Greek scholar assis Toler (384-322 BC) described more than 500 kinds of animals and observed the anatomy and embryonic development of some of them. He has written about zoology, animal structure, animal movements, animal marches and animal reproduction. This is the earliest zoological literature. His student Theophrastus (about 3765438 BC+0 ~ 287 BC) described and classified hundreds of plants, and wrote books such as Flora and Origin of Plants.
Huangdi Neijing, which appeared at the end of the Warring States Period (476-222 BC), has a profound understanding of the position, size and function of human internal organs. The growth and development process and physiological characteristics of men and women are also described. Erya, written at the end of the Warring States Period, divided plants into "grass" and "wood", and arranged similar species together to show the same kind; Animals are divided into four categories: insects, fish, birds and beasts, and similar species are also arranged together to show the same kind.
Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica, which was first written in the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-8 AD) and the Eastern Han Dynasty (25 BC-220 AD) from the 2nd century BC to the 3rd century AD, is the earliest cursive script in the world, with 252 kinds of plant medicines and 67 kinds of animal medicines.
Roman scholar Plinyus the elder (23 ~ 79) wrote 37 volumes of natural history, describing the knowledge about nature (including biology) known at that time. Roman doctor C. Galen (about 129 ~ 200) is a masterpiece of ancient medicine and has made important contributions to the study of comparative anatomy and experimental physiology.
In the 4th century A.D., the Jin people wrote "Southern Vegetation", which described 80 tropical and subtropical plants, and recorded for the first time the biological control method of Guangdong people using Oecophylla smaragdina to control citrus pests.
From the late Jin Dynasty to the Southern Dynasty (Song Dynasty) in the 5th century, Dai Kaizhi wrote Bamboo Spectrum (written in the middle and late 5th century), which described more than 70 kinds of bamboo in southern China with four-character rhyme. It is the earliest extant monograph on plants in China.
In the 6th century A.D., Jia Sixie of the Northern Wei Dynasty wrote The Book of Qi Yao Min (written in 533 ~ 540), which summarized the experience of agricultural production in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in China since the Qin and Han Dynasties, including rich biological knowledge, such as the inheritance and variation of plants, the sex of some crops, and artificial selection.
In the 7th century, Su Jing and other places. In the Tang Dynasty, the newly revised Materia Medica (659) was written, with 25 volumes of medicinal maps and 7 volumes of illustrations, which is the earliest existing atlas of animals and plants in China.
In the 8th ~10th century, in the Tang Dynasty, Duan wrote Miscellaneous Notes on Xiyang, Duan wrote Notes on Beihu and Liu Yao wrote Notes on Different Ridges, which contained a lot of knowledge about animal morphology, habits, ecology and life history.
Shen Kuo (11~10365438) in the Song Dynasty in the 20th century wrote Notes on Meng Xi, with a total of 609 articles, including dozens of descriptions of creatures, involving knowledge of their morphology, classification, distribution, ecology and fossils.
In the Song Dynasty in the 0/2nd century A.D./KLOC, many monographs on animals and plants appeared, such as Luoyang Peony (Ouyang Xiu), Litchi (Cai Xiang), Yangzhou Peony (Crown), Chrysanthemum (Liu Meng), Silkworm Book (Qin Shaoyou) and Orange Record (Han Yanzhi).
In the 3rd century A.D./KLOC-0, German scholar AlbertusMagnus (about 1200 ~ 1280) studied the biological knowledge of ancient Greece, supplemented some new observations and wrote books such as On Animals and On Plants.
1247 Song Ci, a Southern Song Dynasty physician (1 186 ~ 1249), wrote a four-volume collection of unjust imprisonment, which is the earliest forensic work in the world, and contains a lot of knowledge of human anatomy.
From A.D. 15 to A.D. 16, Herb for Saving Wild Grass (1406) was written by Zhu in Ming Dynasty, and Wild Side (1524) was written by Wang Pan, both of which were local flora at that time.
Italian scholar Leonardo da Vinci (1452 ~ 15 19) studied human anatomy and drew an accurate human anatomy map.
