The political organization of the Eastern Han Dynasty is basically the same as that of the Western Han Dynasty, with some gains and losses. After Emperor Guangwu ascended the throne, in order to reduce expenses, he cut down the bureaucracy and reduced the number of officials, saving hundreds of millions of yuan in salary and expenses every year. The central government of the Eastern Han Dynasty was composed of three officials and nine ministers. However, when the new emperor ascended the throne, a teacher or Qiu recorded the affairs of ministers and took charge of government affairs. Guangwu bowed to politics, Shangshutai always led the discipline, and all posts were unified. Yushitai was also incorporated into Shaofu. Shi Zhongyuan was an official in the Western Han Dynasty, but in the Eastern Han Dynasty, he set up a Shizhong Temple. When he was in Xian Di, the Yellow Gate was also incorporated into Shizhong Temple and became an institution of Shaofu. In the Western Han Dynasty, there were Taishi, Taifu and Taibao, which were called Shanggong. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was only one Taifu, also known as Shanggong. "The Eastern Han Dynasty wants to be an official" says: "Teachers are public servants. The original note said: the palm is a good guide and the position is impermanent. " Guangwudi took Zhuomao as his teacher, praised Dehou, and gave a number of horses and chariots to 2,000 households in the food city. Since then, whenever the new emperor ascended the throne, a teacher has been set up to record the affairs of ministers and take charge of state affairs. The official name of Shangshu originated from the Western Han Dynasty, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty recorded Shangshu with Zhang Ziru. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were Zhao Xi, Deng Biao, yu zhang, Shi Feng, Feng Fu, Huan Yan and Zhao Jun. They were appointed ministers, and their officials were dismissed after their death. Emperor Ling of Han recorded history with Chen Fan as his teacher, and was succeeded by Hu Guang after he was killed. This is an exception. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Dong Zhuo was a self-reliant teacher in Chang 'an, and his position was above that of a teacher. After his death, his official title was removed. A teacher has a subordinate official. According to "Hanshu", there was one long history, ranking a thousand stones, with 24 subordinates and 22 royal families in history. It is under the three public. Qiu, Situ, were the three great governors in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Guangwudi acceded to the throne at the beginning and placed Fu. It was not until the twenty-seventh year of Jianwu (AD 5 1) that Fu was changed to Qiu. "Hundred Officials in the Later Han Dynasty" contains: "Autumn, male one. It turned out that the note said: you are in charge of the Sifang military class, and you will be rewarded and punished by the end of the year. Every country has something important, that is, to discuss with Stuart and Sikong. Mou Rong and Xu Fang once participated in politics with Tai Fu for Taishi and Tai Fu. It can be seen that Qiu is not only in charge of military affairs, but also in charge of civil affairs. Qiu was assigned to Taichang, Wei and Guanglu. Its subordinate officials have a long history, ranking thousands of stones and in charge of Cao affairs. Cao Yu, Shi and Shu are 24 people. Among Cao Cao, officials were appointed to serve in the western Cao government; Transfer and appointment of two thousand stones in Cao Dong; Hu Cao was in charge of private households, shrine worship and mulberry cultivation; Play the memory of director Cao; Litigation to resign from Cao's position as supervisor; Facao is responsible for postal dispatch; Cao Wei is responsible for the transfer of pawns and apprentices; Thief Cao is in charge of thieves; Decided that Cao was in charge of criminal law; Bing Cao is in charge of military affairs; Jin Cao is in charge of money, salt and iron; Cang Cao is in charge of Cang Gu. In addition, there is Huang Ge, whose main book records the affairs of this province and is the leader of your officials. There are also 23 people in your history and the royal family, and your history is in charge of etiquette deacons; The clerk is responsible for the production history of the report in the previous chapter; The door became the history of being in charge of the government door. The rest of the ministers are in charge of all Cao documents. Guangwu acceded to the throne and set up a big Stuart at the beginning. Han Shu Guan Yi said: "When Wang Mang was in power, it was suggested that there was no official position of Stuart in the Han Dynasty, so the names of the three fairs were Sima, Da Situ and Da Sikong. Sai-jo acceded to the throne, so it will not change. "In the twenty-seventh year of Jianwu (AD 5 1 year), he went to' Da' and was called Situ." "The History of the Later Han Dynasty, Baiguan" contains: "Stuart, male one. This note says: Mind your own business. Where filial piety, obedience, modesty, frugality, health, and death are concerned, the system should be controlled and the degree should be established. All the civil lessons of the quartet will be rewarded and punished at the end of the year. "If the country has important events, that is, consult with Qiu He. Si Tuleideng was in charge of education and was assigned to a teacher, crack hon and Tingwei. There is an official with a long history, ranking 1000 stone. It belongs to 365,438+0 people (30 people in the catalogue of Han officials, according