One said that "Heart Boxing was created by Indian monk Dharma". According to legend, in the first year of Datong, Liang Wudi in the Southern Dynasties (527), Tianzhu (now India) burned incense to Dharma, the third son of the French king, and went to Guangzhou. Hearing this, Emperor Wu sent messengers to welcome him to Jianye (now Nanjing). Later, he left Liang for the sake of his lover, crossed the river to the Northern Wei Dynasty, and went to Songshan Shaolin Temple, where he faced the wall all day and died nine years later. In the first year of Datong (535), he was buried in Ding Lin Temple in Xiong 'er Mountain. After the death of Dharma, there was a saying of spreading martial arts. Later, there was a legend about his creation of psychological boxing. In the 17th year of the Republic of China (1928), Ling said in his book The Origin of Xingyiquan in five elements boxing: "During the Six Dynasties, Dharma, a Buddhist monk, began to spread to China with his so-called warriors from the western regions, so the strong men from the north flocked. Today, there are still so-called Dharma Boxing and Dharma Sword, and Xingyiquan is one of them. " Another cloud says, "The Dharma advocates taking care of life, followed by stabbing. Xingyiquan's name is translated from Sanskrit, with the purpose of nourishing qi ... One of the monks in the temple is to revive China's inherent martial arts, which is more complicated than Tengke's, so as to attract people. So the so-called Shaolin Boxer became famous all over the world, and the significance of going to Buddhism became more and more distant. In the Northern Song Dynasty, there was Zhang Sanfeng with Wudang as the crown. Those who studied Buddhism for several years got the secret, that is, they abandoned Shaolin's method and focused on practicing Qi. The obedient will give Xingyiquan as a preliminary exercise. As a result, scholars have mushroomed, and the world calls it' inner family' and Shaolin is' outer family'. One punch is even exclusive to the inner family in form and meaning. "
When Ling made this remark, it once caused criticism from colleagues in Wulin. In the 19th year of the Republic of China (1930), Xu wrote "A Brief Introduction to National Martial Arts" and Tang Hao wrote "Examination of Shaolin Wudang", all of which pointed out that Dharma had nothing to do with martial arts, and that Dharma's boxing was "fake", while Zhang Sanfeng's communication was even more fictional. Xu said: "When Dharma initiated Zen Buddhism, its purpose was to sit still and prove mistakes without saying anything. Its purpose was to spread wisdom, but only the four volumes of Yun: Lengga can be used as the seal of the heart. If you have to change your tendons and wash your marrow, why not talk to Lengga? " Is it better to relax muscles and wash pulp than to cool down and add elegance? This is enough to prove forgery. "
None of the historical materials about Dharma's life experience, such as The Legend of Zhenghongji, The Biography of Continued Monks, The Legend of Jingdezhen Lantern, said that Dharma created heart and fist. Textual research on the genealogy of ancient psychology, such as Ji's self-report, A Query Preface of Boxing Theory, Cao's Summary of Ten Methods of Boxing Theory, Dai Longbang's Preface of Six Views of Boxing, Dai's Draft of Qixian Boxing, etc., did not mention Dharma's creation of mind boxing. More importantly, a detailed examination of the contents of Mind Theory and Psychological Boxing is extensive and profound, combining the boxing classics and boxing methods of past dynasties in one furnace, taking China's traditional philosophy as the principle. For example, the theory of internal forces originated from Yi-ology in the Yin Dynasty. Five elements boxing was also created on the basis of the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements produced in the Yin and Zhou Dynasties. As for the images of dragons, tigers, snakes, horses, monkeys, chickens, etc. in Twelve Fists, they were totems revered by tribes as early as primitive society. As a foreigner, since Dharma was "spread to China by its so-called soldiers from the Western Regions", why does its content not have the characteristics of the Western Regions, but fully embodies the Chinese style? It can be seen that psychological boxing is not from India. Besides, it's only eight years since Dharma was introduced to China. How can it be possible to create a fist with Chinese national characteristics and the essence of ancient China culture? What's more, after Dharma arrived in Middle-earth, he died in Shaolin after "facing the wall for nine years"!
It is not difficult to see that Dharma's theory of creating mind and boxing is false. The reason is just to show that boxing is expensive and easy to spread in the name of God. Others respect the Tathagata as the ancestor of mind boxing, which can be used as a proof.
