The architecture of Qin and Han Dynasties was developed on the basis of some important artistic features initially formed in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. The unification of Qin and Han dynasties promoted the exchange of architectural culture between the Central Plains and Wu Chu, with larger scale and more diverse combinations.
During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the architectural types were mainly capitals, palaces, sacrificial buildings (ritual buildings) and tombs, and by the end of the Han Dynasty, Buddhist buildings appeared again. The planning of the capital city changed from regular symmetry in the Western Zhou Dynasty to free pattern in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and then gradually returned to regularity. By the end of the Han Dynasty, this process was completed with the symbol of Cao Cao Yecheng. The palace is the garden of corrupt officials, and its scale is huge. Sacrificial architecture is an important type of architecture in Han Dynasty. Its main body is still a high-rise building that has prevailed since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. It is huge in size, combined with a cross axis symmetry, huge in scale, outstanding in image and pursuing symbolic significance.
The overall style of architectural art in Qin and Han dynasties can be summarized in four words: "bold and simple". The roof is very large, and the broken line of the roof slope has been reversed, which is the initial practice. Later, it will be "folded" or "framed", but the curvature is not large; The corners are blank, showing a vigorous and simple temperament. The theme of architectural decoration is fantastic, loyalty and martyrs, Gu Zhuo and heroes.
Palace architecture in Qin dynasty
After Qin Shihuang unified the whole country, he vigorously reformed politics, economy and culture, unified currency and weights and measures, and unified writing. These measures played a positive role in consolidating the unified feudal country. On the other hand, it also concentrated the manpower and material resources of the whole country and the technological achievements of the six countries to build the capital, palaces and tombs in Xianyang. Epang Palace and Lishan Mausoleum, which have a long history, still exist.
Gong Li Bieguan
During the reign of Qin Shihuang, Xianyang City continued to expand. According to records, every time he destroyed a country, he built a palace (that is, the palace of six countries) near Xianyang according to the palace pattern of various countries. After the unification of the six countries, in order to prevent rebellion, the rich of all countries concentrated in Xianyang. The original city couldn't hold it, so a new Epang Palace was built on the south bank of Weishui. Epang Palace is huge and luxurious.
The layout of Xianyang, Qin Dou is original. It abandoned the traditional battlements system and built many independent palaces in the vast area north and south of Wei River. "Leaving the palace pavilion, the mountains and rivers crisscross, the roads and roads belong to each other, the wooden clothes are rusted, the soil is painted with cinnabar, the imperial secretary does not move, he likes not to change, and he forgets the poor years, so he can't recover" ("Three Auxiliary Old Events") reflects the extravagance of Qin Shihuang.
Qin people combined a large number of palaces and halls within 200 miles around Xianyang into an organic whole by means of equator and fu Dao, and imitated the astronomical phenomena. The sanitary facilities outside Xianyang City show the broad foundation of Xianyang Palace, which also highlights its dignity. Qin people also carried out innovative measures to build a veranda, take the palace as the city, and engage in sanitation by the mountains and rivers, adding a vast and majestic spirit to Xianyang.
Xianyang, Qin Dou, is the largest city built during the Warring States Period. Garden in the north and Weishui in the south. Xianyang Palace runs through the whole city from east to west, connecting into one piece, commanding and magnificent. After liberation, the site of "No.1 Palace" in Xianyang Palace was excavated near the center of the palace area. The site of No.1 Palace is 60 meters long from east to west, 45 meters wide from north to south, and about 6 meters from the ground. It is built on a platform based on the earth platform, forming a binary que-shaped palace building. There are two floors at the top of the platform, and corridors and open halls are built on the lower floors, making the whole platform look like three floors, which is very spectacular. The center of the upper floor is the main building, and the surrounding and lower floors are the bedroom, hall and bathroom respectively. There are cloisters on the lower floor, with bricks all over the floor and pebbles scattered under the eaves. Murals are painted on the interior walls, including figures, animals, chariots and horses, plants, buildings, monsters and various decorations. Colors are black, black, bright red, vermilion, azurite, stone green and so on. After Qin Shihuang unified the world, he expanded with the wing que of Xianyang Palace as the core, and imitated the palace buildings of six countries. "Every time a vassal breaks down, he writes about his palace, making it Xianyang in the north, Lishui in the south, Zidong in the east, and the temple is restored, and Zhou Ge belongs to each other."
