China is the birthplace of tea ceremony. The development of tea ceremony knowledge in China has a history of thousands of years, and the tea culture in each era is different. Today, I will introduce you to the tea culture of the Song Dynasty.
Tea drinking in Song Dynasty is rich and colorful.
Today, I will introduce you to the knowledge of tea culture in Song Dynasty. Song Dynasty experienced the enlightenment development stage of tea industry and tea culture in Tang Dynasty. Song dynasty became the most active era of tea activities in history, except for its rich content and superb skills. Fight tea, divide tea, embroider tea? In addition, folk tea drinking methods are more colorful.
Folk tea drinking in the Song Dynasty is a classic in Lin 'an (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang), the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty. At that time, in the bustling city of Lin 'an, tea shops were open around the clock. Whether in the hot sun or in the dead of winter, someone always comes to buy tea with a pot. Famous people's paintings and calligraphy are hung in the tea shop, with simple decoration and flowers in all seasons. People come to drink tea in an endless stream.
There are many different types of tea shops in Lin 'an in the Southern Song Dynasty, which can be divided into many types to adapt to different levels of consumers. There are some tea shops, most of which are places where scholars and officials meet with friends. People not only drink tea and chat, but even carry out sports activities, such as Cuju Teahouse.
There are also teahouses and teahouses. The main customers here are mostly elegant and knowledgeable people. They play musical instruments and learn to play songs here. At that time, people called this a tea shop? Label? . There are also some teahouses that do not make tea for a living, but only in name. People buy and sell, talk about things, drink and even gamble here, becoming entertainment places.
The Prosperity of Tea Culture in Song Dynasty in China
In the Song Dynasty, the tea planting area was constantly expanding, and the techniques of planting, harvesting and making tea were becoming more and more exquisite. The focus of tea industry began to move south, and fried tea (Wuyi tea area in a broad sense) rose. Gongcha Institute moved south to Beiyuan, Jian 'an, Fujian, and became the main technical center for making group tea and cake tea in China. The Longfeng tea produced in Jian 'an Beiyuan is famous all over the world. This special tribute tea that shapes the shape of a dragon or a phoenix is also called Dragon Tuan Feng Cake.
There were many teahouses in the Song Dynasty, and the way of drinking tea took a step forward on the basis of the Tang Dynasty, and the elegant and exquisite way of ordering tea prevailed. The biggest difference between the tea-ordering method and the tea-boiling method in the Tang Dynasty is that the screened tea powder is no longer boiled in a pot, but put in a teacup, then mixed with a small amount of boiling water, and then added with boiling water, and repeatedly struck with a bamboo teapot while adding it, so that it produces foam (called soup flower), and the best state is to reach the side wall of the teacup without water marks.
Tea people in Song Dynasty not only pursued the foam beauty of tea soup, but also paid more attention to the true taste of tea soup. They ordered tea without salt and simply tasted the aroma and taste of tea. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhaoming Nanpu, a Japanese monk, went to China to learn from the scriptures, and spread China's tea-ordering method to Japan for the first time, becoming the earliest disseminator of China Tea Ceremony in Japan. Mori Riky, the founder of Japanese tea ceremony, transformed it into Japanese tea ceremony. At present, the matcha road in El tea ceremony adopts the way of ordering tea.
Comparing tea blending technology and tea quality was popular in Song Dynasty, also called fighting tea. Use some tea when fighting tea. Fighting tea is actually a tea ceremony competition. Usually three or five confidants get together, boil water and order tea, and judge each other to see who orders tea better. There are two factors that determine the outcome: one is the color of the soup, the other is the flower of the soup, and the last is the comprehensive evaluation of taste, fragrance and color.
The soup is milky white and the noodles are pot-shaped. Tang Hua? The inner wall of the cup can be frozen for a long time, thus making a good cup of tea. Tea ordering pursues the true fragrance and taste of tea, and attaches great importance to the beautiful coordination of tea ordering. The teacup used for fighting tea is black, which makes it easier to set off the white of tea soup, and it is also easier to see whether there are water marks on the teacup. Therefore, the black glazed tea lamps produced in Jian 'an, Fujian were the most popular at that time.
The tea industry in Song Dynasty developed greatly, which promoted the development of tea culture. A professional tea club composed of officials appeared among the literati. Tangshe? , believe in Buddhism? A thousand people's club? Wait a minute. In addition to tea poems, tea paintings and tea books, there are also a number of works with tea as the theme, such as Cai Xiang's Tea Story, Fan Xiong's Tea Story in Xuanhe Beiyuan, and Shen An's Tea Set Picture Praise.
Tea Ceremony in Song Dynasty: Drinking tea with porcelain bowls became a common practice.
In the Tang Dynasty, all teas were boiled: first, tea bricks were crushed with a tea mill and ground into powder tea powder, then the tea powder was filtered with a tea roller, then the tea powder was put into boiling water, boiled three times like jiaozi, and finally the pot of tea soup was drunk.