Second, "Psychological Boxing was created by Yue Fei". This theory first appeared in Cao's text "Ten Methods Summary". Cao said, "Only this boxer, Liuheyi, belonged to Yue Wumu in the Song Dynasty. Later, in the Jin, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, there were few skills. At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, there were Mr. Pu Dong and Mr. Feng Jilong and Mr. Feng ... visited famous teachers all over the world and went straight to Zhong Nanshan to get the boxing classics of King Yue Wumu. " Dai Longbang inherited from his teacher Cao, and in the fifteenth year of Qianlong's reign (1750), he wrote a preface to Liuhe Quan: "Yue Fei was trained as a child and was skillful in marksmanship. He used a gun as a fist, and he was assisted by teaching. Therefore, he was named Yi Quan, and he was unpredictable and built a stunt, which has never been seen since ancient times. " Later, it was said that "the twelve shapes of the heart were created when Yue Fei was trapped in Niutoushan". This theory complied with people's dissatisfaction with the rule of the Qing Dynasty and admiration for the national hero Yue Fei, so it was quickly recognized by people and widely circulated.
During the Republic of China, many martial arts monographs were published successively, among which Sun Fuquan wrote Xingyiquan, The Truth of Boxing, Weiyuan, Jiang wrote Xingyiquan and Xingyiquan Lectures. In some monographs, the legend that Yue Fei created psychological boxing was affirmed. For example, Liu Dianchen said in his book "On Xingyiquan": "Xingyiquan is most suitable for military use, and Beggar Boxing was invented by Yue Wumu." However, most of the works are cautious when talking about the creative ideas of Yue Fei or Zhou Dong, and take "Legend" as the topic. For example, Li's History of Wushu, Introduction to Wushu, and Gao Jianheng's Secret Method of Basic Practice of Xingyiquan (Moben) all adopt the theory of "passing down from generation to generation" and "or saying". Some works have questioned Yue Fei's creation of psychological boxing. Jiang said: "Xingyiquan is said to have been founded in Wu Mu, the State of Yue in the Song Dynasty. The first test in the history books only contains its knowledge of boxing, without specifying how it was governed, who received it and where it spread. Scholars regret it. " Xu further pointed out in his "On National Art": "Xingyiquan is said by experts. Xingyiquan originated from Yue Fei and was finally based on it. Gai Xing Yi Quan used Yue Fei to gain weight. It is also suspicious whether Xingyiquan is a biography of Yue Fei. " Xu first proposed that Yue Fei's heart-breaking boxing was "dependent". We are convinced.
First of all, in the History of the Song Dynasty (Volume 365) and The Complete Biography of Yue Fei, the words are carefully chosen, and his combat experience and exploits are recorded more. Only in the first paragraph, he mentioned Yue Fei's knowledge of civil and military affairs: "Less moral integrity, more emphasis and silence. The mechanics of family poverty, especially the art of war of Sun Tzu by Zuo Chunqiu and Sun Wu. Natural divine power, not crowned, bow 300 Jin, crossbow eight stones. He learned to shoot in Zhou Dong (Editor's Note: This is the origin of Zhou Dong's psychological boxing), and he tried his best to shoot left and right. When Dong died, he sacrificed to his family. The father said,' If you serve, can you be a martyr to your country?' In the fourth year of Xuanhe, he really decided to declare Liu Geng to be brave and fly into the army. "Yue Fei 19 years old, laid the foundation for his previous studies and martial arts, followed by 19' s intense military career.
York, the son of Lin Yue, the third son of Yue Fei, was a writer and historian in the Southern Song Dynasty. He is an official assistant minister, and Huaidong is always in charge of history. The Chronicle of the King of Ewang compiled by him recorded the great events of Yue Fei, and compiled 58 volumes of Nazi Jin Tuo and Jin Tuo's sequel, which is a compilation of information about Yue Fei's life. There are poems, epigrams, battle reports and original materials, such as imperial edicts of Emperor Gaozong, orders of Song Dynasty, miscellaneous words, biographies and anecdotes. But there is no record of Yue Fei creating psychological boxing. Take an examination of some private writings, such as the Three Dynasties North Alliance, Zhongxing, and the Annals of Jian Yan Nian by Li Xinchuan. , and even quoted Kong's The Snitch at the East Window in the Yuan Dynasty and the legendary work Zhongjing Ji between Chenghua in the Ming Dynasty. , said nothing about yue fei's creative boxing.
