This is also determined by the current economic development requirements. There are many reasons for the concentrated outbreak of social contradictions, and the imperfect economic and political development will inevitably lead to loopholes in the state system in transition. At the same time, due to the development of science and technology, some modes of production will change, and traditional modes of production will inevitably be improved or even disappeared, which will affect many people who rely on traditional modes of production for survival. The reason why the interests of vulnerable groups are violated is very simple. Rules are made by a few people and most people are in a weak position. Naturally, vulnerable groups are the first to be violated. Their right to speak is weak. This is inevitable. Even in the United States, so far, the majority of the middle class is very weak, and their rights are often violated. Every time the president of the United States runs for public office, he shouts to pay attention to the interests of the middle class and carry out reforms. But after the election, isn't it still silent?
This is a normal phenomenon. Every country has experienced this. It's just that China's economic reform has its particularity and is essentially the same.
The following is some information about economic transformation.
The concept of economic transformation
Economic transition or economic transformation refers to the transition from one economic operation state to another. This transformation has four key elements: transformation target mode, transformation initial condition, transformation process mode and transformation final condition. Among them, the comparison between the target mode of transformation and the so-called gradual and radical transformation mode has become a familiar proposition, but the research on the transformation conditions has been ignored. In fact, it is very important to change the initial conditions into the final conditions. Different economic operation conditions will inevitably lead to different operation path dependencies, different results and target patterns. Before discussing economic transformation, we should analyze the meaning of the word "transformation". As a basic concept, "transformation" was first applied in the fields of mathematics, medicine and linguistics, and later extended to the fields of sociology and economics. Bukharin used the concept of "economic transformation" for the first time in the process of studying the transition from market economy to planned economy.
In the research literature, the expression of economic transformation and the focus of research are different. China literature is often described as "reform, transformation, gradual and transformation".
As far as the concept of economic transformation is concerned, economic transformation refers to the fundamental changes in the economic structure and economic system of a country or region in a certain period of time. Specifically, economic transformation is the renewal of economic system, the transformation of economic growth mode, the upgrading of economic structure and the replacement of pillar industries, and it is the process of national economic system and structure from quantitative change to qualitative change.
Economic transformation is not a unique phenomenon in socialist society, and any country will face the problem of economic transformation in the process of realizing modernization. Even the western countries with perfect market economy system and developed economy are not perfect in economic system and economic structure. There is also a transition from the existing economic system to a more reasonable and perfect economic system, and there is also a transition from one economic structure to another.
[Editor] Classification of Economic Transformation
There are many ways to classify economic transformation, and the following two are common:
1, divided into system transformation and structure transformation according to transformation state.
System transformation. Refers to the transition from a highly centralized planned redistribution economic system to a market economic system. The purpose of institutional reform is to complete institutional innovation in a period of time.
Structural transformation. It refers to the transformation from agriculture, rural areas and closed traditional society to industry, city and open modern society. The purpose of structural transformation is to realize the transformation of economic growth mode, thus changing the position of a country and region in the world and regional economic system in the process of transformation. Economic structure includes industrial structure, technical structure, market structure, supply and demand structure, enterprise organization structure and regional layout structure. Therefore, structural transformation includes adjustment of industrial structure, technical structure, product structure and regional layout structure.
In addition, some scholars divide the state of economic transformation into four categories: economic system transformation, development strategy transformation, economic growth mode transformation, economic structure transformation and so on. We believe that no matter how it is divided, economic transformation is nothing more than two types: institutional transformation and structural transformation.
2. According to the speed of transformation, it can be divided into radical transformation and gradual transformation.
Completely transformed. It refers to implementing a radical and comprehensive reform plan and carrying out as many reforms as possible in the shortest possible time. Most scholars refer to the "shock therapy" economic reform in Russia and Eastern Europe as radical transformation. Radical transformation focuses on the ultimate goal of reform.
Progressive transformation. It refers to the gradual realization of the reform goal through partial and phased reforms without causing social shocks as much as possible. Most scholars call China's economic reform a gradual reform of "crossing the river by feeling the stones". Gradual transformation focuses on the reform process.
[Editor] Characteristics of economic transformation
The unity of stage and long term. When it comes to economic transformation, we often refer to the changes in the system and structure of the economy in a certain period as economic transformation. Therefore, when making a transformation plan, it is often measured by how long it took and what changes have taken place in the economy. In fact, this is only a phased economic transformation. However, from the long-term practice of economic development, the economy itself is always chasing the improvement of quality and quantity, and this slow change of quality and quantity itself is economic transformation. Traditionally, we call the great economic changes in a certain period economic transformation, that is, segmented economic transformation.
