality.
Fanren tea ceremony
Tea ceremony is a good thing. Drinking tea according to the requirements of tea ceremony is definitely good for our physical and mental health. However, it is impossible for us ordinary people to drink tea according to the rules of the tea ceremony. When drinking tea at ordinary times, we can pay attention to the following aspects, as listed below, and strive to become our "mortal tea ceremony":
1. Ratio of water to tea
The direct reaction is the shade of tea. Appropriate shade is good, so that we can appreciate the color and fragrance of tea. At the same time, proper shading has an effect on the leaching of substances in tea, which not only affects the color and fragrance of tea, but also affects the influence of tea on human body. Shading can be measured scientifically, but usually no one pays attention to this index, but it still depends on them. It is generally advisable to be light but not strong. Generally speaking, the weight ratio of tea to water of red green tea is 1: 80. Commonly used white porcelain cups, each cup can hold 3 grams of tea; Generally, you can throw two grams in each cup.
2. The water temperature of making tea
Different teas need different water temperatures, depending on the grade of different teas. But we often don't pay attention to this, and always like to brew with very hot water. Generally speaking, it is better to brew black tea, green tea and oolong tea with boiling water, which can make the effective components in tea quickly leach out. Some green teas with higher tenderness, such as Longjing tea, should be brewed with boiling water at 80℃ ~ 85℃ to make the tea green and bright, with pure aroma and sweet taste.
3. Soaking time
Generally, it takes about 3 to 10 minutes, so it is not advisable to soak for a long time. The brewing time of black tea is shorter than ordinary tea.
4. Usage of cups
Black tea generally uses glass, and other commonly used white porcelain cups.
Tea ceremony aesthetics
Find a comfortable and tidy place, both indoors and outdoors. Add some beautiful decorations, such as simply arranging some flower arrangements, statues or pictures. It would be better if there was flowing or boiling water. Make a cup of tea slowly and carefully, pay attention to details, but keep completely relaxed. If possible, use simple and beautiful ceramic tea sets and high-quality tea leaves instead of plastic water cups (because they release chemical components in hot water).
Humanistic tea ceremony
Tea ceremony originated from people in the Tang Dynasty. The participation and dissemination of literati formed the "literati tea ceremony", which is the essence of tea ceremony.
In the prosperous Tang society, many people pursued a luxurious material life, and "the essence of things, clothes and houses" was their life goal. People fight with each other and do things with each other. Luxury and exaggeration are popular in society. Scholars with a sense of justice at that time were very disdainful of this luxury. They often get together to have tea, discuss tea art and talk about Bo Gu.
Lu Yu, the founder of the tea ceremony, wrote the Book of Tea. Lu Yu devoted his life to the study of tea culture. He cultivated and picked tea leaves. Production of tea sets and tea sets; Selection of water source for tea making: tea making standardizes and summarizes the body movements when drinking tea, and endows the tea ceremony with special cultural connotations, that is, drinking tea, giving tea, showing frugality with tea and showing honesty with tea, which is very in line with the spirit of literati tea ceremony.
On the basis of Lu Yu's tea ceremony, the literati tea ceremony incorporated Qin, chess, calligraphy and painting. It pays more attention to a cultural atmosphere and interest, a humanistic spirit, and advocates a frugal, indifferent and quiet life. Tea drinkers enjoy the beauty of harmony between man and nature in body language and standard movements when drinking tea, making tea, making tea and ordering tea. There is no noisy world, only birds and flowers, gurgling streams, flowing clouds and melodious guqin sounds, and the spirit of tea drinkers has been sublimated. It fully embodies that literati and scholars hope that society will have less quarrels and more peace; Less vanity and more sincerity. The simplicity of tea sets also shows that tea people are opposed to the pursuit of luxury and hope to make the best use of everything and people. It can be said that "literati tea ceremony" is the perfect combination of "art" (the art of making tea, making tea and tasting tea) and "Tao" (spirit). Alone "technique" can only be said to be tangible without god, while alone "Tao" can only be said to be divine but intangible. Therefore, people who do not have a certain cultural accomplishment and good moral character cannot integrate into the spirit advocated by the tea ceremony.
Tea ceremony is regarded by literati as an elegant thing to cultivate the soul, realize life and express emotions, ranging from a quiet drinking to an elegant gathering and making friends.