to Baiguan in the later Han Dynasty) and 365,438+0 people in history and royal family. Emperor Guangwu ascended the throne. According to the story of Emperor Guangwu, he was placed in charge of the affairs, lived in the Prime Minister's Office, and helped to supervise the states. In the eighteenth year of Jianwu (AD 42), he was placed in the province. In the eighth year of Jian 'an (AD 203), Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty resumed his official position, but he was not subordinate to Si Tuleideng. He was in charge of all officials and did not lead state affairs. Sikong, male 1. Guangwu is a big place. In the twenty-seventh year of Jianwu, it was "big" and "total". "The History of the Later Han Dynasty, Baiguan" says: "Take charge of water and soil affairs. Anyone who starts from the city, digs ditches and repairs graves, and discusses benefits and merits. The lessons of water and soil in four directions should be rewarded and punished by hitting their temples at the end of the year. " State affairs are related to Qiu. Stuart * * * to discuss. Sikong's residence is divided into Zong Zheng, Shaofu and Sinong. In the 13th year of Di Xian Jian 'an (AD 208), he was changed to an imperial minister. There are 1 officials, 29 ministers, 42 ministers and royal officials. In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Bai Sangong was a famous teacher. At that time, the emperor was diligent in political affairs and observant. He only assisted himself and his ministers in handling government affairs, but did not give them real power. For Sangong, who only have exam tasks, they still attend the most classes, and often avoid dropping out of class because they are too young. For example, General Hong Song was in office for five years, but he was dismissed because there was no basis for the assessment of Shangdang satrap. Fu Zhan went to worship the high temple in Da Situ in winter. Because he argued with a captain in the temple and Zhan didn't perform, he was dismissed from his post. In the third year (AD 60), he was appointed Qiu Wei, who was dismissed because he thought that Xue Xiu, the prime minister of Zhongshan, was untrue. Feng Biao was a mediocre man. In the fourth year of Yongping (AD 6 1), he assessed the affairs of the Governor of Longxi, Deng Rong, and let the traitors do whatever they wanted, and was dismissed from office. What's more, as for accusations, for example, Han Xin is Stuart, and because he has nothing to hide, Guangwudi can't tolerate it. He was dismissed, sent back to his hometown and ordered to be held accountable. Han Xin was so scared that he and Ziying both committed suicide. Later, Ouyang Yun and Dai She were both great Stuart, both of whom died in prison for their crimes. In the Western Han Dynasty, Taichang, Guangluxun, Weiwei, Taifu, Dahonglu, Zong Zheng, Dasinong and Shaofu were nine ministers. Guangwu acceded to the throne, followed the old system of the Western Han Dynasty, and also set up nine heavyweights. His position is similar to that of the Western Han Dynasty, but the organization has been laid off and the officials have been streamlined, which is different from before. In addition, Jiuqing in the Eastern Han Dynasty belonged to Sangong respectively. "General Examination Official Examination" said: Taichang, Guang Luxun, Wei Wei Sanqing, Tai Wei's men; A teacher, Ting Wei, Dahonglu and his subordinates; Zong Zheng, Dasinong, Shaofu and Sanqing are all in common. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the word "Qing" was added to the length of Jiuqing, and its rank was 2,000 stones. In addition, the differences between Jiuqing in the Eastern Han Dynasty and Jiuqing in the Western Han Dynasty are as follows: (1) There are corps commanders in Guang Lu Xun (corps commander with five senses, corps commander with left, corps commander with right, corps commander with Tigerheart, corps commander with feather forest). At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were corps commanders in the east, north, west and south. (2) "Shaofu" has one official (rank 1000 stone), one official (rank 600 stone) and six officials (rank 600 stone). When Shangshu proclaimed himself emperor in the Western Han Dynasty, it was initially divided into four Cao Cao: Chang Cao, Shi Qian Cao, and the subject and guest Cao Cao (one said five Cao Cao, the other said three Cao Cao). In the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was divided into six Cao Cao: Chang was changed, and the subject and guest Cao was divided into "South subject and guest Cao" and "North subject and guest Cao". The Book of History also has about two people (ranking 400 stone), and The Three Kingdoms of the Later Han Dynasty contains: "Zhang Lu will hold a document meeting, and Zuo Cheng will be in charge of the official seal and the history of Bo. Right-handed people fake printing, paper, pens and ink are put into storage "; 36 assistant ministers, 6 per Cao (rank 400 stone), responsible for drafting composition books; There were 18 people in history of qing dynasty, 3 people in Cao (Rank 200 Stone) and 3 people in Drama Cao, making a total of 2 1 person. It can be seen that the organization of Shangshu is huge. On the surface, it seems that the central authority of the Eastern Han Dynasty was exercised by three officials and nine ministers, but it was not. The actual power is in the hands of Shangshutai. The so-called "three publics" are just puppets. Although they are in charge of Jiuqing, they can't give orders. The Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Biography and Laws of Zhong