First, the concept of health.

Since ancient times, health has become a permanent topic discussed by people throughout the ages and is regarded as the first need of life. But what is health? How to correctly understand and grasp the exact connotation of health? This is a key issue.

The Almaty Declaration issued by the World Health Organization at the 1978 International Conference on Primary Health Care reiterated that health is not only the absence of disease or infirmity, but also physical and mental health and good social adaptation. The Declaration points out that health is a basic human right and achieving the highest possible health level is an important social goal in the world. After many years, 1989, the World Health Organization once again deepened the concept of health, thinking that health includes physicalhysi health. Mental health (mental health), social psychology. Alth), good social adaptation and ethical health. This new concept of health makes the medical model develop from a single biomedical model to a bio-psychological-social medical model. The mental health and social health in this modern health concept are a powerful supplement and development of health under the biomedical model, taking into account people's natural attributes and social attributes, thus getting rid of people's one-sided understanding of health.

1. Physical health refers to the normal structure and function of the body and the ability of self-care.

2. Mental health Mental health means that individuals can correctly understand themselves, adjust their mentality in time, and keep their psychology in a good state to adapt to external changes. Mental health can be divided into broad sense and narrow sense: the narrow sense of mental health mainly refers to the state without psychological problems such as psychological obstacles; Mental health in a broad sense also includes psychological adjustment ability and psychological efficacy development ability.

3. Good social adaptability and strong adaptability are important features of mental health. College students with mental health should be able to keep good contact with the society and have a clear and correct understanding of the current social situation. Have lofty ideals and ambitions, but don't indulge in unrealistic fantasies and extravagant hopes, and pay attention to the unity of reality and ideals. Don't blame others for all kinds of difficulties and challenges encountered in real life, but use practical and effective methods to solve them. When you find that your ideals and desires run counter to social development, you can quickly adjust yourself to keep in line with social development, instead of escaping from reality, not to mention being arrogant and going your own way.

4. Moral health Moral health refers to being able to control one's behavior according to the rules and requirements of social norms, make contributions to people's happiness, and show noble thoughts, ideals, morality and discipline.

Second, health standards (health standards)

Health standards include: ① energetic and able to cope with daily life and work calmly; 2 optimistic and positive attitude, willing to undertake tasks without being picky; 3 Be good at rest and sleep well; (4) Strong adaptability, able to adapt to various changes in various environments; ⑤ Resistant to common cold and infectious diseases; ⑥ Proper weight, well-proportioned figure, and coordinated proportion of head, arms and buttocks; ⑦ Bright eyes, acute reaction and no inflammation of eyelids; 8 teeth clean, no defect, no pain, normal gum color, no bleeding; Pet-name ruby hair shiny, no dandruff; Attending muscles and skin are elastic and easy to walk.

According to the above health standards, only 15% of people can meet the standards, while 15% of people are sick. Most people are in an intermediate state, that is, they are in a state of no disease and incomplete health, that is, they are in a physiological state of decreased vitality and reduced adaptability to varying degrees, such as fatigue, dizziness, headache, tinnitus, shortness of breath, palpitation, irritability and so on. This intermediate state is the "sub-health" state (the third state).

Everyone wants to have a healthy body, but what is health? Many people don't know much about this, including college students. In the past, people thought it was very superficial to be healthy without disease. With the progress of the times and scientific development, modern people have a more scientific and comprehensive understanding of health. The new definition of health by the World Health Organization is:' the best state of human body, spirit and society, not simply not getting sick'.

The new concept of health holds that not getting sick is only a basic aspect of health, mainly the normal state of the body, but also the harmony of mental health and the adaptation to the social and natural environment. In other words, the adaptability of human body, psychology, society and environment is in a state of coordination and balance. This is a new concept of health.

So, how to measure whether a person is healthy, and what is the standard? The World Health Organization has formulated the 10 health guide:

I am full of energy, I can take on my daily life and heavy work calmly, and I won't feel too nervous and tired.

Second, optimistic and positive, willing to take responsibility, big or small,

Third, be good at rest and have a good sleep.

Fourth, it has strong adaptability and can adapt to various changes in the external environment.

Can resist the common cold and infectious diseases.

Six, the weight is appropriate, the figure is well developed, and the position of the head, shoulders and arms is coordinated when standing.

Seven, the eyes are bright, the reaction is fast, and the eyes are not easily inflamed.