The profligate Qin Shihuang was not satisfied with such a big palace. After 35 years on the throne, one day he "thought there were many people in Xianyang and the former king's palace was small" and wanted to build another palace. The minister asked where it was made, and Qin Shihuang said "Albania". "A Fang" is not the actual place name, which means "nearby" and "beside". After listening to the words of the first emperor, the ministers ordered craftsmen to build a huge palace-Epang Palace, which was "re-pressed for more than 300 miles and isolated from the sun" in Shanglinyuan next to Xianyang Palace. The front hall of Epang Palace is 500 steps from east to west and 50 feet from north to south. It can hold10,000 people on the floor and build a 50-foot flag on the floor. Zhou Chi is the pavilion road, from your highness to Nanshan, which is the top of Nanshan. In order to rehabilitate Xianyang, Xianyang belongs to the Arab Dewey ... There are more than 700,000 prisoners in the hidden palace ... Within 200 miles of Xianyang, there are 270 temples connected by many tunnels, with curtains, bells and drums and beautiful women, and all cases are not moving. "Epang Palace with such a huge scale was not built until the death of Qin Shihuang, and Qin Ershi continued to build it. But in 206 BC, "Xiang Yu led troops to slaughter Xianyang in the west and set fire to Qin Gong. The fire did not go out in March. For centuries, the essence of materials and crafts in Zhou and Qin Dynasties was the greatest disaster. What's more, the fire of Xiang Yu not only destroyed a beautiful Epang Palace, but also left a bad habit for future generations, that is, whenever the Li Dynasty came, it deliberately destroyed the palaces of the previous generation.
The existing Epang Palace site is located in the south of Xi 'an Sanqiao Town, covering an area of about 8 square kilometers. The rammed earth platforms or bases 19, such as the front hall of Epang Palace, the rooftop and the Beiquemen, were found in the site. Among them, the rammed earth platform of Qian Dian site is1.320m long from east to west, 420m wide from north to south and 7-9m high. Stone foundation and clay pipe were found on the platform, with a large number of slabs, tiles and tiles scattered, which can be described as the largest rammed earth building platform in ancient China. What is the beautiful Epang Palace? Later generations can only meditate in historical records and Epang Palace Fu. Fortunately, in recent years, the tourism department of Shaanxi Province has restored some buildings of Afang Palace, and rebuilt the front hall, Lanchi Palace, promenade, lying bridge, Shimen and rooftop of Afang Palace. Although the shapes of these buildings may not be accurately restored, at least they can give us a good perceptual knowledge of the architecture of the Qin Dynasty.
[Edit this paragraph] Mausoleum architecture in Qin Dynasty
In order to arrange the whereabouts behind him, Qin Shihuang also built a mausoleum in Lishan Mausoleum. The tomb he carefully planned for himself, Lishan Mausoleum, has been under construction since he 13 years old acceded to the throne. At most, more than 700,000 civilian workers were recruited to build Lishan Mausoleum. The main materials of the mausoleum were shipped from Sichuan and Hubei, but it was not completed until his death in 2 10 BC, and it took Qin Ershi two years to finish it, which lasted 30 years. The first imperial tomb is 5 kilometers east of Lintong County, with its back leaning on Mount Li and its feet leaning on Weihe River, with water on the left and Bahe River on the right. It produces beautiful jade in the south and gold in the north. It's a treasure trove of geomantic omen, and it has entrusted Qin Shihuang with his wish to let future generations enjoy a long life forever. The cemetery is east-west and covers an area of nearly 8 square kilometers. It has the dual functions of inner city and outer city, and the gate of the fence faces east. The mausoleum is located in the southern half of the inner city and is barrel-shaped. It is now 76 meters high and has a square foundation. It is speculated that the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang should be behind the mausoleum, that is, on the west side. According to Records of Historical Records of Qin Shihuang, the tomb has been dug to a deep spring, reinforced with copper and placed on the coffin. There are palaces, pavilions and pavilions in the tomb, which are full of rare treasures. A crossbow machine with bows and arrows was also installed in the tomb. If someone digs a grave and touches the organ, he will become a martyr in the future. At the top of the tomb, there are astronomical stars inlaid with night pearls, and there is a mercury lake symbolizing rivers and seas, which has the geographical situation of Kyushu. There are also lamps and candles made of mermaid cream, which I have been longing for for for a long time. After the funeral, Qin Ershi ordered all the childless maids in the palace and the craftsmen who built the mausoleum to be buried in the tomb. Later generations have been skeptical about Sima Qian's magical records, but archaeological discoveries in recent decades have proved that Sima Qian's records are basically credible. In the east of it, a world-famous large terracotta warriors pit was also found, including about 7,000 warrior figures, 100 Xu chariots, 100 horses and thousands of weapons, which is known as "the eighth wonder of the world".