1543 Belgian doctor Vesaliua (A.Vesalius, 15 14 ~ 1564) published "Human Body Structure", which corrected some mistakes made by Galen and laid the foundation of modern anatomy.
1553 servit of Spain (1511~1553) discovered pulmonary circulation.
1578 Li Shizhen, a medical scientist in Ming dynasty (15 18 ~ 1593), wrote Compendium of Materia Medica, in which 1892 drugs were collected, with pictures11. This book is rich in knowledge of animals and plants.
1583 Italian scholar A. Cesalpino (1519 ~1603) classifies plants according to their habits, shapes, flowers and characteristics of vegetative organs. About 1500 plants are described and classified in the book Plants (1583).
1609 Italian scholar Galileo (1564 ~ 1642) made a compound microscope and used it to observe the compound eyes of insects.
1864 British anatomist Owen (R.Owen, 1804 ~ 1892) described the archaeopteryx fossils found in Jurassic strata in Thornhoven, Bavaria, Germany in 186 1 year.
German scholar J. Vonsachs (1832 ~1897) published the Handbook of Plant Experimental Physiology, which had an important influence on the development of plant physiology.
1866 Austrian geneticist G.Mendel (1822 ~ 1884) published a plant hybridization experiment, reported the results of the pea hybridization experiment, and found two basic genetic laws. But it did not attract attention at that time.
Heickell (E.H.Haeckel, 1834 ~ 19 19) published "general morphology", which put forward the law of biogenesis and provided evidence for the theory of evolution.
1868 Swiss physiologist Michel (J.F.Miescher, 1844 ~ 1895) isolated "nucleoplasm" (i.e. nucleic acid) for the first time by hydrolyzing pus cells.
187 1 Darwin's publication of the origin of human beings and sexual selection has promoted the study of the origin of human beings.
About 1875 German botanist E. Strasberger (1844 ~1912) expounded the mitosis of plant cells.
1875 German zoologist Hertwig (O.Hertwig, 1849 ~ 1922) thinks that the fertilization process is the fusion of male pronucleus and female pronucleus.
1876 german microbiologist Koch (R.Koch, 1843 ~ 19 10) proved that specific microorganisms can cause specific diseases through the study of Bacillus anthracis, and established the bacterial culture technology.
1877 W. Pfeiffer, a German botanist (1845 ~ 1902), published a study on osmosis, which is the result of his years of work.
1882 German cytologist W.Flemming (1843 ~ 1905) expounded the mitotic process of animal cells.
German microbiologist robert koch (R.Koch, 1843 ~ 19 10) discovered tuberculosis and its infectivity; 1896 invented tuberculin to diagnose tuberculosis. 1905 won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
British scholar Gao Erdun (F.Galton,1822 ~1911) coined the term "genomics" and defined it as knowledge to improve the quality of human genes.
Belgian embryologist Beneden (1846 ~ 19 10) studied the maturation and division of the egg of Ascaris megacephala (2n=4), and proved that the gamete only contains half of the chromosome (i.e. n=2), and recovered to 2n=4 after fertilization.
Russian microbiologist Mechnikov (ииичиков, 1845 ~ 19 16) discovered the phenomenon of cell phagocytosis and put forward the theory of cellular immunity for the first time. German immunologist ehrlich (P.Ehrlich, 1854 ~ 19 15) first put forward the theory of humoral immunity-"side chain theory". 1908, they won the nobel prize in physiology or medicine.
1886 ~ 1888 german microbiologists H. hellriegel (1831~1895) and H.Wilfarth proved that leguminous plants have nitrogen fixation ability.
1887 ~ 19 15 German botanist engler (H.G.A.Engier, 1844 ~ 1930) and K.A.E Prant jointly published the Flora of Nature.
1888 Dutch microbiologist m.w. beijerinck (1851~1931) isolated rhizobia from leguminous plants, which proved that rhizobia were related to nitrogen fixation.
German anatomist W. Waldeyer (1836 ~1921) named the rod-like structure appearing in the cell division center as chromosome.
1890 Boveri (T. Boveri, 1862 ~ 19 15) confirmed the universality of chromosome meiosis in sexual cells. It has been suggested that each chromosome has different characteristics.
