Su Shi experienced five dynasties of Renzong, Yingzong, Zongshen, Zhezong and Huizong in the Northern Song Dynasty. When he first entered the official career, it was the time when the political and social crisis in the Northern Song Dynasty began to be exposed and the voice of scholar-bureaucrat reform was rising day by day. During the reign of Xining in Song Shenzong, Wang Anshi promoted the new law, hoping to change the situation of poverty and weakness in the Song Dynasty. Although Su Shi advocated reform, opposed conformism and restrained strongmen, he did not agree with Wang Anshi's theory of political reform. Su Shi thought that "haste makes waste" and suggested that the emperor of Zongshen's special policy should not "seek medical treatment too quickly, pay too much tax on people and talk too much". Because of these opinions and suggestions of reformists
Lu You (1125-1210), a famous patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, studied diligently all his life, wrote many beautiful poems to educate his children and had a patriotic heart. He comes from an official family, lives in poverty and studies hard. Lu You's great-grandfather was Song Renzong's teacher Lu Yi, his grandfather Lu Dian and his father Lu Zai. At that time, it was the time when the Song Dynasty was corrupt and was repeatedly invaded by the Jin State (Jurchen nationality). In the second year after his birth, Jin Bing captured Bianjing, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty. When he was a child, he and his family were moved from one place to another. Due to the influence of social and family environment, he was determined to kill Hu (Jin Bing ornaments) to save the country from childhood.
Although the feudal family brought Lu You a good cultural influence, especially patriotic education, it also brought misfortune in marriage. At the age of 20, he married his cousin Tang Wan, and they had a deep affection. However, his mother didn't like Down and forced them to separate. Tang remarried, and Lu You also married Wang. After the divorce, Lu You was very sad. At the age of 365,438+0, when Shaoxing passed through Shenyuan for twenty-five years, he met Tang Wan and his wife. Lu You wrote the word "Chaitoufeng" on the wall of the Imperial Academy to show his deep affection. Since then, he has written poems to commemorate many times, and even wrote the famous love poem "Love" at the age of 75. Tang was heartbroken when he read Lu You's "Hairpin Phoenix". He wrote a poem about Hairpin Phoenix and died soon.
Lu You's Twelve Years Poems, learning sword and art of war. At the age of 29, I went to Lin 'an Province to try, ranking first. The following year, Kao Li Department was ranked before the grandson of Qin Gui, the Lord commander and envoy, and because it did not forget the national humiliation, it demanded that "the rich should be given in advance, and the big businessmen should take care of it", which was rejected by Qin Gui. Ming died, Shaoxing was the master book of Ningde County in Fuzhou in 28 years, and Shaoxing was the prefect in 30 years. Xiaozong succeeded to the throne and was given a Jinshi origin. Later, due to urging Zhang Jun to explore the Northern Expedition, his subordinates had differences with the generals. Coupled with the resistance of the Lord and the faction, the court immediately shook, and Lu You was also dismissed on the charge of "writing a protest and clamoring for right and wrong, such as Zhang Jun's use of troops". In six years, Kuizhou was sentenced.
In the eighth year of Dadao (1 172), the main battle general Wang Yan hired Lu You to take charge of military affairs in the shogunate, and Lu You's life changed greatly. Military life made him embrace each other and wrote many passionate patriotic poems. It can be said that "flying frost sweeps away the cold, and one inch of Dan Xin only serves the country" is a portrayal of his life and mood during this period. Although Lu You is full of sincerity to serve the country, his ambition to rejuvenate the country has never been continued because of the corruption of the imperial court, his desire for peace and his lack of enterprising spirit.
In the second year of Xichun (1 175), Fan Chengda invited Lu You to visit the DPRK and served as the representative of Chengdu Road Pacification Department. Lu Yu, who is known for his friendship of poetry and prose, is often laughed at by his colleagues for not observing official etiquette. Because the ambition and personal fame of restoring the country can't last long, they often indulge in frivolous behavior and are accused by their colleagues as "not sticking to etiquette, relying on wine to let go." So Lu You simply called himself "Weng Fang" and laughed at himself in his poems. In the fifth year of Xichun, he raised Changping Tea Salt in Fujian Road. In the sixth year of Xichun, Jiangnan West Road was promoted [7]. Cherish spring thirteen years, Yanzhou zhizhou [8]. In the fifteenth year of Xichun, he served as a military weapon less supervisor.