[Edit this paragraph] National Defense and Traffic Engineering
The Great Wall was originally the product of strengthening the frontier defense of Yan, Zhao and Qin during the Warring States Period. At that time, the Huns living in the desert in northern China invaded from time to time. In order to deal with this invasion, the northern countries built their own cities to defend themselves. At the beginning of the Qin Dynasty, the emperor sent a general Meng Tian to lead a 300,000-strong northern expedition to the Huns, connecting the original walls built by Yan, Zhao and Qin to repair them. The rebuilt part exceeds the sum of the original Great Wall of the Three Kingdoms. The Great Wall "starts from Lintao (now Min County, Gansu Province) and extends for more than 10,000 miles to Liaodong", which is one of the greatest projects in the ancient world.
The construction of the Qin dynasty also included the repair of chidao and the construction of canals. The equator of the Qin Dynasty starts from Shandong Peninsula in the east, reaches Lintao in Gansu in the west, Liaodong in the north and Hubei in the south. The main road is 50 steps wide, and trees are planted along the road. This project is huge and an outstanding achievement in the history of ancient road construction. Together with other land and water passages, it has formed a national transportation network. Dredging Gorge (Bianhe River, Henan Province), as a waterway hub, connects the four waters of Hebei, Ru, Huai and Si. In 2 14 BC, Governor Shilu built a Lingqu, which was more than 60 miles long and connected Hunan and Lishui.
[Edit this paragraph] Han Dynasty architecture
The tyrannical Qin Dynasty was overthrown and replaced by the Han Dynasty founded by Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang. After the recuperation in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the land of China reappeared its former peace and laughter-China entered a relatively long period of prosperity. The Han Dynasty was a young man of architecture in China, and his architectural career was extremely active. There are abundant records about architecture in the history books, and the building combination and structural treatment are improving day by day, which directly affects the development of ethnic architecture in China for two thousand years. However, due to the age, a wooden structure building in Han Dynasty has not been found so far. However, the architectural image information of this period is very rich. The verandahs or temples, outer doors and huge stone arches in the tombs of the Han Dynasty are all real simulations of wooden buildings. The stone que in front of the temple and the mausoleum is faithful to the modeling of the wooden structure, showing some structural details of the wooden structure. But the only disadvantage of these "quasi-examples" is that they can't display indoor or internal structures. However, a large number of Han dynasty portrait bricks, stone reliefs and funerary wares have made concrete supplements to the image of real buildings, the indoor layout and the layout of buildings. Accordingly, it enriches people's understanding of architecture in Han Dynasty.
[Edit this paragraph] Urban construction in Han Dynasty
The site of Chang 'an City in Han Dynasty is located in Hancheng and the countryside on the south bank of Weihe River on the northern slope of Anlong Head Plateau, about 5 kilometers north of Anxi. As a capital city with a history of nearly 350 years, the site of Chang 'an City in Han Dynasty was actually used for nearly 800 years. It was the most famous capital of China in ancient times, and it was also the largest and most prosperous international metropolis in the world at that time. In 202 BC, Emperor Liu Bang built Changle Palace on the basis of Qin Xingle Palace, which opened the prelude to the construction of Chang 'an City. In BC 199, Prime Minister Xiao He put forward the "magnificent way" to build the Weiyang Palace, which was divided into four parts: East, North, Qiandian, Armory and Taicang. Huidi built Chang 'an in 35 years and Xicheng in 6 years. In the fifth year of Yuanshuo, imperial academy was built outside Anmen in the south of the city. The following year, Ding Yuan restored the white balcony. In the first year of Tai Chu, Zhang Jian Palace was built in Shanglinyuan, west of the city, and Phoenix Que was built in the east of the city, which was more than 20 feet high. Dig Taishui land in the north, including Penglai, abbot, Longzhou and Hu Liang. There are a god platform and a god well in the building, which are more than 50 feet high. In the fourth year of Tai Chu, in the North Guangming Palace of Changle Palace. So far, the scale of Chang 'an City in the Western Han Dynasty has been preliminarily determined. In the fourth year of Yuan Dynasty, Emperor Ping built Tang Ming and Bi Yong in the south of Chang 'an, ending the capital construction of the Western Han Dynasty. After Wang Mang usurped the throne, he ordered the demolition of more than 10 buildings in Shanglinyuan in Han Dynasty, such as Zhang Zhongjian, Chengguang, Baoyang, Datai and Chuyuanguan. The materials obtained were used to build nine temples of the new dynasty in the south of the city, costing millions and killing nearly ten thousand people. The Eastern Han Dynasty was established after Emperor Guangwu wiped out the mang. Liu Xiu offered sacrifices to the High Temple and the Western Han Dynasty 1 1 Mausoleum, and built Chang 'an Palace.