Secondly, take an examination of Yue Fei's life. Yue Fei (1103-1142), a native of Tangyin, Henan Province, married at the age of 15, and had a son at the age of 16. 15 to 19, I am a guest of Hanjiazhuang. /kloc-joined the army for the first time at the age of 0/9, and soon went home to take care of his father's affairs. In the first year of Jingkang (1 126), Liu Hao, an official of the Privy Council, recruited him to join the army again. Yue Fei was 23 years old at that time. Two years after Jian Yan (1 128), Yue Fei defeated tens of thousands of enemy troops in Nanxun Gate. After four years of advice (1 130), Jin Bing was defeated in Jing 'an and recovered Jiankang. In the first year of Shaoxing (1 13 1), Cao Chengjun was defeated in Yuezhou. In the fourth year of Shaoxing (1 134), Ying, Xiangyang, Suizhou were recovered. In the fifth year of Shaoxing (1 135), Hu Yijun attacked Dongting. After six years in Shaoxing (1 136), I went to Cai Zhou and returned to Ezhou. In the eighth year of Shaoxing (1 138), Yue Fei advocated a decisive battle with the Jin people, and wrote to prevent peace talks. Shaoxing ten years (1 140), defeated Jinbing in Jingxi and Yingchang, recovered Henan and other places, defeated Jinwu in Yancheng and marched into Zhuxian Town. Emperor Song listened to Qin Gui's advice and ordered Yue Fei to transfer troops. In the eleventh year of Shaoxing (1 14 1), Yue Fei was killed.
From the brief introduction of Yue Fei's life by many historians, it can be seen that before the age of 23, Yue Fei spent most of his energy on studying literature and martial arts besides running around. At this time, from the perspective of his young age and limited experience, it is impossible to establish a set of boxing methods. After the age of 23, there was a war almost every year. More than ten years passed after Yue Fei joined the army for the second time, when the fighting was extremely tense. Keep an eye on the enemy's rear with a knife and a gun to prevent treacherous people from being framed. It is often disarmed day and night, and there is no chance to rest for a few days. Besides its own conditions, the theory of boxing creation has plenty of time, from the principle of boxing creation to the harmonious unity of boxing routines, from simple to complex boxing path creation to the practical technology of each boxing, and so on. None of these can be completed in a short time.
Besides, it is a fact that Yue Fei really "takes guns as a fist and legislation is supplemented by teaching". So, there must be thousands of people practicing this kind of mental boxing, right? Although Yue Fei's family suffered a collective punishment after his murder, twenty years later, that is, in the thirty-second year of Shaoxing (1 162), Zhao Shen in Song Xiaozong had been "rehabilitated" for Yue Fei, and was named as a Taishi and "Wu Mu" and moved and buried at the foot of Qixia Mountain in Hangzhou. In Song Ningzong, he was made King of Hubei, and the late Yue Fei and the descendants of the living Yue family were respected. Wushu prevailed in the Song Dynasty and was highly valued by the rulers. Due to frequent wars, the martial social atmosphere further promoted the development of Wushu. There are martial arts organizations such as "Champion Club" and "Yingce Club" among the people, and people with high martial arts can have fun. Boxing routines have become the main content of martial arts teaching by boxers, and even female artists who take performing routines as their profession have appeared. Ouyang Xiu, a poet, once wrote Song of Japanese Knife, and in the Northern Song Dynasty, he wrote a book "General Outline of Jason Wu". Li's fist, Li's gun, Li's stick and Huyan Zan's whip are all recorded and handed down. Under this strong martial style, after Yue Fei was rehabilitated, his boxing should be as widely circulated as his reputation. However, during the 100 years after his rehabilitation until the demise of the Song Dynasty, the boxing method created by Yue Fei did not spread. On the contrary, the martial arts of many people who are far from knowing Yue Fei's fame have been passed down. Isn't that weird?
The rulers of the Yuan Dynasty were afraid of people's rebellion, so they banned folk martial arts. However, many martial arts have been handed down. Folk artists brought the martial arts stories into the national drama, and kept some routines and skills, such as Guan Dawang's Single Knife Meeting and Chasing Han Xin. At this time, Yue Fei was still described as a hero by the dramatist, and his story was put on the stage, but there was still no story about his boxing creation, let alone folk stories. It is less than ninety years since the Yuan Dynasty replaced the Song Dynasty. At the end of Yuan Dynasty, with the continuous development of peasant uprising, many martial arts were gradually revived.
