First, the tea culture in China
Tea is a product of labor and a drink. Tea culture takes tea as the carrier, through which various arts are spread.
Tea culture is an organic combination of tea and culture, which contains and embodies the material civilization and spiritual civilization in a certain period.
Tea culture is a combination of tea art and spirit, which expresses the spirit through tea art, prospering in the Tang Dynasty in China, prospering in the Song Dynasty and declining in the Ming Dynasty. The main contents of China Tea Ceremony pay attention to five aspects of beauty, namely tea, tea, temperature, tea set and environment.
Tea culture should follow certain laws. In the Tang Dynasty, Jiu Nan made, distinguished and used utensils, fire, water, roasted, chopped, boiled and drank. Tea was tasted at three o'clock and three o'clock in the Song Dynasty. "Three o'clock" is a combination of fresh tea, fresh spring and clean utensils. Good weather is a combination of elegant and elegant guests with similar smells. The "three noes" are that tea is not new, the spring is unwilling, and the utensils are unclean. They are bad scenery, uneducated and impolite people who don't taste tea, and * * *. In this case, it is best not to make art drinks to avoid disappointment.
There are three specific forms of tea ceremony in China.
1. Decocting tea Put the tea powder into a pot and decoct it with water. Boiling tea in Tang Dynasty was the earliest art form of tea tasting.
2. Fighting Tea Ancient literati each carried tea and water, and determined the quality of tea by comparing tea noodles with flowers and tasting tea soup. Doucha, also known as Doucha, flourished in the late Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty. It was first popular in Jianzhou, Fujian. Fighting tea is the highest expression of ancient tea tasting art.
3. Kung Fu Tea has been popular in some areas since the Qing Dynasty, which is the charm of tea tasting art since the Tang and Song Dynasties. Kung fu tea in Qing Dynasty was popular in Tingzhou, Zhangzhou, Quanzhou and Chaozhou, Guangdong. Kung fu tea pays attention to drinking kung fu.
Second, local tea art
Tea culture is a beautiful artistic conception in the whole process of tea tasting, including the appreciation of tea tasting techniques and artistic operation means, as well as the beautiful appreciation of tea tasting environment. The mutual unity of form and spirit in the process is a cultural phenomenon formed in the process of tea drinking. It has a long history, profound cultural background and religious affinity. Tea art includes a series of contents such as tea selection, water selection, tea-making technology, tea set art, environmental selection and creation. The background of tea art is an important means to set off the theme, which renders the pure, elegant and simple temperament of tea and enhances the artistic appeal. Different styles of tea art have different background requirements. Only by choosing the right background can we better understand the taste of tea.
Hubei tea culture
Lu Yu was born in Tianmen, Hubei Province and lived in the Tang Dynasty. His Tea Classic comprehensively summarizes the origin, shape, growing environment, tools and methods of tea picking, tea making and drinking, and is the first tea monograph in the world. The Book of Tea has a great influence on the development of tea culture in China. Lu Yu was called "Tea God", "Cha Sheng" and "Doctor of Tea" by later generations.
Tianmen, Hubei Province is the hometown of Cha Sheng, and there are still many relics related to Lu Yu. Legend has it that Lu Yu was abandoned and sheltered by a group of wild geese shortly after his birth, and was later adopted by a monk named Zhiji. Zhiji likes drinking tea. Lu Yu often cooks tea for him. After a long-term practice of cooking and tasting tea, Lu Yu finally cooked good tea, so that the tea that was not cooked by Lu Yu would not be drunk. Now there is an "Ancient Wild Goose Bridge" in Tianmen City, which is said to be the place where wild geese shelter Lu Yu. There is a "three-eye well" at the north gate of the town, which was once the place where Lu Yu cooked tea and took water. Next to the well platform, there is a stone tablet "Little Portrait of Lu Hung-chien in Tang Dynasty", which is engraved with the scene of Lu Yu sitting and drinking tea. Lu Yuting was built in the Qing Dynasty and was destroyed by soldiers. After liberation, it was rebuilt as a double-layer wooden structure with hexagonal exquisite elegance. In the meantime, drinking tea in Futing and Huanquan is very intoxicating. Lu Yu Memorial Hall is located on the west side of Jinling Lake, including Lu Yu's former residence, Lu Yu Monument, Lu Yu's tea activities and other buildings. You can get a lot of information about Lu Yu's deeds and legends by visiting museums.