Changle Palace, one of the three palaces in Chang 'an City in Han Dynasty, is located in the southeast of the city, with a circumference of 90 kilometers and an area of 5 square kilometers, accounting for 1/6 of the area of Chang 'an City in Han Dynasty. There are 14 palaces in the palace, such as Qian Dian and Xuande Hall. Weiyang Palace, located in the southwest of the city, has always been the political center of the Han Dynasty. Historically known as the West Palace, it has a circumference of 9 kilometers and an area of 5 square kilometers, accounting for 1/7 of the urban area. There are more than 40 palaces in the palace, which are very magnificent. Zhangjian Palace is a group of palaces in Fiona Fang 10 km, which is known as "thousands of households". Chang 'an City in Han Dynasty was large in scale and neatly laid out, which was recorded in the history of capital development. After the Han Dynasty, although several small dynasties established their capitals here, Chang 'an lost its glory in the heyday of the Han Dynasty forever.
In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, after Emperor Guangwu Liu Xiu made Luoyang his capital, he expanded a larger capital on the basis of Zhoucheng. For more than 330 years, this city has been the political, economic and cultural center of the whole country during the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Cao Wei Dynasty, the Western Jin Dynasty and the Northern Wei Dynasty, and has been called the "Old City of Luoyang in Han and Wei Dynasties" by the academic circles.
[Edit this paragraph] Wooden buildings in Han Dynasty
At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, pavilions gradually decreased and pavilions began to rise. Since the Warring States Period, the large-scale construction of Taixu Palace has promoted the development of structural technology, and there are signs that the cross frame has been gradually applied. The long-term construction of pavilions and cornices has promoted the development of vertical shafts and bucket arches, and layered vertical shafts or bucket arches have been seen in many stone carvings. From the etiquette or banquet pictures depicted on many murals and stone reliefs, it can be seen that the indoor height of the hall at that time was small, there were no doors and windows, and only curtains were hung between columns. According to documents, most of the palaces in the Western Han Dynasty belonged to the middle road, while Weiyang Palace was built as a flying pavilion crossing the west of the city. It can be seen that most of the palaces at that time were terraced fields, which had to be connected by roads, and even used Feige to communicate inside and outside the city.
Green glazed pottery watchtower
The appearance of wooden pavilions is one of the symbols of the maturity of China's wooden structure building system. In the tombs of the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty, a large number of complete models, portrait bricks, ceramic pavilions, castles, vehicles and boats showing off the landlord's manor economy and attaching to peasant handmaiden were unearthed, which had obvious characteristics of the times. In funerary wares, there are often square attics with three or four floors, each floor is supported by a bucket arch, and the floors are divided into several floors. This method of adding railings to the eaves has been seen in bronzes in the Warring States period and also used in wood structures in the Han Dynasty to meet the requirements of shading, sheltering from rain and overlooking by railings. The eaves of each balustrade were picked out and put in rhythmically, which made the appearance stable and changeable, produced a contrast between light and shade, and created the special style of China attic, on which the wooden towers flourished in the Northern and Southern Dynasties were based.
Que is an ancient building in China, which is located in front of gates, palaces, temples and tombs. It is made of wood or stone. Generally, there is one on each side, which is called "double que"; Others built a small pavilion next to a big pavilion, called the "Mother Pavilion". The word "que" and "que" were common in ancient times, and the gap between them was the road. The purpose of Que refers to the gate, and the city Que can also be visited, so some people call it "Guan".