After many promotions and demotions, he stayed in Yin Shan's hometown and countryside for more than 20 years after Guangzong Shao Xiyuan (1 190). At home, "why not always have bright eyes and healthy body, and never feel that rice and white tea are poor?" Because of his health-preserving skills, he was addicted to coix seed and fungus, and he was still alert and clear in his later years. During this period, although he still put forward the idea of resisting the enemy to the court, he was always criticized. Finally, he spent two years in Jiading (1209), at the age of 86 (AD12/kloc-0+65438+ 10/October 26th).
[Edit this paragraph] Historical evaluation
Many of Lu You's poems express his pride in resisting gold and killing the enemy and his hatred for the enemy and traitors. Their style is bold and unrestrained, gloomy and tragic, full of strong patriotic passion, and they have made outstanding achievements in thought and art. They were known as "Little Li Bai" before their death, and they not only became the leaders of the Southern Song Dynasty, but also enjoyed a lofty position in the history of China literature. The amount of words is not as large as that of poems, but it runs through the patriotic spirit of swallowing the remnants like poems. Lu You's works include one volume of Song of Weng and two volumes of Weinan Ci. The Book of Southern Tang Dynasty and Notes of Old Learning Temple are 130 words in total. His famous sentences, such as "There is no way to answer doubts when mountains are heavy, and there is another village where flowers bloom in the dark" and "The small building listens to the spring rain all night, and the deep alley sells apricot flowers", are widely read by the people.
He has always insisted on resisting gold, and has been rejected and hit by the establishment in his official career. In middle age, he went to Shu to resist gold, and his long-term military life enriched his literary content, revealing great brilliance in his works and becoming an outstanding poet. When the Northern Song Dynasty perished, he was deeply influenced by patriotic thoughts at home when he was a teenager. Shaoxing Zhongying didn't try and was rejected by Qin Gui. Gaozong acceded to the throne. He was born a scholar.
His artistic creation of poetry inherits the fine traditions of Qu Yuan, Tao Yuanming, Du Fu and Su Shi, and he is an outstanding poet with far-reaching influence in the history of Chinese culture. His main works include Collected Works of Weinan, Poems of Jiannan, Poems of Weng Fang, Book of Southern Tang Dynasty, Notes of Old Xuean, etc.
Lu You's title is covered by the title of the poem. Lu You is also a skilled calligrapher, proficient in cursive and regular script. He called himself "Zhang Dian in cursive script (Zhang Xu) and Yang Feng in running script (simplified Chinese characters)." His calligraphy is simple, smart, elegant, elegant and straight, and his brushwork is vigorous and unrestrained in his later years. Zhu called his writing exquisite, elegant and elegant, with lofty intentions. There are not many books left, including On Two Kings. Masterpieces handed down from generation to generation include Bitter Cold Post and Chengdu Poetry Post.
His works mainly have two aspects: on the one hand, he enthusiastically revenges the country, regains lost land and liberates the occupied people; On the one hand, it is leisurely and delicate, chewing out the deep and eternal taste of daily life and ironing out the twists and turns of the current scenery. His students praised him and said: "On poetry, it is more than crossing the south, and the grass took a fancy to the Northern Expedition"; An old man in the Song Dynasty praised him and said, "The predecessors commented on the poems of Song Dynasty after crossing the south, imitating Du Fu with Lu Wu's views, in order not to forget the Central Plains, which is the same as the fact of worshipping Juan." Du Fu's realm is not enough, so it is not very accurate to say that Lu You is "the same as Chongjuan", and he has not yet realized his special features. Patriotism permeates Lu You's life and runs through all his works. He saw a picture of a horse and met some flowers. Hearing a wild goose singing, drinking a few glasses of wine and writing a few lines of cursive script will arouse the feelings of patriotism and national humiliation, and the blood will boil, and this craze will rush out of the boundary of his sober life during the day and flood into his dreams. This is also not found in other people's poetry collections.