Cultural psychology of drinking tea in China
First, people's feelings about the color, shape and fragrance of tea.
People's feelings about tea can be observed through the eyes, nose, mouth and tongue, and their color, fragrance and taste can be observed. Only when the tea soup is catchy can it feel fresh, mellow and refreshing, leaving a fragrance in the mouth and between the teeth.
China tea has a variety of shapes, such as flat, pine needle, round, curly, fluffy, flowery and so on, which makes people see things in a blur. Tea contains various shapes of colorful colors, which are complete, sparkling and very attractive. For example, Longjing tea, its dry tea is flat and smooth, and its color is green, making a green soup color, and the leaves under the cup are also green as jade. Oolong tea, on the other hand, is rich, green and gray, brewing a golden and clear soup color, leaving the bottom color of "green leaves with red edges" as crystal clear as jewels. People's affection for tea lies not only in its appearance, but also in its refreshing fragrance. Tea has an aromatic substance, which is brewed with boiling water and gives off a simple nose fragrance. Spring tea is fragrant, and autumn tea is fragrant. This kind of tea fragrance immediately gives you a refreshing feeling. Tea contains sweet, sour, bitter, fresh and astringent taste substances. Many scientific research data show that tea contains a lot of amino acids, which can produce fresh substances with sweet or sour taste. Tea contains tea polyphenols to produce astringent taste; Caffeine, anthocyanin and tea polyphenols in tea produce bitter taste, and many organic acids in tea produce sour taste. Scientifically brewing high-grade green tea, so that these substances change in proportion, can produce fresh, mellow and refreshing tea soup, which will have an endless aftertaste after drinking: when thirsty, drinking this tea soup can moisten the throat and quench thirst; When eating stagnation, drinking this tea soup can help digestion and relieve fatigue; When you are upset, drinking this tea soup can relieve boredom; Drinking this tea soup when you are tired can relax your muscles and refresh your mind. Taste the tea soup carefully. Through that clear and bright cup of tea soup, the sequence of tea buds up and down is like a water ballet, standing gracefully one by one, like the blooming of Chunlan and the competition between bamboo, and it feels brand-new. The tea soup is delicious, fragrant, sweet and fresh, and the spirit of harmony rises from the chest, which makes people think. Therefore, this kind of drinking tea is refreshing and actually a kind of enjoyment.
Second, this is the beauty of keeping in good health with tea.
The history of China people drinking tea has been 5000 years since Shennong rose. It is said that when Shennong was collecting herbs, he was once injured by poisonous weeds, and his mouth was numb, even his whole body was numb. Suddenly a gust of wind blew and several green leaves fell off. Shennong took it and chewed it slowly. The taste is bitter, but the numbness is eliminated, and the bottom of the tongue is fluid, refreshing and refreshing. Later, this leaf was named tea, so tea can be used to detoxify, and tea can quench thirst and drink, which is circulated among the people. Hua Tuo, a famous doctor, is famous for "bitter tea is good for a long time". In the Tang Dynasty, Li Ji and Su Gong said in New Materia Medica: "Tea is sweet and slightly cold, and it is mainly used for treating flaccid sores. After drinking tea, it can expand the blood vessels of the kidneys, which is beneficial to urinating, clearing away heat and quenching thirst. " Li Shizhen said in Compendium of Materia Medica that "tea tastes bitter and cold, and the yin in the yin will sink, which can best reduce the fire". Zhou Ming Dynasty pointed out in Ode to cha de: "When you breathe freely, you will think of Tao again, you will be upset, relax, your mind will suddenly wake up and your throat will feel refreshed." According to legend, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty was instructed by monks, and drinking tea cured the persistent headache. According to the Book of Old Tang Dynasty, Chen Li once asked an old monk in his thirties how to prolong his life. The monk replied, "I am a humble minister. I always seek knowledge and medicine. I only like tea." I just want tea when I walk. " It can be seen that health and longevity are what everyone pursues, and the emperor will pursue more. Among them, drinking tea is the best. In the Tang Dynasty, Gu Xian said in "Tea Fu" that drinking tea can "nourish the essence of rice and vegetables, melt greasy meat, clear the summer, and cleanse the sleepy night." Just like this, drinking tea, tea and tea are very popular among the people and have a long history. Drinking tea not only has green tea, but also can be mixed with a small amount of traditional Chinese medicine to become a medicinal tea for health care and treatment. There are tea porridge and tea cakes in the tea meal, as well as famous tea foods such as spiced tea eggs, spiced tea bean curd, Zhangcha duck and Longjing shrimp. It is famous from ordinary people's home dishes to state banquets.