Eight, clean teeth, no dental caries, no pain, normal gum color, no bleeding.

Nine, the hair is shiny and there is no dandruff.

Ten, the muscles are full and the skin is elastic.

This 10 standard, that is, the health standard, is based on general conditions and general conditions, but there are different standards for people of different ages.

The core idea of the new health concept is "everyone is healthy, and health is for everyone". Any collective or individual's destruction and pollution of the natural ecological environment and immoral and unsanitary behavior will not only endanger their own physical and mental health, but also endanger the health of others. This view of health is a holistic view of "body, mind, society, nature, ecology and health" and a healthy view of coordinated social development.

In traditional medicine in China, there is also a set of health standards.

This set of health standards is mainly aimed at middle-aged people, so it can also be regarded as 10 health standard for middle-aged people. ]0 standard is:

First, bright eyes: bright eyes, no dull feeling, indicating that the essence is strong, the viscera function is good, and the mind is active.

Second, peace and harmony: the voice is like Hong Zhong, breathing calmly and calmly, reflecting good lung function and strong resistance.

Third, the front door is loose: it means that the urine is unobstructed, indicating that the urinary and reproductive systems are generally sound.

Fourth, the back door is tight: the stool is once a day, regular, and there is no concern about abdominal pain and diarrhea, indicating that the digestive function is healthy.

Fifth, the figure is not plump: keep the figure well-proportioned, and be careful not to be too fat. The standard weight (kg) = height (cm)- 105 (female minus l00).

Sixth, the teeth are tight: pay attention to oral hygiene, basically no dental caries, reflecting sufficient kidney essence.

Seven. Waist and leg spirit: indicates that the muscles, bones and joints of the limbs are strong or flexible. Middle-aged intellectuals, due to the nature of their work, should especially maintain the spirit of waist and legs.

8. Small pulse shape: it means that the number of heartbeats per minute is kept within the normal range (60-80 beats per minute), indicating that the heart and circulation function are good.

Nine, stable diet: adhere to regular quantitative diet, not picky eaters and partial eclipse, not full and alcoholic, no tobacco and alcohol hobbies, pay attention to diet health care.

Ten, accurate life: can get up and fall asleep on time, sleep quality is good.

I. Health education and health promotion

Health is the normal state of human life and the guarantee of social progress, economic development and national prosperity. China's constitution clearly stipulates that it is one of the important tasks of socialism to protect the health of all citizens and improve the health level of people of all ethnic groups. Health education is a health care measure with less input, more output and great benefit. As a strategic health care measure, it has been recognized by all countries in the world and is listed as the first of the eight elements of primary health care.

(A) the concept of health

With the progress of social economy, science and technology and living standards, people's understanding of the connotation of health is also deepening. The World Health Organization puts forward: "Health is not only the absence of disease or weakness, but the perfect state of physical and mental health and social happiness". A comprehensive understanding of the connotation of health is helpful to guide the practice of health education and health promotion.

(2) Health education

Health education is an educational activity and process to help individuals and groups master health care knowledge, establish health concepts and voluntarily adopt healthy behaviors and lifestyles through information dissemination and behavioral intervention. It is the unity of changing the knowledge, concept and behavior of the educational object. The relationship between them is: knowledge is the foundation, belief is the driving force, and action is the goal. Its purpose is to eliminate or reduce the risk factors affecting health, prevent diseases, promote health and improve the quality of life.

According to the new concept put forward by 13 World Health Assembly 1988, health education is a science to study and spread health knowledge and technology, influence individual and group behaviors, eliminate risk factors, prevent diseases and promote health. It focuses on the theory, laws and methods of knowledge dissemination and behavior change, as well as the theory and practice of organization, planning and evaluation of community education. Through communication and education, we can impart health care knowledge to society, families and individuals, improve self-care ability, develop healthy behaviors, correct bad habits, eliminate risk factors, prevent diseases, promote human health and improve quality of life.

(3) Health promotion

Health promotion is a process to promote people's ability to control the factors that affect their health and maintain and improve their health. This is a strategy to coordinate human beings and their environment, which stipulates the responsibility of individuals and society for health. It refers to intervening harmful behaviors and lifestyles through comprehensive means such as health education, organization, legislation, policy and economy, creating a good social and ecological environment and promoting human health.