The Ming Dynasty was a period of great development of Wushu. Due to the advocacy of the rulers, all kinds of martial arts flourished, and martial arts and tricks became a common practice. Qi Jiguang, the general of Pingwa, even said: "If you don't learn martial arts, you are a fool who doesn't want to die." By the end of the Ming dynasty, there was already a saying of "inside the family" and "outside the family". During the Chenghua period of the Ming Dynasty, Ji praised Yue Fei, but neither the height of the temple nor the distance of the rivers and lakes said that he founded psychological boxing. The eighteen volumes of Ji Xiaoxin's Book, written by Qi Jiguang, are representative works in ancient Chinese military martial arts books, but there is still no mention of Yue Fei's creation of psychological boxing. The book "A Brief Introduction to Boxing" mentions the time cloud of boxing: "In ancient and modern Song Taizu, there were 32 potential long fists, including six-step boxing, monkey boxing and boxing, each with its own name, but similar. Up to now, Wen's 72 punches, 36 locks, 24 abandoned horses, 8 flashes 12 short strokes, and he is also a good man. Although the eight strokes are only one stroke short, Shandong Li's half-day leg, the method of the eagle claw king, Zhang Bojing's beating, Shaolin Temple's stick, Qingtian's stick method, Yang's marksmanship and Bazi's fist stick are all famous today. " Imagine that if Yue Fei's psychological boxing really existed at that time, Qi Jiguang could not have written a sum of money.
In addition, Wang Zicheng's Preface to Questioning Boxing in the 13th year of Qing Yongzheng (1735) did not mention that Yue Fei created the mind. Yue Fei's theory of creating mental method was first put forward by Cao in the preface to ten laws. In other words, his theory of creating boxing came into being nearly 600 years after Yue Fei's death.
It can be seen from the above historical events that Yue Fei's creative boxing theory is a myth. The reason is nothing more than "relying on the British name to show your boxing." Looking through history books, you can see it almost everywhere. Non-governmental organizations, societies, major events and even the revelation of Zhu depend on a certain god or a certain saint. It is not surprising that the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom entrusted to God, Liangshan heroes entrusted to the stars, and Erlang Boxing entrusted to Erlang God. There is no denying that psychological boxing is to be denied. Psychological boxing was created by Yue Fei, and its wide spread really played a great role.
On the 3rd, "Mind Boxing was founded by Ji". Since the Republic of China, especially in the last ten years, this theory has been gradually recognized by the vast number of metaphysical colleagues.
Ji, character and number. Zhu Zuji was appointed to Zhou Pu by Hong Dong from the ceremony in the early Ming Dynasty. Ji is the second son of Ji Xun. He studied literature since childhood and began to practice martial arts at the age of 13. Five years later, parents died one after another. Ji was about 20 years old, left home to go to Shaolin Temple, and then went to Reconciliation State. Unfortunately, when crossing Zhongtiao Mountain, he lost his hoof and fell into a deep stream. He grabbed the branch, climbed along the cliff, escaped by luck, and finally reached Shaolin. Ji studied in Shaolin Temple for ten years and knew the secrets of Shaolin like the back of his hand. He is good at using big guns, and he has unique skills that Pegasus does not have. He is called the magic gun. Later, the host of Shaolin Temple asked him to be a master, specializing in martial arts. At that time, the Qing army went south, and anti-Qing people from all over the country gathered in Shaolin. Ji Jike has always admired Yue Fei's spirit of loyalty to the country, taking anti-Qing and regaining sight as his own responsibility, so he discussed anti-Qing matters with various heroes. After being obtained by the Qing court, he sent his cronies into the palace. Ji narrowly escaped, so he went down the mountain for a trip. First, I went to the south, visited the famous martial arts master, went to Emei, then went to Hanzhong, crossed the Qinling Mountains, and finally went to the south. "At that time, because I was down and out in the Jianghu, I didn't make any progress. I can't live with my ambition, and I can't go back to my hometown. I'm not interested, so I was born with the heart of seclusion "("Ji readme "). It can be seen that it was difficult for Ji at that time to fight against the ambitions of the Qing dynasty and see the light again, and he was in danger of being arrested by the Qing court. Therefore, he pinned his hopes on the legislation of creating boxing to spread the idea of anti-Qing and regaining sight. It can be said that the discipline at this time already has the subjective and objective conditions for boxing legislation.