The intersection of gradualism and radicalism. Economic transformation is often manifested as sometimes radical and sometimes gradual, some areas are radical and some areas are gradual. Structural transformation and institutional transformation are synchronized. The reform of economic system will inevitably bring about the adjustment of economic structure, and the adjustment of economic structure also needs the innovation of economic system.
Interaction between government behavior and enterprise behavior. In economic transformation, the government and enterprises are two different forces to promote economic transformation. Enterprises are the basic driving force to promote economic transformation, and the realization of economic transformation cannot be separated from the role of the government. One is the internal cause, and the other is the condition of change. Only when the two forces combine and interact can the economic transformation be realized more effectively.
The combination of regionality and internationalization. Economic transformation is usually an index to measure the development of regional economy, which has to consider the international economic development trend. In the era of global economic integration, economic transformation must keep up with the pace of current scientific and technological development and grasp the development trend of the world economy.
[Editor] China's economic transformation after the reform and opening up.
1, four transformation stages
To some extent, the new wave of national economic transformation is the continuation and development of China's economic transformation after the reform and opening up. Therefore, to study the current economic transformation of China, we must first study the economic transformation after the reform and opening up. After the reform and opening up, China has transformed from a planned economy to a market economy, and the staged transformation is the main feature of China's economic transformation after the reform and opening up. Some experts believe that China's economic transformation did not develop into a market economy at the beginning, and it usually adopts the methods of "testing first and then popularizing" and "constantly adjusting the target". Generally speaking, economic transformation is gradual, but it is also radical at a certain stage.
China in the Plan
The process of transforming from economic system to market economy system can be roughly divided into four stages, namely, economic liberalization, marketization, privatization and internationalization. First of all, in the process of economic liberalization, China has experienced a gradual reform process from rural areas to cities. In this process, the rural reform centered on the household contract responsibility system enabled farmers to obtain land use rights, and the reform centered on liberalizing the independent management rights of state-owned enterprises initially freed state-owned enterprises from the shackles of the planned economic system, and at the same time enabled the non-state-owned economy to develop rapidly; Second, the reform of economic marketization has pushed state-owned enterprises to the market and competed with other ownership enterprises. Third, the economic privatization reform emphasizes the importance of property rights, allows greater economic freedom and competition of various ownership systems, and makes the non-state-owned economy an important force in China's economy; Fourthly, the reform of economic internationalization has enabled China's economy to accelerate industrialization, urbanization and marketization, face the challenges of the new world economy, gradually transition to international economic integration, and participate more actively in world economic integration.
2. Overview of the current national economic transformation
After China's entry into the WTO, China's economy is rapidly moving towards internationalization. In the process of international competition and contest, China's economy will have an economic transformation mode combining new ideas, new technologies and new systems. This mode of economic transformation is not only the main driving force of China's modern economic growth, but also will change people's mode of production and lifestyle.
At present, many areas in China have put forward the idea of economic transformation, and many areas have also formulated economic transformation plans. Although other regions have not raised the issue of economic transformation, they are actually doing economic transformation. On the whole, the national economic transformation can be divided into northern economic transformation and southern economic transformation, and there are obvious differences between the northern and southern economic transformation. The northern economic transformation is represented by the three northeastern provinces, and the southern economic transformation is represented by Guangdong, Zhejiang and Fujian provinces. The north is China's energy base. With the development and utilization of energy in the past two decades since the reform and opening up, the energy mining industry in many areas has entered a shrinking period. Due to the gradual depletion of resources, some social contradictions have emerged. The four pilot cities of the State Council's resource-based economic transformation, represented by Fuxin, Liaoyuan, Yichun and Daqing, mainly aim to reduce the proportion of energy industry in the national economy. In addition, the north is the heavy industry base of China, but the overall level of manufacturing industry is backward. Facing the trend of international economic integration, northern industries need to be upgraded. Therefore, the core of northern economic transformation is to develop alternative industries and continuous industries, followed by industrial technology upgrading and economic system innovation. In other words, the economic transformation in the north is mainly based on industrial restructuring, supplemented by technological progress. South China is the frontier of China's reform and opening up, and the "core zone" of China's economic industrialization and modernization. Nevertheless, there is still a gap between the southern economies and the developed economies in the world in terms of production technology and management. Therefore, the core of southern economic transformation is to promote industrial and technological progress and change the mode of economic growth, which is essentially to connect with the world economy and participate in world competition.