Health promotion model (omitted)

The development of health education in China has gone through three stages: health promotion, health education and health promotion. The relationship between the two is that the latter embraces the former and the latter is the development of the former. The difference is:

Health promotion = knowledge popularization+publicity and agitation

Health education = knowledge+belief+behavior

Health promotion = health education+social support

(d) in the field of health promotion

Health promotion involves five main areas of activity:

1. Formulate public policies that can promote health. The significance of health promotion has gone beyond the scope of medical care, and health issues have been put on the agenda of decision makers at all levels, departments, governments and organizations. The purpose of explicitly requiring non-health departments to implement health promotion policies is to make it easier for people to make healthier choices.

Step 2 Create a supportive environment

Health promotion must create a safe, satisfactory and pleasant living and working environment. Systematically assess the impact of the environment on health and ensure that the social and natural environment is conducive to healthy development.

3. Strengthen community action.

The real power to improve the quality of life of community people is themselves. Fully mobilize community forces, actively and effectively participate in the formulation and implementation of health care plans, tap community resources, help them understand their own health problems, and propose solutions.

Step 4 Develop personal skills

Support personal and social development by providing health information, education and helping people improve their skills in making healthy choices. Schools, families, work units and communities should help people do this.

5. Adjust the direction of health services.

The responsibility of health service in health promotion is shared by individuals, social organizations, health professionals, health departments, industrial and commercial institutions and the government. They must work together to build a health care system.

Second, the task of health education and health promotion

1. Actively strive for and effectively promote leaders and decision makers to change their ideas, support health needs and health-friendly activities from policies and resources, and formulate various policies to promote health. As an integral part of quality education for all, health education has always been highly valued by our government. It is an inevitable trend to support and promote health education through government behavior and administrative intervention.

2. Improve the sense of responsibility of individuals, families and communities to prevent diseases, promote health and improve the quality of life. So that people can make wise and effective choices when facing the health-related problems of individuals or groups. Develop community resources (people, money, things, etc.) by improving the self-help ability of the community. ) can be realized.

3. Create a healthy external environment. Health education and health promotion must be based on a wide range of alliances and support systems, and work together with relevant departments to gradually create a good living environment and working environment. Build communities, schools and enterprises into "health promotion communities", "health promotion schools" and "health promotion factories".

4. Actively promote the transformation of the concepts and functions of medical and health departments, especially community health service centers, and make their functions develop in the direction of providing health services.

5. Carry out national health education. Educate and guide the people to get rid of superstitions, abandon bad habits, develop good living habits, advocate a civilized, healthy and scientific lifestyle, cultivate healthy psychological quality, and improve the health quality and scientific and cultural level of the whole nation.

Three, the main related disciplines of health education and health promotion

The theoretical basis and professional technology of health education and health promotion mainly come from medicine, sociology, psychology, behavioral science, communication, popular science, statistics, aesthetics and other disciplines. Among many related disciplines, preventive medicine, social medicine, education, communication, health psychology and health behavior are most closely related.

1, preventive medicine: preventive medicine is a science that takes groups as the research object and applies the theories of basic medicine, environmental medicine and other related disciplines and the methods of epidemiology, statistics and toxicology. To study the effects and laws of natural and social factors on health and diseases and take sanitary measures to prevent diseases, promote health and prolong life.

2. Social medicine: Social medicine is an interdisciplinary subject combining medicine and social science. It mainly studies the interaction between social factors and health and its laws, so as to formulate social security measures to protect and improve people's physical and mental health. Health education and health promotion draw lessons from the strategic, theoretical, directional and thinking concepts that social medicine pays attention to when studying medical problems, study and analyze the main health problems of the population from the perspective of sociology, and formulate different levels of intervention measures combining macro and micro to improve the quality of life of the population.

3. Pedagogy: Health education is an organic combination of health and education. From receiving health information to changing behavior is an educational process. Health educators must be familiar with the needs of educational objects, master the technology of designing educational courses and arranging teaching contents according to the cultures of different educational objects, use different teaching methods, implement teaching in accordance with their aptitude, and evaluate the effect.

4. Health communication: mainly study the law of the occurrence and development of health information communication activities, as well as the factors affecting the communication effect, the choice and expansion of communication strategies.

5. Health psychology: Health psychology is a new branch of psychology developed on the basis of behavioral medicine. Health psychology should play its special role in studying the influence of psychological and social psychological factors on health and providing theories, strategies, specific measures and methods of mental health care.