Changtong, said: Emperor Guangwu has been worried about losing his power for generations, complaining that his life was stolen, overcorrecting, and being politically inappropriate. Although he set up three places, politics belongs to Taiwan Province Pavilion (namely Shangshutai), and only three places have been reserved since then. The most prominent difference between the central official system in the Eastern Han Dynasty and the official system in the Western Han Dynasty lies in the organization of Shangshutai. The official name of Shangshu was founded in the Qin Dynasty. But in the Qin dynasty, the so-called Shangshu was only a subordinate of Shaofu, and its task was only to convey imperial edicts in the DPRK. At that time, it was written by literati, and it was not until Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty changed Shangshu into Hanshu that eunuchs were appointed. When he became emperor, he restored the old name of Shangshu. Although Shangshu has a long history, it is not important in the central government at the end of the Western Han Dynasty. It is only sent and received by the imperial court, and its status is extremely low. When Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty arrived, in order to implement absolute dictatorship, he distrusted the three public officials appointed by himself and concentrated all state power in his own hands. In order to deal with government affairs, the ministers around the attendants are his best assistants. Since then, the authority of Shangshu has been growing. "General Examination and Official Examination" said: By the end of the Han Dynasty, (Shangshu) was superior, the cashier ordered Wang to take every opportunity, decreed that the reasons were announced, the selection was determined, the punishment was just, and it was a prosperous place, full of troubles, compromise at home and abroad, and admiration from far and near. It is clear that the so-called Shangshutai is the general office of the emperor's court. This is a necessary political system to realize centralized politics. As a result, the palace replaced the central government, and the emperor's attendants jumped above the three fairs. As a result, Shangshu changed from an official to an administrative officer. Because the power of Shangshu was extremely heavy, it was called "political return to Taiwan Pavilion" at that time. The so-called "Taige" means palace. The organizational system of Shangshutai is as follows: In the Eastern Han Dynasty, besides the three public officials, nine ministers and Shangshutai, there were also generals at all levels, who were also important officials of the central government. There are four generals in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty: the first general, the second general, the second general, the second general and the left and right generals. The general is above the three fairs, while the generals in title of generals in ancient times, the generals in chariot riding and the generals in Wei are below the three fairs. The former, followed by the left and right generals, were subordinate to Shangqing and were not often placed. After the mid-Eastern Han Dynasty, the Empress Dowager was called the imperial court, and the consorts were in power, often under the guise of returning to the fields by themselves. As a result, the general became the main official of the central government, and together with the three officials of the teacher, it was called the Fifth Academy. "General Examination, Official Examination" said: Since the emperor was peaceful and the imperial court declined, he began to take his uncle Geng Bao as a general and often lived in the imperial capital. Shun Di acceded to the throne, and the queen's father and brother became generals one after another, such as Sangong, which was still in existence at the end of the Han Dynasty. Liang Ji, Dou Wu and blades all used generals to record history, and they were all autocratic. The general is composed of Chang, Sima 1 men, all of whom are thousand stones. They are engaged in two people in "Army Commander" and "Six Hundred Stones". In addition, there are 29 members of the royal family and 3 1 member of the royal family, all of whom work in the government. General led the troops, all have Song. There are five general barracks, each with a captain of 1, who is in charge of the troops and is the military attache who commands the whole battalion or a certain arm. Sima Jun 1 person, more than the main soldier. Song, Qu, 1 soldiers, unified soldiers. There were chariots under the Song Dynasty, which were 1 person long and more than 200 stones. Where there is no captain's department, but the army is Sima 1 person. There are also fake Sima and fake Hou, all of whom are deputies. There is no limit to the number of soldiers. The rest of the miscellaneous generals, if anything happens, will be placed. If something happens, they will be ordered. If something happens, it will be finished. Buqu and Sima led the troops, and Yi and Shi were in charge of weapons and camp affairs. In the eighth year of Yongping, Ming Di (AD 65), General Du Liao was reinstated to protect Nanhan, and became a permanent general due to internal instability. When Emperor Ling set up "Eight Commanders of Xiyuan" to defend Luoyang in Kyoto, eunuchs took the main responsibility and set a bad example for eunuchs to lead troops. The government of the Eastern Han Dynasty also set up a variety of special officials for ethnic minorities, such as "making Xiongnu corps commander", "protecting Wu Huan as a captain" and "protecting Qiang as a captain".