In winter, the climate is dry and the temperature drops. While paying attention to health and nourishing, we should also pay attention to preventing infectious diseases. In this period of high incidence of infectious diseases, we should pay special attention to eight diseases.

Watch out for 8 infectious diseases in winter

1. Influenza

It is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by influenza virus. The antigenic structure of virus determines that it has the characteristics of rapid mutation and strong infectivity. It is a borderless disease, which is easy to cause explosive epidemic or worldwide epidemic. Its incidence ranks first among infectious diseases. Every year, 10% of the world population, that is, 600 million people suffer from influenza, and most of the deaths are caused by its complications.

2. Epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis

Epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by meningococcus. The route of transmission is direct transmission of respiratory droplets, and the source of infection is carriers and patients. The population is generally susceptible, especially infants from 6 months to 2 years old. It is characterized by low fever, sore throat and cough at first, followed by sudden high fever, severe headache, frequent vomiting, petechiae and meningeal irritation. Acute onset, rapid spread, high mortality, atypical symptoms of the elderly and children.

measles

Measles is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by measles virus, which is highly contagious. Measles patients are the source of infection, mainly through air droplets directly, but also indirectly through items contaminated by viruses. People are generally susceptible, especially infants. The main clinical manifestations are fever, runny nose, cough, conjunctival congestion, Coriolis spots on oral mucosa and red maculopapules on skin.

4.rubella

Rubella is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by rubella virus infection. It is mainly spread by airborne droplets, and the source of infection is patients. Susceptible population is more common in children aged 1 ~ 5 years, and can also be seen in adults. Symptoms are fever, that is, rash, which spreads rapidly from face and neck and comes out within 1 day. Some of them were accompanied by mild upper respiratory and digestive symptoms, splenomegaly and superficial lymphadenopathy.

5. Chicken pox

Chickenpox is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by varicella-zoster virus, which is easy to spread through respiratory tract or daily contact. The susceptible population is mainly school-age children and a few teenagers, which is highly contagious. The onset is more urgent, with fever, headache, general malaise, loss of appetite, cough and other symptoms as the first symptoms, and then a rash appears. Generally, it first appears on the face, scalp and trunk, showing a centripetal distribution. Erythema, papules, herpes and scab can coexist in the same patient, and some of them are accompanied by pneumonia and encephalitis. For people with low immune function, there may be progressive disseminated chickenpox.

6. Mumps

Mumps is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by mumps virus, referred to as mumps or mumps, commonly known as "mumps". This disease is common in children and adolescents, especially children aged 5-9. The droplets of nasopharyngeal secretion spread, causing fever, and the body temperature can rise to 39-40℃. Parotid gland enlargement, diffuse enlargement of the entire costal gland centered on the earlobe, can also spread to the submandibular region. The swollen part is soft and painful, and the pain is aggravated when you open your mouth or chew. The parotid duct is not red and swollen, and there is no pus during extrusion. 70% ~ 75% of bilateral parotids are swollen at the same time, which can develop into meningitis, pancreatitis, nephritis, orchitis, oophoritis and so on.

7. Tuberculosis

Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, mainly respiratory infection is the main infection route of tuberculosis, and droplet infection is the most common one. The source of infection is mainly tuberculosis patients who have excreted bacteria. Healthy people are infected by inhaling droplets from patients when coughing or spitting. 15 ~ 35 years old is the high incidence age of tuberculosis. Typical pulmonary tuberculosis has a slow onset and a long course of disease, characterized by low fever, burnout, loss of appetite, cough with a small amount of hemoptysis, facial flushing and emaciation. However, most patients have mild lesions and no obvious symptoms, which are occasionally found by X-ray health examination. Some patients were diagnosed as sudden hemoptysis.

8. Hand, foot and mouth disease

A variety of viruses can cause hand, foot and mouth disease. The most common are enterovirus 7 1 and coxsackie virus a 16, which are one kind of enteroviruses. The source of infection is the patient, and it is spread through herpes fluid, throat secretions, hands, toys and utensils contaminated by feces. Hand, foot and mouth disease mainly occurs in children under 4 years old. The main clinical manifestations are oral herpes, hand and foot herpes with fever. A few patients may be complicated with aseptic or viral meningitis, and the symptoms are fever, headache, straight neck or back pain. Other common complications are myocarditis, encephalitis or meningitis and pneumonia. Generally, the course of disease is light and short, and it will be cured after 1 week.

Six small ways to prevent infectious diseases

1, to avoid catching a cold. When the human body catches cold, the blood vessels in the respiratory tract contract, the blood supply decreases, the local resistance decreases, and the virus is easy to invade. When going out, try to stand in a place with smooth air, and at the same time, try to go to a crowded public place as little as possible.

2. Regular schedule. Adequate sleep can eliminate fatigue, regulate various functions of the human body and enhance immunity.

3. Purify the environment. Keep the air circulating; Try not to close the curtains and let the sun shine into the room, because the ultraviolet rays in the sun have bactericidal effect; You can also fumigate the room with vinegar to achieve disinfection effect.

4, strengthen exercise, enhance physical fitness. Physical exercise can enhance blood circulation and improve immunity.

5, dry in winter, you should drink more hot water. Eating more fresh vegetables and fruits to supplement vitamins, especially vitamin C, has a certain effect on colds. At the same time, bean products, fish, shrimp and eggs can provide high-quality egg quality, thus enhancing the body's disease resistance.

6. Immune prevention. You can go to an epidemic prevention station or a regular hospital to get the corresponding vaccine.

In short, the above eight infectious diseases should be the most vigilant in winter. If you don't adjust your body in time and improve your body's resistance, you are most likely to get these diseases first.