6. Health ethology: Health ethology is a new discipline developed with the needs of health education in recent years, and it can also be said to be a branch of behavioral science. Health education and health promotion focus on behavior changes of individuals, groups and even organizations. Therefore, healthy behavior is the basic subject of health education and health promotion.

Fourth, the basic methods of health education

1, health-related behavior change theory

(1) KABP mode "KABP" mode is a mature behavior change mode;

Information → knowledge → belief → action → health promotion.

Knowledge, attitude and behavior pattern of health education

Knowledge (knowledge and learning) is the foundation, belief (belief and attitude) is the driving force, and behavior (promoting healthy behavior) is the goal. Taking smoking as an example, health educators pass on the knowledge about the harm to health, diseases caused by smoking and the number of deaths related to smoking to the masses through various methods and channels. The masses accept knowledge, strengthen their responsibility to protect themselves and others' health through thinking, and form beliefs; Under the control of faith, a healthy behavior pattern of non-smoking is gradually established.

(2) Health belief model Health belief model is an important theoretical model to explain health-related behaviors with social psychology methods. It is based on psychology and consists of stimulus theory and cognitive theory. In the practice of promoting healthy behavior, the health belief model follows the following steps: first, fully make people feel afraid of their current behavior (perceive the threat and severity); Secondly, let people firmly believe that once bad behavior changes, it will get very valuable consequences (perceived benefits); At the same time, clearly recognize the difficulties that may occur in behavior change (perception of obstacles); Finally, let people feel confident and have the ability to change bad behavior through hard work.

2. Healthy communication skills

Health communication is an important means and strategy for health education and health promotion. It is a process of making, transmitting, disseminating and sharing health information by using various media channels and methods for the purpose of maintaining and promoting human health. Health communication is the concretization and deepening of general communication behavior in the field of medicine and health, which has its own characteristics and laws.

There are many kinds of human communication activities. However, according to the differences and characteristics of the relationship between subject and object of communication, it can be roughly divided into four basic types: interpersonal communication, mass communication, organizational communication and self-communication. Healthy communication is also inseparable from these communication methods.

(1) Interpersonal communication, also known as interpersonal communication, refers to a direct exchange of information between people. Interpersonal communication can be between individuals, between individuals and groups, and between groups. Interpersonal communication is especially commonly used and effective in community health education because of its strong pertinence, full communication and timely feedback. Community general practitioners and health workers should be the authority and health disseminators of health problems in their communities, which can be applied to "individuals and individuals" in diagnosis, patient consultation and home visits. Organize special lectures, lectures and speeches-"individuals and groups"; Discussion-"Groups" spread interpersonal health.

In interpersonal communication, communication skills are very important for achieving good results. Interpersonal communication should be interactive, not one-way preaching. First of all, people should communicate, understand, trust and respect each other and protect each other's privacy; Second, we should understand the health status of people in the community, and answer questions, lectures, lectures, seminars, etc. Should be targeted, targeted, so that the other party will be interested and excited; Third, use easy-to-understand language. If people who don't know medicine use a lot of medical terms, the other party can't understand the meaning of medical terms and can't achieve the expected effect. Finally, it must be scientific.

(2) Mass communication refers to the process of spreading information to the public through radio, television, movies, newspapers, periodicals, books, slogans, blackboard newspapers, leaflets, the Internet and other mass media. Mass communication is characterized by the use of certain media; Its information is open to the whole society; The information dissemination distance is long, the coverage is wide, and the speed is fast; Mass communication is one-way, with insufficient information feedback from both sides.

(3) organizational communication refers to the information exchange activities organized and led by a certain scale of information communication between organizations and members within the organization. That is to say, it has developed into public relations.

(4) Self-communication refers to the process that individuals process information in their minds after receiving external information, which is the necessary biological basis for all information exchange. It belongs to the category of psychological research.

3. Health-related behavior intervention model.

Health-related behavior refers to the behavior of individuals or groups related to health and disease. Generally, it can be divided into two categories: behaviors that promote health and behaviors that endanger health.

Health promotion behavior is a group of behaviors that are objectively beneficial to the health of individuals or groups:

(1) Daily health behaviors, such as reasonable nutrition, balanced diet, proper sleep, active exercise, regular work and rest, etc.

