(1) saponin Ginsenoside is a combination of ginsenoside and sugar. There are three kinds of sapogenins, which form three kinds of saponins with sugar: oleanolic acid saponin, panaxadiol saponin and panaxadiol saponin. So far, 46 compounds have been isolated from ginseng. (2) There are three main components of the volatile oil of ginseng: the first is sesquiterpenes, the second is long-chain saturated acids, and the third is a small amount of aromatic hydrocarbons. The first category is the main components of ginseng volatile oil. Up to now, more than 40 kinds of volatile oil components have been obtained from ginseng. (3) The contents of amino acids and peptide ginseng are different in different organs. Taproot and lateral root contain more threonine, fibrous root contains more aspartic acid, reed head contains more glutamic acid, leaves contain more serine and buds contain more proline. Scholars at home and abroad have isolated five kinds of peptides from ginseng. (4) There are many kinds of sugars. Monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, arabinose and xylose. Oligosaccharides include disaccharides, namely sucrose and maltose. There are four kinds of trisaccharides: ginseng trisaccharides A, B, C and D; Polysaccharides are mainly starch and pectin. Polysaccharides are water-soluble and alkali-soluble, with the most water-soluble. A variety of sugars can be obtained by acid hydrolysis of polysaccharides. At present, dozens of polysaccharides have been isolated and purified from ginseng. (5) Other vitamins include B 1, B2, C, etc. More than 20 kinds of trace elements have been detected, including iron, copper, zinc, manganese, cobalt, selenium and nickel. The essential macroelements for human body are potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium. Leaves and buds contain kaempferol, trefoil glycoside and ginsenoside.