People in the Song Dynasty drank tea better than those in the Tang Dynasty. They divided the tea powder into several bowls with a small spoon, poured it into boiling water, and stirred it while rushing, so that the tea powder was fully mixed with boiling water. It's called. Order tea? . There will also be milk bubbles on the tea soup, like cappuccino.
In the tea ceremony of the Song Dynasty, boiling water is a key step. Song people generally don't use iron pot to boil water when ordering tea, but use porcelain bottles to boil water. The porcelain bottle for boiling water is specially made. People in the Song Dynasty called it? Sand bottle? High temperature resistance, can be directly roasted on charcoal fire. The sand bottle was filled with half a bottle of water and soon boiled. Because the bottle wall is opaque, you can't see the water boiling, only you can hear the sound. Distinguishing water from sound is a must in the tea art circle in Song Dynasty.
In the Song Dynasty, the bottles for drinking tea were made of porcelain, and the tea bowls were sometimes made of porcelain. As early as the Tang Dynasty, the upper class despised porcelain, used copper bowls, silver bowls or gold bowls for drinking tea, and even used iron bowls, and refused to use porcelain bowls. Later, a tea ceremony master named Lu Xun said that gold and silver are too expensive, copper and iron are too tacky, and these metal tea bowls have a fishy smell, which affects the taste and color of tea soup. Only the porcelain bowl is the overriding ideal tea set (see Su Xun's Fairy Bud Biography, which has been lost and is now in Gao Shuo). Lu Xun's viewpoint is very scientific, which opened the atmosphere of drinking tea in porcelain bowls in Song Dynasty.
In the Song Dynasty, purple sand tea sets could be made, but purple sand was not liked by the literati in the Song Dynasty. First, because purple sand is too breathable, tea soup can easily penetrate into it, and it is not easy to brush it clean after drinking tea (it is popular to say that tea can raise pots, but it actually means that the pores of purple sand are filled with tea residue, which is unsanitary and will affect the performance of the next tea tasting); Second, purple sand has a natural earthy smell.
People in the Tang Dynasty made tea, while people in the Song Dynasty made tea. You don't need a teapot to order tea, so you don't produce teapots in the Song Dynasty, you just make tea bowls. There are many kinds of tea bowls. The tea bowls made in Jingdezhen in the Southern Song Dynasty belong to celadon. The tire is thin, glazed, translucent and beautiful, but this kind of tea bowl is not popular. Song people's favorite tea bowl is the little black bowl made in Jianzhou kiln. The tire is very thick, simple in shape and looks heavy, but it is resistant to high temperature and slow in heat conduction, which is suitable for ordering tea.
Modern people drink tea with glasses, purple sand cups and white porcelain cups, while people in Song Dynasty like to use black porcelain bowls. Because the best tea soup in Song Dynasty is milky white, only a black bowl can highlight the milky white of tea soup. If you use a white porcelain bowl, a white porcelain cup or a transparent glass, you can't tell which cup is which tea.
Tea in the Song Dynasty? Order tea?
In the Song Dynasty, the way of drinking tea gradually changed, and the method of frying tea began to decline because of its complexity, and the emerging method of ordering tea became fashionable. Cai Xiang's Tea Record laid the foundation for ordering tea. Tea-ordering method mainly includes five links: preparing utensils, selecting water, taking fire, waiting for soup and learning tea.
When ordering tea, first grind the cake tea into powder and put it in a bowl for later use; Pay attention to regulating charcoal fire when boiling water. When adjusting charcoal? Three charcoal? Namely primer, initial char (first char addition) and post char (second char addition); When the water boils, leave the fire immediately, pour some tea powder into the bowl, and stir it evenly at the same time. The tea powder floats to form porridge noodles, and you can drink it.
Tea art appeared in the late Tang Dynasty, gradually matured in the Northern Song Dynasty, reached its peak from the end of the Northern Song Dynasty to the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, and declined in the late Ming Dynasty, which lasted for about 600 years in the history of tea.
Tea in the Song Dynasty? The rise of fighting tea?
In the Song Dynasty, with the popularity of drinking tea, activities about tea became more and more abundant, and people began to compete for tea. Fight tea? Also called? Zhan Ming? There are two criteria to determine the result. One is? Soup color? And the second one is? Tang Hua? .
So-called? Soup color? It means that the color of tea soup has a fixed standard. The color of tea soup is pure white, and other colors are not straight. Pure white tea soup shows that the picking and processing of tea is just right. If the color is blue, it means that the temperature is insufficient during processing; If it is gray, it is too much; If it is yellow, there is something wrong with picking tea.
So-called? Tang Hua? Refers to the foam on the surface of tea soup when it is poured into a teacup. Tang Hua pays attention to symmetry, and the later the watermark appears, the better. If you want to win the tea war, you must grind the tea powder very finely, and at the same time, when filling the soup, you must grasp the strength and be tepid. The best effect of the soup flower is that it will last for a long time after it appears, biting the edge of the teacup tightly, but it will never overflow. It's called. Bite it? . If the soup spreads quickly or overflows, it will be defeated.
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