(2) Health care behaviors, such as regular physical examination, vaccination and other reasonable application of medical and health care services.

(3) Avoid behaviors harmful to the environment. "Environment" refers to both the natural environment (environmental pollution) and the tense living environment.

(4) Quit bad habits, quit smoking, don't drink, don't take drugs.

(5) Seek medical help, that is, seek scientific and reliable medical help when you realize that you have a patient. Such as actively seeking medical treatment, providing true medical history and symptoms, actively cooperating with medical care, and maintaining an optimistic mood.

[6] Compliance with doctors is an act of actively cooperating with doctors and obeying treatment after knowing that they are really sick.

There are many methods of health-related behavior intervention, such as information dissemination, organization regulations, environmental change, training guidance, consultation and transplanting self-made medical behavior correction. These methods and strategies act on all aspects that affect the generation, maintenance and development of behavior respectively, which is an important content of health education methodology. The purpose of behavior intervention is to help people change their bad behaviors and habits, consciously adopt healthy behaviors and cultivate a good lifestyle.

Behavior correction technology was developed in the late 1950s. It is used to correct various behaviors harmful to health and guide the establishment of various behaviors that promote health. The correction techniques widely used in the field of health education mainly include desensitization, demonstration, disgust, reinforcement and elimination.

Five, commonly used health measures and indicators

Health measurement is a process of quantifying health concepts and health-related things or phenomena, that is, according to certain rules and the nature or characteristics of the tested object, numbers are used to reflect health concepts and health-related things or phenomena. Health measurement has gradually expanded from the negative measurement of death and disease to the positive measurement centered on health; From the measurement of biological factors to the comprehensive measurement of psychological, behavioral and life factors.

1, health measurement index:

In order to meet the needs of modern health, on the one hand, many new indicators, such as psychological indicators and behavioral indicators, have been introduced; On the other hand, we did not give up the original death indicators and disease indicators, but improved and developed them, such as using death data and disease and disability data to calculate years of life lost (YDLL), disability-free life expectancy and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) to reflect the irrationality of death and people's quality of life.

Single index: a measure of group health (such as mortality, morbidity, morbidity, the proportion of causes of death, etc. ); Individual health measurement indicators (such as heart rate, blood pressure, vital capacity and other physiological and biochemical indicators) and indicators evolved on the basis of these health measurement indicators (such as life expectancy).

Comprehensive index: it is a new index produced by combining multiple single indexes through some method or rule. It is characterized by summarizing all kinds of data reflecting health status and expressing them with a numerical value, providing multi-dimensional measurement and simple evaluation of individual or group health status. Such as quality of life index, disability-free life expectancy, disability-adjusted life years, psychological scale scores, etc.

2, health education and health promotion commonly used health indicators

(1) Death indicators: including total mortality rate, sex-age mortality rate, proportion of causes of death, infant mortality rate, neonatal mortality rate, mortality rate of children under 5 years old, maternal mortality rate and life expectancy;

(2) Disability indicators: disability rate and disability causes;

⑶ Disease indicators: morbidity, mortality and survival rate;

(4) Nutritional status indicator: the total daily intake of a certain nutrient;

5. Growth and development indicators: including height, weight, blood pressure, vital capacity, average age of menarche, average age of first spermatorrhea, etc. You can calculate the annual growth value and growth rate of these growth and development indicators, or carry out correlation analysis;

(6) Psychological indicators: including the measurement of personality, intelligence, mood and emotion, such as MMPI scale, Eysenck personality scale, Baker depression questionnaire (BDI), self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), UCLA loneliness scale and personal evaluation questionnaire.

(7) Behavior indicators: indicators of behavior patterns (measurement of type A and type B behaviors, Texas Social Behavior Questionnaire), indicators of lifestyle (measurement of life richness, life frequency, activity spectrum, life satisfaction, etc. ), interpersonal relationship (interpersonal relationship index), personal status and personal experience;

(8) Population indicators: population, gender and age composition of population, cultural composition of population, illiteracy rate or literacy rate, and occupational composition of population;

Levies comprehensive indicators:

Symptoms and functional indicators: Common symptom and functional survey scales include CMI, GHQ, MMPI and SRQ.

Quality of life indicators: including quality of life index, functional status scale and quality of life scale;

Others: years of life lost (YDLL), life expectancy without disability, disability-adjusted years of life (DALY), etc.