[Edit this paragraph] Anecdotal allusions
Lu You, a famous patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, had a rough life. Not only is his career bumpy, but his love life is also unfortunate.
In the 14th year of Shaoxing, Song Gaozong, Lu You and his 20-year-old cousin Tang Wan got married. The two were childhood friends, and they were guests after marriage. However, Tang Wan's brilliant talent and intimate feelings with Lu You aroused Lu Mu's dissatisfaction, which eventually developed into forcing Lu You to divorce her. Lu You and Tang Wan have deep feelings and don't want to be separated. He begged his mother again and again, and she scolded him. Under the suppression of feudal ethics, despite all kinds of complaints, it finally came to the point of "holding hands and looking at each other with tears".
Truth: According to Lu You's own poems in his later years (Volume 14 of Nanbo Poems), Tang Wan was driven out by her in-laws because she could not have children.
Lu You was forced by her mother's orders to reluctantly separate from Tang Wan. Later, Lu You married Wang according to her mother's wishes, and Tang Wan was forced by her father to marry a native of the same county. Thus the happy marriage of the young couple broke down.
One spring ten years later, Lu You wandered alone in Shenyang Garden, Yin Shan, full of melancholy. While he was sitting alone drinking to drown his sorrows, he suddenly saw Tang Wan and her remarried husband Zhao Shicheng.
Although he has been separated from Tang Wan for many years, his feelings for Tang Wan have not been completely shaken off. It occurred to him that Tang Wan used to be his beloved wife, but now she belongs to others, just like the willow tree in the forbidden palace, but I can't reach it.
Thought of here, grief suddenly welled up in my mind, he put down his glass and was about to pull away. Unexpectedly, Tang Wan got Zhao Shicheng's consent and gave him a glass of wine. Lu You saw Tang Wan's action and realized her affection. Two lines of tears flowed down sadly, and she looked up and drank the bitter wine of Tang Wan. Then, on the white wall, I wrote down the title of "Hairpin Phoenix", which was a farewell song throughout the ages.
In this poem, Lu You expressed his sadness and guilt, his deep affection for Tang Wan, and his dissatisfaction with his mother's beating Yuanyang.
Lu You wrote the inscription, took a deep look at Tang Wan, and then left. After Lu You left, Tang Wan stood there alone and read the word "Hairpin Phoenix" several times from beginning to end. She could no longer control her feelings and burst into tears. When she got home, she was worried and resentful, so she also wrote a poem called Hairpin Phoenix. Tang Wan soon died of depression and resentment.
After that, Lu You went north to resist gold, and then turned to Sichuan to enter Sichuan. After decades of hard work, he still can't get rid of the poet's persistence. He is 63 years old, "I feel sad when I come back to sew a pillow bag with chrysanthemums", and wrote two poems with sentimental words:
Yellow flowers are used as pillow bags, and the curved screen is deeply stuffy and fragrant.
Call back the dream of forty-three years, and no one will say anything when the lights are dim!
I wrote a poem about chrysanthemum pillow the other day, and I made a residual draft to lock the spider silk.
Everything in the world is exhausted, only fragrance is as old as before!
When I revisited Shen Yuan at the age of 67, I found that the title of Hairpin Phoenix was half broken. He was moved by this scene, deeply moved, and he wrote a poem:
When the maple leaves turn yellow, the rivers worry about the new frost.
Looking back on Lin Ting's past emptiness, who can say that Lu Quan is heartbroken?
Bad walls are drunk with dust, clouds break dreams,
Over the years, my delusion has been eliminated, and I have returned to the Buddhist shrine to burn incense.
When the poet was seventy-five, he lived near Shen Garden. This year, Tang Wan died for forty years. "Every time I go to the city, I have to look at the temple, but I can't win my feelings." He revisited his hometown and wrote a poem "Shen Garden" with pen and tears: (1) A corner of the sunset painting on the city mourned, and Shen Garden was not revived. Under the sad bridge, the spring waves are green, which used to be a stunning photo.