The image of sparrow gate on the brick in Han Dynasty
The existing Han tombs are all tombs. Gaoyique is located in Hanbei Village in the east of Ya 'an City, Sichuan Province. It is a relatively complete one among the 30 existing stone que in Han Dynasty in China. Built in the Eastern Han Dynasty, it is a part of the double tombs of Gao Yi, the magistrate of Yizhou in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and his brother Gao Shi. The distance between East and West Que is13.6m. The East Que is only a Que body, while the West Que Gaoyi Que is well preserved. Gao Yi Que is made of red hard long quartz sand rock, which is a four-armour wood-like building with double eaves and close upper and lower eaves. The top is tile-shaped, and the center of the ridge is carved with an eagle spreading its wings and a ribbon tied to the jade in ancient Yu Pei. The que body is placed on a stone foundation, and the surface is engraved with a column forehead. There are two arches on the column to support the eaves. The eaves are carved with figures, chariots and horses, birds and animals. Gaoyique has a magnificent shape, tortuous outline, simple and profound, and exquisite carving, which fully shows the dignified and beautiful architecture of the Han Dynasty. After 1700 years of wind and rain erosion and earthquake, it still stands tall, which also reflects the exquisite craftsmanship of the Han Dynasty.
Feng Huanque, located in Zhaojiaping, Quxian County, Sichuan Province, was built in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which is the earliest of all the existing que in Sichuan. Now only the left que is the main que. It is 4.6 meters high and consists of four parts: abutment, pavilion, building and roof. It is made of five layers of grayish yellow sandstone and looks like a pavilion-like wooden building. There are two lines of official script inscriptions between the pillars in front of Que's body: "Therefore, Nanjing, assistant minister of Shangshu, ordered Yuzhou to assassinate Feng, making you immortal." This pavilion is elegant in shape and exquisitely carved. Feng Huan was framed and imprisoned in A.D. 12 1 and was rehabilitated after his death. This gate should be built after restoration.
The following is an example of a composite building in Han Dynasty. There is a two-story pavilion in the picture, one on each side of the building. The building in the central part is the top of the hall, with straight back and thick columns. There is an arch with a bucket of three liters above it, and there seems to be a bucket arch belt under the eaves. There are lying railings on both floors of the building, and there are people sitting behind the railings, as if a banquet is being held. There are also layers of arches on the pavilions on both sides of the main building, and animal patterns are carved on the pavilions. The facade of the whole building is rich and varied, and the atmosphere is solemn and warm, which may reflect the luxurious life scene of the landlord class in Han Dynasty.
The Restoration of Tang Ming in the Southern Suburb of Chang 'an in the Western Han Dynasty
Having said that, we have to mention the Ming Tang in the Han Dynasty. "Tang Ming Bi Yong" is the name of a building with two meanings. It is one of the highest-ranking royal ritual buildings in ancient China. Tang Ming is a place where ancient emperors issued decrees, accepted pilgrimages and offered sacrifices to gods and ancestors of heaven and earth. Biyong is a circular ditch surrounded by the Ming Hall, surrounded by water, which symbolizes harmony (meaning perfection), and a circular statue (a jade ritual vessel dedicated to the emperor) symbolizes the perfection of the emperor's consciousness.
Bi Yong, built in the fourth year of the Western Han Dynasty and the early Yuan Dynasty, is located on the east side of Nanmenwai Street in Chang 'an, which conforms to the regulation of being located in the "Yang of the country". Tang Ming is located in the north and south, with a square wall with three missing doors in the middle and 1 square fittings at the four corners. The annular groove around the wall is the so-called blue surge. The center of the central axis of Sigemen is Tang Ming, which is built on a circular rammed earth foundation. According to the structure of the site and some indirect data, it can be inferred that it was originally a three-story terraced building with a symmetrical horizontal axis. There are five rooms upstairs, with a well-shaped composition; There are three rooms on each side of the middle floor, namely Tang Ming (south), Xuantang (north), Qingyang (east) and Zhang Zong (west). Eight "pieces" are "square and twelve rooms"; The ground floor is an annex building. According to the existing structure, there may be a circular roof at the top of the upper central hall, or it may be pointed out otherwise. The scale of the central building (that is, the Ming Hall) is about 28 steps (6 feet per level, 0.23 meters per China foot), which is exactly the same as "Xia Houshi World". Why don't you hurry?
[Edit this paragraph] Courtyard group
The architectural groups in Han dynasty were mostly in the layout of corridors and courtyards. Doors and cloisters are often used to set off the solemnity and importance of the last main building, or low and small secondary houses. The staggered roofs and rain towers on doors and windows set off the main part of the center, making the whole group present a changeable outline.