189 1 German zoologist H. Henkin (1858 ~ 1942) expounded the process of meiosis in which the number of chromosomes decreased by half during the maturation of germ cells.
1892 Russian microbiologist Dmitri Iosifovich Ivanovsky (диивановский,1864 ~/kloc-
German biologist weismann (A.Weismann, 1834 ~ 19 14) put forward the theory of germplasm continuity. It is believed that acquired traits cannot be inherited; It is emphasized that natural selection is the only mechanism of evolution.
1897 german chemist E.Buchner (1860 ~ 19 17) found that cell-free yeast extract can still be used for fermentation, which proved that the enzyme was still active without living cells.
German bacteriologist Loeffler (1852 ~ 19 15) proved that foot-and-mouth disease was caused by virus infection. It is also found that the virus can only reproduce in living cells.
1898 Russian botanist navaxin (C. г. Hавашин, 1857 ~ 1930) discovered the phenomenon of double fertilization in angiosperms. In the next few years, it has been proved that this is a common phenomenon in angiosperms.
Italian cytologist C. Golgi (1843 ~ 1926) invented the staining method of nerve cells and found Golgi apparatus in nerve cells.
1899 American biologist J.Loeb (1859 ~ 1924) achieved artificial parthenogenesis by stimulating sea urchin eggs.
1900 Defrees (H.deVries, 1848 ~ 1933), Collens (C. Collens, 1864 ~ 1933) and Cermak (E. Seysenegg). Since then, Mendel has been recognized as the founder of modern genetics.
190 1 Austrian-American K. Landsteiner (1868 ~ 1943) discovered human blood types A, B and O, so 1930 won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
1902 British physiologists Bayless (W.M.Bayliss, 1860 ~ 1924) and starling (E.H.Starling, 1866 ~ 1927) discovered it. According to the biological activity of this substance, it is named hormone.
German chemists E. Fischer (1852 ~1919) and F. Hofmeister (1850 ~1922) respectively put forward the peptide bond theory of protein's atomic structure.
American cytologist C.E. McClung (1870 ~1946) discovered sex chromosomes.
Russian physiologist Pavlov (иппплов, 1849 ~ 1936) has been using chronic experiments instead of acute experiments to study the normal activities of digestive glands in living animals for many years. 1904 won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
1902 ~ 1903 Boveri (T. Boveri, 1862 ~ 19 15) and Sutton (W. Sutton,1877 ~). People think that chromosomes are carriers of genetic factors. Thus, the separation phenomenon and the law of independent distribution in genetics are reasonably explained.
German chemist Kausel (A.Kossel, 1853 ~ 1927) has made great contributions to elucidating the composition, structure and physiological functions of nucleic acids after 25 years' efforts. 19 10 won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
1902 ~ 1909 British geneticist batson (W. batson, 186 1 ~ 1926) successively created genetics, alleles, homozygotes and heterozygotes.
1903 Cahal (S. r. y. Cahal, 1852 ~ 1934), a Spanish tissue anatomist, improved the Gorky staining method, systematically observed the central and peripheral nerves and put forward the neuron theory. Gorky and Cahal won the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
1905 American cytologist Wilson (E.B.Wilson,1856 ~1939) A.H. Stuart (A.H. Stuart,1891~/kloc.
1906 British physiologist Sherrington (C.S.Sherrington, 1857 ~ 1952) published the book "Integration of the nervous system" and put forward the concepts of neurons and synaptic activity. 1932 and British scholar e.d. Adrian (1889 ~1977) * * won the nobel prize in physiology or medicine.
1907 American physiologist R.Harrison (1870 ~ 1959) established the hanging drop tissue culture technique, which promoted the development of experimental biology.
1908 A. Karel (1873 ~ 1944) applied the methods of vascular suture, organ transplantation and tissue culture to biological research. 19 12 won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
British mathematician Hardy (1877 ~ 1949) and German doctor Weinberg (1862 ~ 1937) demonstrated the law of genetic balance mathematically, which belongs to population genetics.
1909 Danish geneticist W. Johannsen (1857 ~1927) founded the "pure line theory" and put forward genetic concepts such as "gene", "genotype" and "phenotype" in his book Principles of Genetics.