(2) After 40 years of broken dreams, the old willow in Shenyuan will not fly. This body is a land of mountains and mountains, or a trace of death!
In a misty and rainy garden, in a trance, an old white-haired poet is slowly crossing the sad bridge and wandering among the fallen leaves on the ground. There is no cicada singing, no corner painting, only an old man silently staring at the broken wall catkins.
At the age of eighty-one, the poet wrote a poem about sleepwalking in Shen's garden pavilion and wrote:
The road near the south of the city has been afraid to walk, and Shen Jiayuan's injury is even heavier. Incense wears plum blossoms on the guest sleeves, and Qingsi Bridge is born in spring.
It's spring in the south of the city, and only plum blossoms can't be seen. Jade bone has been in spring for a long time, and ink marks are still locked between dust walls.
Both of these poems take plum blossom as the main image, which not only expresses their sentiment of "falling into the mire and grinding into dust, still smelling as before" and growing old together until death, but also shows Tang Wan's noble character and tenacious moral integrity, and even their love. Although they have experienced the wind and frost of the world, they remain unchanged.
The poet died at the age of 84, only one year after his death. He revisited Shen Garden and missed Tang Wan until his death.
The poem "Spring Tour" says: Shen Jia Yuan is full of flowers, and half of them were released that year.
It is also a beauty who will die, and it is too late to dream.
Knowing that I am dying, I still miss the couple that day. This dream lasted for 50 years-half a century. Although I still feel in a hurry, I won eternity. This is the poet's noble sentiment and lofty spiritual realm.
Lu You wrote a touching love tragedy with his own life, starting with the well-known word "Hairpin Phoenix", Tang Wan's legendary singing and several poems that he mourned Tang Wan with Shen Yuan as the theme several decades later.
One year before Lu You's death, he visited Shenyuan again and wrote the last poem about Tang Wan: "Spring Tour": The flowers in Shenjiayuan were like brocade, and half of them were in full bloom in those years. I also believe that beauty will eventually become soil, and it is too late to dream.
Objection, Su Shi was forced to transfer to other places, first sentenced to Hangzhou, and then served as the prefect of Mizhou and Xuzhou Huzhou. He is an official place, pays attention to understanding people's feelings and cares about people's production and life. Wherever he goes, he is supported and loved by the people.
Su Shi was the leader of the ancient prose movement in the Song Dynasty after Ouyang Xiu, and his prose works remained at around 4,000. His great contribution lies in establishing a stable and mature prose style with Ouyang Xiu, who is called "Ou Su" by the world. His poems are fresh and natural, new here, seemingly handy, harmonious, ingenious and clumsy, with a wide range of themes, rich content and diverse styles, which is a symbol of the maturity of Song poetry. His representative works:>,< Haitang >>,< titled Xilin Wall > ,<& lt Hui Chong Chunjiang Night Scene >>,< Go to Liu Jingwen >>,< Spring Night >>,< Litchi Sigh >> and so on. Su Shi's ci has made bold development and innovation in subject matter, artistic conception, style, language and skills, and is called "Su Xin" ci school together with Xin Qiji in the Southern Song Dynasty, creating a generation of bold ci style. His representative work is >; ,<& lt ginger. Yi Mao's Diary "Dream on the 20th of the First Month" 〉& gt；; ,<& lt> (Don't listen to the leaves in the forest), << operator >>. (There is no moon to hang sparse tung). & gt wait. Su Shi was a famous calligrapher in the Song Dynasty, and he was also called "Four Great Calligraphers" with Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang. Su Shi was a famous painter in Song Dynasty and one of the founders of Huzhou Zhu Mo School. Su Shi is good at painting dead wood, silk and bamboo, flowers and birds, especially painting Buddha. The ink bamboo he painted is clear and powerful, which makes people overwhelmed. If the wood dies, the bamboo breaks the mountain, and it is straight.