[Edit this paragraph] Han Tomb
The Han Tomb is basically similar to the Qin Mausoleum, and it is also a huge pyramid-shaped mound built artificially (above). A sleeping hall for sacrifice was built on the mound. In the Zhou Dynasty, the city walls were used to station troops and open gardens, and the rich were moved to a mausoleum. Most of them built tombs and were buried with clay figurines before they died. The mausoleum was abandoned in the Eastern Han Dynasty, but monuments, Shinto, tombs and tombs were erected in front of the tomb, which enhanced the commemoration. The tomb structure technology has also made great progress, waterproof and fog-proof, hollow brick tombs and brick dome tombs have appeared, replacing wooden tombs. Due to the influence of residential buildings, the layout of tombs is becoming more and more complicated.
[Edit this paragraph] Architectural skills of Qin and Han Dynasties
The Han Dynasty was the first peak of ancient architecture in China. At this time, there were fewer high-rise buildings and more houses and castles. The quadrangle-style layout was basically finalized, closely combined with the political, economic, patriarchal and ritual systems at that time, which was enough to meet the needs of various aspects of society-the architectural system of China has basically taken shape. Wood structure building
At this time, there are four roof forms, namely, fairy hall, inclined mountain, hanging mountain and sharp point. The main ridge of the temple is short, the roof, ridge and cornice are straight, and the center of the main ridge of the roof is often decorated with phoenix. From this, the image of ancient architecture in Han dynasty was formed, but there was no lack of vitality. It was rare to see the rest of the mountain in the Han Dynasty. From an artifact unearthed in Guangdong (left), it can be seen that the shape of the rest of the mountain at that time was composed of a central suspended peak and a single shelter around it, and the cornice was slightly inclined, which may be the architectural style of the south at that time.
Through a large number of murals, stone reliefs, pottery houses, stone shrines, etc. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, it can be known that the buildings in northern China and Sichuan at that time mostly used platform beam structure, and sometimes used load-bearing earth walls; Bucket frame is adopted in the south, and bucket arch has also become a common component of overhangs in large buildings. At this time, three basic frame forms commonly used in ancient wooden buildings in China, namely hanging beam, crossing bucket and shaft, have been formed.
Bucket arches have developed greatly in the Han Dynasty, and there are many kinds, which can be said to have reached a strange level. We can see its image on various tombs, tombs and portrait bricks. At this time, although the bucket arch can be made more complicated, it has not jumped forward, and the practices in various places are very inconsistent, and some structures are not reasonable. To a considerable extent, it is the personal exploration of craftsmen. After the test of practice, the mature bucket arches of later generations stand out from these bucket arches.
The handrails in Han Dynasty include horizontal handrails and bucket vertical column handrails. The foundation of the column is inseparable and the style is simple. Abutment is made of mixed brick or masonry; The door is a version door and a stone wooden door; The patterns of windows include straight lattice windows, oblique lattice windows, locked lattice windows and skylights; Smallpox includes fighting smallpox and fighting four smallpox; There are columns, octagonal columns, square columns, etc., and some cylindrical surfaces are engraved with bamboo lines or concave-convex grooves. The square column is fat and short, with a little bit, and a bucket is put on it; Square double column refers to the beam frame with a square column on each side of the corner of the house, with one hand on each side. This practice is gradually decreasing in future generations.
The invention of Xuanwu brick is one of the important achievements in the history of architecture. At the latest, there were load-bearing bricks in the Qin dynasty, and there were brick walls in the terracotta pits on the east side of the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang, which were relatively hard. Bricks were widely used in architecture in the Han Dynasty. From the middle and late Western Han Dynasty to the Eastern Han Dynasty, masonry arch coupons were increasingly developed and used in tombs and sewers. In addition to parallel and vertical brick cylindrical shells, there are domes and hyperbolic flat shells. A large number of tiles, tiles, stone carvings and bronze artifacts were found in the Qin Gong site in Xianyang, Qin. However, there are not many stone components used in Qin architectural sites, and the processing accuracy is not high, which shows that it is not easy to process stone with bronze tools. It was not until the middle and early Western Han Dynasty that the masonry arch shell appeared, and the technical conditions for building masonry houses were initially met, but the wood structure construction technology at this time has developed to a high level.