British doctor Garraud (1857 ~ 1936) published a book "Congenital Defects of Metabolism", which shows that metabolic pathways are also controlled by Mendelian genetic factors.
19 10 American geneticist Morgan (T.H.Morgan, 1866 ~ 1945) found that the inheritance of supercilious look traits in Drosophila melanogaster is always related to sex, pointing out that supercilious look genes are located on the X chromosome, while the Y chromosome does not contain its alleles, thus finding a sex-linked inheritance phenomenon. Later, experiments were carried out with fruit flies and the law of chain exchange was discovered. Gene theory was published in 1926. 1933 won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
19 1 1 American biochemist C.Funk (1884 ~ 1967) isolated and purified active vitamin b crystals from rice bran.
19 12 British biochemist F.G.Hopkins (186 1 ~ 1947) confirmed the existence of vitamins through experiments and put forward the concept of "nutritional deficiency". Dutch scholar C. Aikman (1858 ~ 1930) proved through experiments that brown rice contains vitamin B 1, which has the function of treating polyneuritis. Therefore, Hopkins and ekman 1929 * * won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
German biochemist O.H. Warburg (1883 ~1970) designed a manometer which can accurately measure the oxygen consumption rate of tissues, revealing that heme plays a role as a respiratory enzyme in the respiratory chain of biological oxidation. His work laid the foundation for the study of biological oxidation. 193 1 won the nobel prize in physiology or medicine.
19 14 American biochemist E.C. Kendall (1886 ~1972) extracted thyroxine crystals.
19 15 British microbiologist Twort (F.W.Twort, 1877 ~ 1950) and French scholar Horel (F.H.D'Herelle,1873 ~/).
At the beginning of the 20th century, German chemist Wilstadt (R.M.Willst? Tter, 1872 ~ 1942) found that magnesium ions in chlorophyll molecules are connected with four nitrogen atoms. 19 15 won the nobel prize in chemistry.
19 15 American nutritionist mackler (1879 ~1967) found vitamin a, and 1922 found vitamin d, which proved that it was related to chondrosis.
19 18 German embryologist H.Spemann (1869 ~ 194 1) discovered the tissue-induced effect in the process of embryo growth, which started the research of experimental embryology. 1935 won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
1922 British biochemist Hill (A.V.Hill, 1886 ~ 1977) and German biochemist Meyerhof (O.Meyerhof,1884 ~195/kloc-0). For this * * * won the 1922 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
Canadian physiologist F.G. Banting (1891~1941) and his assistant C.H.Best are in mcleod (J.J.R.Macleod,1876). 1923, Wan Jin and mcleod won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine.
1923 Swedish physical chemist T. svedberg (1884 ~1976) invented the ultracentrifuge, which promoted the research of biochemistry and molecular biology.
1924 German histochemists R. Feulgen (1884 ~1955) and H.Rossenbeck (1895 ~) invented the "Feulgen staining method" for staining nucleic acids, which has been used ever since.
Soviet biochemist Obalin (A.иррн, 1894 ~ 1980) published The Origin of Life and put forward the chemical evolution hypothesis of the origin of life.
1925 German biochemist Meyerhof (O.Meyerhof, 1884 ~ 195 1) found that a group of enzymes extracted from muscle can convert muscle glycogen into lactic acid.
British biochemist D. Kailin (1887 ~ 1963) found that cytochrome plays a redox role in cell respiration.
1926 British physiologist and pharmacist Dale (H.H.Dale, 1875 ~ 1968) proved that acetylcholine, which causes nerve impulses, is a compound widely existing in nerve endings. German physiologist O. Loewi (1873 ~1961) proved through experiments that vagus nerve stimulation can produce a substance that slows down the heart beating, and proved that the property of this substance is similar to acetylcholine. 1936, they won the nobel prize in physiology or medicine.
1927 American geneticist H.J.Muller (1890 ~ 1967) reported the experiment of artificial mutation of Drosophila by X-rays, which laid the foundation for the study of radiogenetics. 1946 won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
Soviet scholar Viyensky (b.и). B ерндскии, 1863 ~ 1945) gave a speech entitled "Biosphere", which aroused people's attention to "Biosphere".