Su Shi is Confucian-oriented, able to learn from Buddhism and Taoism, serve Confucianism without pedantry, be good at Taoism without being tired of the world, and participate in Zen without jealousy. When you are rich, you are neither arrogant nor impetuous, nor lazy or unhappy. In the face of adversity, I can take things as they are, and insist on the pursuit of life and good things with an optimistic and free-spirited attitude. Therefore, Su Shi can realize the transformation from real life to artistic life, and turn his rough situation into a life full of artistic aesthetic interest, which is reflected in his colorful literary and artistic creation.
Tan Qian (1594 ~ 1658). Originally from the capital of song dynasty (now Kaifeng), he went south with the song dynasty, settled in zaolin village, southwest of Yan Guan, and then moved to maqiao (now maqiao in haining) west of majing port. The distant ancestors lived in this kind of national mourning and were also historians in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties under this historical background. Formerly known as Yi Xun, the word Zhongmou, the number shot you, Maqiao people. Ming Zhu Sheng. After Ming Taizu's death, he changed his name to move, and his real name was Guan Ruo. Renaming "Qian" means entrusting a situation to history and to oneself. Of course, it may also mean pursuing the great historian Sima Qian. At present, there is a foreigner who studies the history of China. His Chinese name is "Shi Jingqian". Jonathan d. Wilson, a historian of Yale University, studied hard since childhood, came from a poor family and made a living by writing, ghostwriting or being a secretary. I have never been an official in my life. I make a living by copying, ghostwriting or being a secretary. In my present words, he is a person who really devotes himself to his studies, teaches himself, and then writes history privately. A historian who has been poor all his life, regardless of remuneration, does not admire fame, and lives with great backbone, solar terms, sense of mission and responsibility.
In the first year of Hong Guang in the Southern Ming Dynasty (1645), Gao Hongtu, a cabinet minister, made suggestions and tried to restore it. Highly appreciated by Gao Hongtu and Zhang. Later, he was proposed to be recommended as a calligrapher and secretary of etiquette department in China. He felt that "current affairs are not good enough and the future is not great", so he resigned and retired.
Tan Qian has learned a lot of books, and is good at contending and studying history, especially the allusions of the Ming Dynasty. He is determined to compile an accurate and credible Ming history. From the age of 27 in the first year of the Apocalypse (1621), it took more than 20 years to complete this chronicle. The book is 5 million words, named "Guoque". The manuscript was stolen in the fourth year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (1647). At the age of 53, he angrily rewritten it. After four years of hard work, he finished a new manuscript. Ten years after Shunzhi, he took the manuscript to the north, visited the ministers, royal families, eunuchs and public servants in Beijing, collected relics of the Ming Dynasty, made field visits to historical sites and made supplementary revisions. After the book was completed, it was signed "Jiang Zuo's adherents" to express the pain of national subjugation. In fourteen years, he went to Pingyang (now Linfen) in Shanxi Province to pay his respects to Zhang, his former teacher, and died in the guest room. Tan Qian, whose ancestral home is in the capital of song dynasty (now Kaifeng), set up a theater in zaolin village, southwest of Yan Guan, with Song Nandu, and moved to the west of Maqiao Majing Port. Other works include Zaolin Collection, Zaolin Poetry Collection, Zaolin Miscellanies, Journey to the North, The Journey to the West, Historical Review, Haichang Overseas Records, etc.
Guoque, based on the History of the Ming Dynasty, is an important work in the study of the history of the Ming Dynasty. There are many derogatory remarks about Manchu in the book, which could not be circulated at that time. It was not until the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC) that Zhang Zongxiang, a villager, began to sort out and revise it and compiled it into 108, which was published by Zhonghua Book Company in 1958.
