In the early Han Dynasty, Huang Lao's skill was used to govern the country. The basis of "the study of Huang Lao" is the early Taoist theory. At the same time, it adopted the theories of Yin and Yang, Confucianism, Mohism and Legalism, and implemented the policy of rest and recuperation, which, to some extent, has the same effect as the Confucian thoughts of "benevolent government" and "people-oriented". In such a relaxed political atmosphere, Confucianism gradually revived.

1. Reason:

(1) Realistic needs: The period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the first heyday of feudal society in China, but it also faced many problems. It is necessary to strengthen centralization and safeguard national unity.

(1) Politics: Kingdom Problem

② Ethnic relations: North: Xiongnu+South-Southwest.

(3) Economy: Land annexation, intensified class contradictions.

(2) Employment policy: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty used Confucian scholars with "good writing" as official posts, and prepared to consult the strategy of governing the country.

(3) Personal exertion: Dong Zhongshu exerted Confucianism-Neo-Confucianism to make it more suitable for the needs of authoritarian centralization, and his suggestion was adopted.

① Play

A, in view of the need of centralization, put forward "unification" and "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone"

B, in view of the need to strengthen the monarchical power, put forward "the divine right of monarchical power" and "the feeling between heaven and man"

C, in view of the reality of land annexation, play "benevolent politics": light taxes.

D, according to the standard of treating people, put forward the "three cardinal guides and five permanents"

② Mentality: We should maintain the authority of the monarch, strengthen centralization and limit the tyranny of the monarch.

(3) Ideological root: Inheriting the Confucian theory of "benevolent governance" and absorbing the legalist idea of strengthening the centralization of absolute monarchy.

④ Features: Confucianism outside and law inside.

2. Impact:

(1) established the dominant position of Confucianism.

(2) End the situation of equal competition among different schools (the situation of a hundred schools of thought contending is completely over) and curb the free development of academic thoughts.

(3) Use literary Confucian scholars to participate in major state affairs.

(4) attaching importance to ideological and cultural education has promoted the progress of national history and culture.

From Dong Zhongshu's main points of view, we can see that he theoretically solved the need of "great unification" of the country of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty and adapted to the need of strengthening the centralization of absolutism, so he was adopted by Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty and became the orthodox thought of Han Dynasty. Therefore, Qin Shihuang's "burning books to bury Confucianism" and Han Wudi's "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" are essentially cultural autocratic policies, both of which are aimed at consolidating the rule.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", and promoted the cultural system and policy of recommending the Six Classics, thus establishing the orthodox position of Confucianism. What specific measures did Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty take to consolidate the orthodox position of Confucianism?

Second, the education system of Han Dynasty-official and institutionalized Confucian education.

1. Education system:

(1) Central Committee: imperial academy, founded during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty: the first national school in history to train political management talents.

(2) Local: county schools, and initially established a local education system.

2. Impact:

(1) Education: The establishment of imperial academy marks the official and institutionalized Confucian education.

(2) Social atmosphere: promoting people's active learning is conducive to the spread of culture.

(3) Ruling foundation: Breaking the monopoly of aristocratic bureaucrats on official positions, people in the middle and lower classes can also enter official careers and expand the ruling foundation.

(4) On politics: The discussion activities of Thai students in the Eastern Han Dynasty forced the dark political forces to converge.

background

The national strength of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is strong, and he is committed to building a unified country, which requires a new ruling concept.

Dong Zhongshu catered to the needs of the rulers, reformed Confucianism and formed a new Confucian system.

"Monarchical power is given by God, and heaven and man are induced."

Give full play to the Confucian thought of benevolent government

symbol

Set up imperial college

Set up schools in counties

Confucianism has become the mainstream of feudal orthodoxy and China traditional culture.

affect

Promoting the development of ideological and cultural education is of positive significance to the progress of national history and culture.

In essence, it is also a policy of cultural autocracy, which stifles the free development of academic ideas and has a negative impact on the development of traditional culture in China.

C, the imperial examination system-the dominant position of Confucianism has been further strengthened.

1. The change of official selection system: official system-imperial examination system-nine grades system-imperial examination system.

2. Establish; Sui dynasty-perfection: Tang dynasty-development; Northern Song Dynasty-Strengthening: Ming and Qing Dynasties

3. Features: ① Selection of officials is based on examination results.

2 exam content; Mainly Confucian classics

4. Impact:

(1) is conducive to the stability of authoritarian centralization of authority: Confucian scholars become servants of authoritarian politics; Confucianism has become an ideological tool for ruling subjects.

(2) Advocating lasting reading style is conducive to the formation of social learning atmosphere and the development of culture.

③ The way of selecting officials embodies the principle of fairness and justice to a certain extent.

(4) Studying-taking exams-being an official, intellectuals become the reserve force of the bureaucratic team, which is conducive to improving the cultural quality of officials.

⑤ In ancient times, the talents devoted to scientific and technological research were weak, which affected the development of science and technology.

◆ Summary: the performance of the rise of Confucianism;

1. Confucianism became the ruling ideology of feudal society.

2. Officialization and institutionalization of Confucian education

3. A large number of "gentlemen" Confucian scholars have entered the organs of state power and held positions.

4. Confucian classics became the main content of the imperial examination, which further strengthened the dominant position of Confucianism.