3. The essence of China's current economic transformation.
Throughout the current national economic transformation, both the south and the north have put science and technology in a prominent position. Therefore, the essence of China's current economic transformation is to transform traditional industries with modern science and technology, develop high-tech industries and improve the high-tech content in economic development.
4, the focus of the current national economic transformation, tasks and direction.
At present, the traditional industries in many parts of the country are not strong in sustainable development, and are restricted by national industrial policies, resources and environment, so they cannot better participate in international competition. Therefore, the focus of national economic transformation is to transform traditional industries with modern technology to make them have the ability of sustainable development.
The main task of the transformation is to develop and apply advanced technologies, processes and equipment, and make remarkable progress in improving product quality, expanding exports and controlling pollution.
The direction of transformation is to develop high technology and promote industrialization with science and technology. The current world economy is a global integrated economy dominated by high technology, which is a powerful engine of economic development. Therefore, it is the inevitable direction of economic transformation to vigorously develop high-tech enterprises, develop high-tech products with independent intellectual property rights, increase the market share and proportion of high-tech products in the national economy, and industrialize high-tech.
5. China's industrial development and economic transformation after China's entry into WTO.
After China's entry into WTO, some advantageous industries in China, such as textiles, clothing, footwear, toys, machinery and electronics, have developed rapidly because they are no longer threatened by MFN treatment and anti-dumping. These advantageous industries occupy the commanding heights of world production technology while rapidly occupying the world market. Take clothing as an example. In 2005, the export volume of many products in China doubled compared with that in 2004, although it was restricted by the EU, the United States and other countries and regions. In the process of entering the world market, the production technology and organizational management level of China garment industry have been tempered and improved, reaching and exceeding the world-class level, which shocked the garment production circles in the European Union and the United States. Therefore, in the economic transformation of some areas, some areas (such as Xinqiu District, Fuxin City) take the clothing industry as the development direction of the industry and have completed a certain number of foreign trade exports. From this, we can easily see that in the future national economic transformation, China's advantageous industries will be the best choice for some regions.
(E) The current trend of world economic transformation
The two main characteristics of today's world economy are the emergence of economic globalization and economic informatization. Economic globalization is the result of chasing global resources and markets, while economic informatization is the result of the rapid development of information technology. In this competition, the world economy will turn to a new economy represented by e-commerce. Driven by economic globalization and information technology revolution, the new economy will develop into a leading economy supported by seven high-tech industries, including life science and technology, new energy technology, new material technology, space technology, marine technology, environmental technology and management technology. Some scholars even call this new economy the third industrial revolution.
(vi) Economic transformation and traditional economic development
The history of world economic transformation is a history of transformation and upgrading of traditional industries and the rise of emerging industries. In the process of economic transformation around the world, despite the emergence and development of many emerging industries, traditional industries will not become terminators because of economic transformation, except that some resource-based industries have withdrawn from the historical stage due to resource depletion. On the contrary, traditional industries will be transformed and upgraded to a greater extent in the economic transformation. In the process of development, emerging industries will encounter many problems due to the lack of strong technical, market and management support. Only after a long and painful period of gestation and development can emerging industries become the pillar industries in a certain region. Therefore, the integration of new economy and traditional economy is the fastest and best choice for economic transformation. In the economic transformation, it is an effective method to combine high-tech and business electronic technology with traditional industries to promote the flow of talents, technology and capital, thus promoting the integration of market resources and ultimately promoting the upgrading of traditional industries.
[Editor] The relationship between economic transformation and sustainable development
Economic transformation and sustainable development are two different concepts in the economic field. They are closely linked and are an important part of economic development. Economic transformation is the premise, internal demand and necessary condition of sustainable development, and sustainable development is the goal of economic transformation.
Looking back on the development of the world economy, the world economy has been in transition. The progress and development of productive forces determines that economic development must constantly overcome the contradictions and problems encountered in its own development, and this process of constantly correcting and overcoming contradictions is economic transformation. It is precisely because of economic transformation that the economy will advance in twists and turns and achieve sustainable development.
The government plays an extremely important role in the process of economic transformation and sustainable development. Although social grass-roots units are the backbone of promoting economic transformation, they are also inseparable from the role of the government. The government plays the role of adjusting production relations, rationally allocating production resources and leading scientific and technological progress in economic transformation. The role of government determines whether the economic transformation can be carried out smoothly, and the speed of economic transformation determines whether the economy can achieve sustainable development smoothly.