In the first year of the apocalypse (162 1), Tan Qian was 28 years old and Tan Qian's mother died. He mourned at home and read a lot of history books of the Ming Dynasty. He felt that there were many mistakes and omissions, so he made a wish to write a true and credible history of the Ming Dynasty, which was in line with the historical facts of the Ming Dynasty. In the next twenty-six years, he walked hundreds of miles with his luggage on his back. Visiting books and borrowing books everywhere, hungry for pears and dates, reading the household registration in the city and searching for information extensively, it finally took five years to complete the first draft. Later, it was revised one after another. After twenty-six years of unremitting efforts, six drafts were changed, and a masterpiece of 5 million words was written in 100. . Unexpectedly, two years later, in August of the fourth year of Qing Shunzhi (1647), the manuscript was stolen by thieves, and he was filled with grief and indignation to rewrite it. After four years of hard work, the new draft was finally completed. In the tenth year of Shunzhi (1653), at the age of 60, he traveled to Beijing with his second draft and stayed in Beijing for two and a half years, visiting the legacy of the Ming Dynasty, collecting the legacy of the Ming Dynasty, the legacy and related historical facts, and making on-the-spot visits to historical sites to supplement and revise them. After the book was completed, it was signed "Jiang Zuo adherents" as a token of national subjugation.
Pain. In order to complete this painstaking masterpiece.
This thief is the most hateful thief in the history of China! Thieves steal money and clothes from time to time. But this poor family did not surprise the thief, so he took Tan Qian's manuscript conveniently, which was regarded as venting his anger. This is a historian who has worked hard for 26 years. Kill this thief instead! If I have the right to judge history, I will definitely catch the thief and let him repay Tan Qian's "painstaking efforts", which is priceless! We can fully understand Tan Qian's pain after the manuscript was stolen. A 53-year-old scholar, who spent his life trying his best to finish the manuscript, is undoubtedly a great blow! Tan Qian issued such a sigh: Alas, I can do it! At this time, the scholar's tenacity played a role. Tan Qian came out of the sink and said, my hand is still there. I'd rather have it!
How unfair fate is to the old man! Oh!
Thieves' "stolen goods" are not as good as thieves in Jianghu. That thief is so mean! What a despicable thief! In the 14th year of Shunzhi, shortly before Tan Qian's death, he went to Pingyang, Shanxi with his friend Qian Daqiu at the invitation of Shen Zhongjia, a fellow countryman, passing through Liaocheng, Shandong, and met two robbers with knives. Tan Qian said calmly, "We are all scholars, and the box is full of broken books. Where did we get the money? " When the robber saw it, he said "alarm" with his fist and left.
It can be seen that these two robbers are much cuter than that despicable thief!
Second, Tan Qian's moral integrity, composition and determination:
Tan Qian has been copying others for a living, which is very hard. Despite hardships, he never gave up his principles for money and backbone.
In the winter of the fifteenth year of Chongzhen, a merchant ship smuggled ginseng from Japan, worth 100 thousand gold. Landed in Haining and headed for Jiaxing. The city ordered Liu Xianmo to arrest private traffickers, but did not report them in an attempt to embezzle the ginseng. Kento Tan Qian wrote to the Governor of Zhejiang Province to buy joints. At this time, Tan Qian thought it was very important and refused to write. Sure enough, Liu Xianmo was removed from office.
In the twelfth year of Shunzhi, Tan Qian was in Beijing. Yong Yang, a fellow countryman and a new Jinshi, asked Tan Qian's old friend Shen Zhongjia to draft two letters. Tan Qian reluctantly agreed. Later, Yang Yongjian sent someone to look for him, but Tan Qian refused. I wrote in my diary: I am old and not insulted by young people. Although Yang is from Haining, he asked me to do one thing. Nothing more than relying on your own Jinshi title. You are your senior official, and I am my poor scholar. We have nothing to do. (to this effect)
But he is willing to write for some people for free. When Shi Kefa was a poet of Yangzhou Du Fu, Tan Qian wrote the article "Historical Pledge". In addition, I also wrote a begging essay for Shi Kefa.
In the first year of Hong Guang in the Southern Ming Dynasty (1645), Gao Hongtu, a cabinet minister, made suggestions and tried to restore it. Highly appreciated by Gao Hongtu and Zhang. Later, he was proposed to be recommended as a calligrapher and secretary of etiquette department in China. He felt that "current affairs are not good enough and there is no future", so he insisted on resigning and retiring.