1928 British microbiologist A.Fleming (188 1 ~ 1955) discovered the inhibitory effect of penicillin on bacteria. Florey (H.L.Florey, 1898 ~ 1968) and ernst boris chain (E.B.Chain, 1906 ~ 1979) purified penicillin, and confirmed its efficacy in experiments and clinic. 1945, three of whom won the nobel prize in physiology or medicine.
1929 German biochemist Fisk (C.H. Fisk, 1890 ~? ), Sabarro (Y.SubbaRow, 1896 ~ 1948) and Roman (K.Lohmann, 1898 ~? ), ATP was isolated independently from muscle extract. Later, Roman clarified the chemical structure of ATP.
American biochemist Cory and his wife (C.F.Cori, 1896 ~? ; G.T.Cori, 1896 ~ 1957) discovered the circulation process of the transformation among muscle glycogen, blood lactic acid, liver glycogen and blood sugar. B.A.Houssay (1887 ~ 197 1) found that the effect of anterior pituitary on glucose metabolism was achieved by controlling the production of insulin. 1947, three of whom won the nobel prize in physiology or medicine.
German chemist butenandt (A.Butenandt, 1903 ~) extracted androgen crystals.
Dutch microbiologist Vannier (C.B. Vannier, 1897 ~? It is found that the difference between bacterial photosynthesis and green plant photosynthesis is that the hydrogen donor is thiosulfate, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen or reducing organic matter instead of water. This discovery expanded the concept of photosynthesis.
Fei Wenzhong (1904 ~ 1983), an anthropologist from China, found the first complete skull fossil of Peking man in Zhoukoudian, fangshan county, southwest of Beijing.
American Soviet chemist Levin (1869 ~ 1940) found that nucleic acids can be divided into ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid.
1930 British statistician and geneticist Fisher (R.A.Fisher, 1890 ~ 1962) published The Genetic Principles of Natural Selection, which demonstrated the relationship between heredity and natural selection theory in mathematical form for the first time.
1932 german physicists Knohl (M.Knoll, 1897 ~ 1969) and Lucas (E.Ruska, 1906 ~) invented the electron microscope.
German biochemists krebs (H.A.Krebs, 1900 ~ 198 1) and hensley (K. hensley, 1908 ~ 1973) discovered the ornithine cycle in urea synthesis. Later, krebs put forward the hypothesis of "citric acid cycle", which is a common metabolic pathway and has been confirmed. Together with American biochemist F.A. Lippmann (1899 ~ 1986), the three stages of aerobic oxidation of sugar were expounded. Therefore, the two of them won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with 1953.
1933 howarth (N.Howorth, 1883 ~ 1950) synthesized vitamin c for the first time.
Hungarian scholar von Saint-Kirghi (A. von Saint-Gerghi, 1893 ~? ) The role of malic acid, succinic acid and fumaric acid in tissue oxidation was found.
American geneticist painter (1889 ~ 1969) discovered the giant chromosomes of salivary gland cells of Drosophila larvae and used them as experimental materials, which promoted the study of cytogenetics.
1934 Norwegian biochemist Flynn (1888 ~ 1973) found that the mental retardation of patients with phenylketonuria was caused by the lack of phenylalanine hydroxylase.
1935 American biochemist W.M. Stanley (1904 ~1971) purified the crystal of tobacco mosaic virus for the first time, and confirmed that the virus can be "regenerated" in cells. 1946, Stanley, J.B. sumner and J.H. Northrop won the Nobel Prize in chemistry.
German biochemists Meyerhof G. Enbuden (1874 ~ 1933) and panas (1884 ~ 1949) and others expounded all the steps of glycolysis. Therefore, glycolysis process is also called Meyerhof-Emden-panas pathway.
A. British plant ecologist G. Tansley (1871~1955) first used the term "ecosystem", emphasizing that living things should be considered in a unified way with their environment.
Hungarian radiochemist Kheveshi (1885 ~1966) made artificial radioactive phosphorus P32 and used it in biochemical research. 1943 won the nobel prize in chemistry.
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