Modern scientific research and analysis data prove that tea contains more than 300 kinds of chemical components, among which there are many kinds of vitamins, such as vitamins A, B, C, D, E, P, etc., containing 2-4% of various amino acids and a large number of rare elements, which are substances needed by human body. In addition, there are tea polyphenols, caffeine, lipopolysaccharide and other substances with a variety of medicinal functions. In this way, the tradition that tea can detoxify and cure diseases and preserve health and prolong life since ancient times has been proved by modern science. Once the tradition is scientifically proved, the charm of tea is even more attractive. People know that tea is more nutritious than other fresh fruits; Vitamin C in tea can prevent scurvy and resist cancer. Vitamins E and P have the effects of softening blood vessels and preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases. Tea polyphenols have the functions of detoxification, sterilization, anti-radiation, softening blood vessels to prevent blood vessel rupture, promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis, reducing blood lipid, preventing thrombosis and cancer cell variation. So people have increased their confidence in preventing modern chronic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes and cancer. It can be seen that the modern scientific data of tea has enhanced people's modern consciousness of using tea for health preservation. Now people's life is moving from food and clothing to a well-off life, and they are not satisfied with food but seek to eat well. In this psychological environment, it is very beneficial for people to know more about the scientific composition, nutritional value and medicinal efficacy of tea, and to use tea scientifically to improve the taste of life.
Third, the worship of tea fashion is intended to purify the soul.
People like to drink tea because it has a fresh, mellow and refreshing feeling, and it has the effects of nourishing body fluid, quenching thirst, refreshing mind, promoting digestion and relieving boredom. Tea trees can be planted in most parts of southern China, and can be picked in spring, summer and autumn. Therefore, tea has a wide planting area, long picking period, large output, easy frying and storage, convenient transportation and wide spread in China. Tea is cheap and good, and it is easy for ordinary people to drink tea. From the noble meditation in the palace to the common people, the custom of drinking tea has been formed. Since ancient times, people have used tea. Tea equals rice and salt. It is an indispensable habit for you to use tea for one day. Mr. Lin Yutang once said in his book My Motherland and People: "China people love tea. They drink tea at home and in the teahouse. They also drink tea at meetings, breakfast and after lunch. If they have a pot of green tea, they will be happy. " This sentence shows that Chinese people's love for tea is an "safe" word. Ordinary people pursue living and working in peace and contentment; The king of a country also wants to protect the country and benefit the people. Therefore, everyone has a blessing mentality with tea as the guarantee.