First of all, Ji has a clear political purpose and a strong national consciousness. He could not directly engage in the anti-Qing struggle, so he created boxing legislation to spread the anti-Qing thought. In order to achieve this goal, Yue Wumu's Six Hopes Boxing Code in Zhong Nanshan came into being. "My Self-Report" says: "The sufferings of the old people are beyond words. Living alone in the ancient temple, the walls are awe-inspiring, and the temple attached to the east is repaired, sheltered from the wind and snow, and it is difficult to sleep at night, and wild animals roar. One night, I drew my sword and chased the animals back. Occasionally, there is a faint light in the lobby of the West Annex Building. At that time, the moonlight was bright, and the old man was suspected of shooting through the broken window. Careful identification is even more suspicious, and I feel a strange feeling. The fuel was loose and dusty, revealing a glimmer. Jumping across Tuo, I saw a solitary sword and a affairs box bearing dust on it. The old man took it to study. The scabbard is quaint, the sword is dazzling and sharp, and the word' Tang Yinyue' is embedded on it. No sword name. An old man doesn't know his sword, but he knows his people. Open the affairs box again, and it is a manual called "Six-in-One Classic Boxing", in which the principle of five elements, the cardinal of yin and yang, the mystery of ups and downs, and the essence of martial arts are all concentrated here. I am old, and I feel uncomfortable. I study its essence carefully, and I am prone to hot and cold. I will learn about it in a book, and I will learn about its shape in various ways. I take Liuhe as the method, the five elements and ten shapes as the fist, starting with the heart, which means boxing, which is called the heart of Liuhe. " Between the lines, we can see Ji's good intentions: on the one hand, he takes an example and encourages himself to realize his ambition of fighting against the Qing Dynasty and regaining sight; On the other hand, he entrusted his fist to Wumu Boxing Classic, to show the value of fist, and let later scholars cherish this fist more. It is worth noting that Ji named this boxing "Heart Liuhe Boxing" according to his Classic of Liuhe Boxing, "Taking Liuhe as the method and Five Elements and Ten Shapes as the boxing". It can be seen that the "idea" boxing was really created by Ji and named after him.
Secondly, Ji has the skill of creating boxing. Ji was an all-rounder in martial arts before going to Shaolin Temple. In addition, Shaolin Temple has a wealth of secret books, in which martial monks can master martial arts. This combination of subjective and objective conditions laid the foundation for Ji's boxing legislation. During his ten years in Shaolin Temple, Ji studied the secrets of Shaolin, set foot in famous mountains and rivers, and visited all the world's martial arts experts. From theory to practice, he gradually became a martial arts master. He inherited the tradition of China ancient martial arts and the essence of many boxing classics, such as the principle of Yin and Yang, Five Elements, Liuhe and so on. With reference to the Five Fists of Dragon, Tiger, Leopard, Snake and Crane created by Bai Yufeng in Taiyuan in the Yuan Dynasty, and on the basis of careful observation and planting some techniques and tactics of birds and animals, he created five elements boxing and Ten Fists.
Third, boxing needs a lot of time and energy. Before and after the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, Ji experienced several stages: studying abroad, learning Shaolin, carrying out anti-Qing activities and visiting abroad. In the first, second and third stages, the conditions for Ji to create and compile boxing are not yet mature. In the early years of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, that is, the fourth stage, he witnessed that the establishment of the Qing Dynasty had been stable and there was no hope of restoring the country, so he traveled around the world and visited famous people. At this time, naturally, Ji founded psychological boxing.
In the 13th year of Yongzheng (1735), Wang Zicheng, a Henan scholar, prefaced Questioning Boxing. This is the earliest ink book handed down after Ji's self-report. The preface says: "There are many kinds of boxing, and he doesn't know who created them. However, this Liuhe Boxing belongs to Jilong and Jifeng in Shanxi. The second division was born in the late Ming Dynasty and was a good marksman. Everyone thinks he is a god, but Mr. Liu is thoughtful. I think in troubled times, you can fight soldiers when you leave and defend yourself with a gun when you come back. If the sword and the soldiers are calm, how can I defend myself if something happens? Therefore, taking marksmanship as a boxing method will be interpreted as a book. The basic shape is different, and the boxing name is Liuhe. " It is affirmed that "Liuwangquan" comes from Ji's family in Shaanxi Province, and the basis of "taking marksmanship as the boxing method" is affirmed, but the word "heart" is not written. In addition, Ji Longfeng was mistaken for Ji Long and Ji Feng. This kind of copying mistake, like Ji's self-report, spread to the future, and it is not surprising that even modern Chinese was added because of scrawled handwriting.
In recent years, Ji's life story has been verified in Ji's Genealogy, which provides a reliable basis for the creation of Ji Xin Quan Shu.
To sum up, it can be concluded that psychological boxing was founded in the early Qing Dynasty when the national anti-Qing struggle was fierce, and it was created by Yongji discipline in Shanxi Province. Ji is a martial arts master who advocates the spirit of Yue Fei and is both civil and military. The legend of Dharma's creation of psychological boxing, on the other hand, illustrates the relationship between psychological boxing and Shaolin Temple. In the 14th year of the Republic of China (1925), it was pointed out at the beginning that psychological boxing was "a sect other than Shaolin". It can be seen that Qinxin Boxing is a unique boxing method that absorbs the essence of boxing theory and boxing methods (including Shaolin Boxing Theory and Boxing Method) of China martial arts masters in previous dynasties.