A pot of green tea, happy-go-lucky, the teapot sits opposite, and one end of the teacup is like a guest of honor. Facing the clear green tea soup, it smells fragrant, tastes delicious, tastes fresh and refreshing, and has a sweet aftertaste. When Kan Kan spoke, he caused laughter. All worries, doubts and doubts will vanish. China people pay attention to artistic conception when drinking tea. When people drink tea, they are easily induced by the color, fragrance and shape of tea, which may be a memory to reproduce the beautiful scenery or an illusion of association. Famous teas are connected with famous water. Famous teas are all produced in famous mountains, clear springs and misty fairyland. Tea tasting is easy to remind people of good memories. Since ancient times, celebrities have been intimate with tea tasting, leaving many beautiful poems and paintings. For example, Su Dongpo praised Longjing tea as a good product in the Song Dynasty, calling it "two wells of snow buds scatter immortals". After drinking Yinfeng tea from Gao Qiao, Hunan Province on 1964, Guo Moruo wrote a poem with seven rhythms: "New tea is produced in the land of hibiscus, with thousands of fragrant flowers. I would like Huzhou to boast purple bamboo shoots and drill two wells to play red yarn. My brain is like frozen snow and my heart is like fire. My tongue is not full of beans, and my eyes are not gorgeous. " Let's work together in Qi Xin to prevent the world from getting drunk, so it's useless for San Lv to wake up alone. Zan Gao Qiao Yinfeng Tea is better than Huzhou Zizun Tea and comparable to Longjing Tea. We will have this experience ourselves. In midsummer, we invited a few friendly people to our home to taste Longjing tea and green and clear tea soup in the West Lake before the Ming Dynasty. They will feel fresh and refreshing after drinking, and their mouths are full of orchid flowers. The topic is bound to start with the beauty of the West Lake. After Tiger Running Spring, Huanglong Dongting Lake, and Santan Yinyue, we entered the theme dialogue. This new situation induced by drinking tea will make people forget the worrying things.
Taking tea as a gift, it is said that in ancient times, marriage was based on tea. Xu Cishu's Tea Sparse in the Ming Dynasty recorded: "Grow tea and have children. When the ancients got married, they must take tea as a gift, which means that they will not substitute flowers for trees. " In other words, taking tea as a gift and borrowing tea as a gift symbolizes that the bride is willing to commit herself to each other and never change her mind. After marriage, she will be as strong as a tea tree and full of children and grandchildren, showing a good omen for the prosperity of the family from generation to generation. This kind of wedding ceremony is the most important thing, and the wind of respecting the elderly and friends with fragrant tea is widely circulated and has become a common practice.
Guests come to offer tea, said Dulaishi, a poet in the Song Dynasty. "On a cold night, guests come to tea for wine, and the bamboo stove soup is boiling at the beginning." Zheng Qingzhi's poem said: "Leave a glass of green dew for a while, and a cool breeze under your arm will make you want to become immortal." It is a fashion to respect guests with tea. Tea smells pleasant, harmonious and elegant. This virtue is passed down from generation to generation. Hangzhou people treat their guests with Longjing tea, Fujian people in Guangdong treat their guests with oolong kungfu tea, northerners treat their guests with scented tea, and Mongolians treat their guests with milk tea.
Tea instead of wine, according to legend, Zhou Wuwang cut Zhou. After he came to power, he learned the lesson of Zhou Wang's drinking and was defeated by * * *. It is forbidden to drink alcohol, and tea is used instead of wine to show that it advocates honesty, diligently builds the country and revives the platform, which has achieved remarkable results and won the hearts of the people.
The soup color of tea is charming, the soup color is crystal clear, some are golden and bright, and some are green and green, which is fascinating. Tea has pleasant aroma, natural fragrance, elegant and intoxicating taste, natural and fresh taste and sweet aftertaste. Drinking tea can make people "immortal" and enter an unspeakable and only meaningful place.
Compared with wine, tea tastes mellow and refreshing, but tea is more meaningful and fragrant than wine. Wine has a strong sense of * * *, which makes people feel slightly drunk and confused. Chaze is pleasing to the eye, refreshing, soft * * *, heroic and strong, with a bachelor's degree in tea and wine in poetry, full of lofty sentiments; Tea into poetry, dark feelings. When people enter tea, they can lock the gods.
When people enter the realm of tea, their hearts are quiet, which is beneficial to thinking and poetic rise. It has its own taste of "the beauty of English mouth enters the poem". Song Shilin wrote the poem "Tea": "The stone grinds lightly and sits still, and the milk cooks the sword and springs; Everyone knows the peerless products in the world, so I have no time to remember what the ancients said about the tea classics. " Bai Juyi chanted tea, "When you come, you are lascivious, and when you swallow it, it is fragrant.
The realm of tea ceremony and Zen Buddhism have something in common. Quiet, stable, inaction and so on. Tea, like Zen, can wash away dust and troubles, be cautious and live frugally. Therefore, monks practicing in temples forbade alcohol and used tea to nourish their feelings. Qi Qi, a monk, said in a poem: "Ding Shiqiu is quiet, and Zen has moon tea." .