The shadow is endless, and the mountains and rivers have not changed. Vegetation is common sense, frost and dew is glory. It is said that people are the smartest, not as good as this. When you are alive, the election will be over and you will come back. No one is in Xi Jue, and I personally know this. But Yuping, a creature, raised her eyes and felt sad. I didn't get promoted, and Phyllis no longer doubted it. I hope you can listen to me, and you can't quit after drinking it.
Shadow wants to live, life wants to suffer. I sincerely hope to travel to Kunhua, but I am definitely at home. Meeting a son is no different. If you take a rest in the shade of a tree, you won't leave until the end of the day. This is difficult and constant, and it always goes away. Without a name, you will be exhausted. If there is a legacy of love, why not do it yourself? Wine clouds can relieve anxiety, which is not bad!
God's release of the Great King is selfless, and everything is self-contained. People are among the three talents, don't take me as an excuse. Although you are a foreigner, you were born attached. The heart is the same, and peace is different. Great Sage of Huang San, where is this restoration? Peng Zu loves Yongnian and wants to stay. The old man and the young man die together, and the wise fool has no plural. Whether you are drunk or forgetful, won't it be a tool to promote age? Good deeds are always appreciated. Who should respect you? I really want to hurt my life, so I should entrust it to you. In the process of surfing, I don't like it or fear it. I've done what I have to do, don't worry about it.
Translators, whether noble or humble, kind or stupid, all work hard, run their careers and cherish their lives. This practice is really puzzling. So I tried my best to state the well-meaning words of the shadow and explain them by telling God's theory of discriminating nature. People who care about this matter can get universal truth here.
Go hand in hand, stay together for a long time, and never be annihilated. Mountains and rivers remain the same. Although our life is short, the plants and trees we can see everywhere at ordinary times have the unchangeable truth of nature: although winter frost withers them, when the dew comes in spring, they will shine again. Man is the so-called spirit of all things, but on the topic of life, he can't be as eternal as those plants. We just met in the world, but we went to another world in the blink of an eye and never came back. For this vast world, leaving a person will not attract the attention of others, but relatives and friends can't miss it! Looking around, only seeing what he used before his death can only cause infinite sadness. I'm just a corpse. Without the magic of immortality, I am doomed to die. There is nothing to doubt! I hope you can listen to me and get a good wine. Don't refuse.
It is impossible to keep life forever, and there is nothing to say, but it is also very distressing to protect life and keep healthy, and there is no good way. From the bottom of my heart, I want to learn the way of keeping in good health in fairyland like Kunlun Mountain and Huashan Mountain, but it's a long way. Ever since I was with you, I have been together. Whether it is sadness or joy, we all bear it together. In fact, we separated temporarily in the shade, but stopped in the sun, and we never left. However, this kind of inseparable can't last long, because the shape will die one day, and the shadow will die with it. It's really complicated to think that your body is gone, but your reputation is not left. Only by doing more virtuous things and making great contributions can we love future generations. Why not do your best? Although wine can relieve anxiety, is it too clumsy compared with this?
God's interpretation of nature is selfless, and everything grows naturally, thriving and full of vitality. The reason why people can be included in the "three talents" of heaven and earth is because of God. Although gods are different from shapes and shadows, they are born attached. Together, the three are closely related. Seeing that shadow is so trapped by life, as a higher-order god, it is natural to say a few words. Ancient Huang San, where is it today? The legend of Peng Zu has lived for 800 years, but it will come to an end. It's really impossible to stay on earth. Whether old people or children, saints or villains, they are born to die, and it makes no difference to die. If you drink a little wine every day, you may temporarily alleviate the distress of not being immortal, but if you continue to hurt your body for a long time, you may not be immortal, but you will lose your life. If it is true, it is really a good thing to do more good deeds. But is it that easy to stay in the world? Who will praise your reputation? Thinking about these things all the time is really harmful to our life. It is better to follow the destiny and let nature drift between nature and nature. Listen to God's arrangement, let nature take its course, not happy because of long life, nor sad because of short life. When God arranges the end of life, it will come. Besides, don't worry too much about these!
Note 1. Noble, humble, virtuous and foolish: generally refers to all kinds of people. 2. Camp: Originally described as endless communication. Busy appearance, here refers to doing everything possible to seek and cherish life: cherish your own life. 3.s: Here refers to people who "run enterprises and cherish their lives". Confusion: Confusion, here is the solution to "confusion". 4. Very thorough: detailed statement. 5. Discrimination: Discrimination. Nature: refers to the principle of nature. Release: release, release. 6. Good sir: someone who cares about this matter. Gentleman: a title of respect for a person. 7. Its heart: refers to the truth expounded in this group of poems. 8. grow forever: exist forever and never die. 9. Invariance: Eternity. 10. Common sense: permanent law. Glory and tension: make it blossom and decline. Plant: refers to vegetation. These two sentences mean that in autumn and winter, first frost's vegetation withers; In spring and summer, rain and dew make them flourish again. 1 1. People are the cleverest, which means that people are the most distinguished and outstanding among all things in the world. Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi: "Man, the nature of heaven and earth is the most expensive." "Book of Rites"): "Man is the virtue of heaven and earth, the intersection of Yin and Yang, the meeting of ghosts and gods, and the elegance of five elements. He also said: "People, the heart of heaven and earth, the end of the five elements, the taste of food is not color but life." 12. it's better to say that it can't be like heaven and earth. 13. S: Just now. Disappear suddenly, as death. 14. Election; Suddenly. Mo: No, 15. Xi Jue: Who will feel it? No one: one person is missing. 16. Qi: I still mean "Qi" and "No". 17. Yu: Keep it, keep it. Flat creature: refers to something used before death. 18. er: the appearance of tears. 19. Hua Teng: cultivate immortality. Joel: In this case, it means death. 2 1. Gou: sloppy, casual. 22. Survival: Let life last forever. Zhuang Zishengda: "The world thinks that shaping is enough to survive, but the fruit is not enough to survive, so it is enough to satirize the world!" 23. Health: protect the body and make people live a long and healthy life. Stupidity: Stupidity means no good strategy. 24. Kunlun Mountain and Huashan Mountain are legendary places where immortals live. 25. However: slim. 26. Zi: You, finger. 27. There is no difference between sadness and happiness: there is no difference between sadness and happiness, that is, sadness and sadness, happiness and happiness. 28. Rest in the shade: Rest in the shade. Good: separation. 29. Stop the sun: in the sun. 30. Ann: You look depressed. 3 1. Five emotions: "Selected Works of Cao Zhi": "Being inseparable, five emotions are ashamed. Liu Liang's note: "Five emotions, joy, anger, sorrow, joy and resentment. "Also refers to people's emotions. 32. Establishing goodness: The ancients called virtue, merit and words three immortals, which were always called establishing goodness. Legacy: a favor left to future generations. 33. Hu Wei: Why? Fatigue: Fatigue means doing your best and working hard. 34. parties: comparison. Zhu: Yes. 35. Dajun: refers to the nature of heaven and earth that keeps running. Jun was originally used to build the wheels of Tokisho, which is a metaphor for nature. Selflessness: The forces of nature have no preference. 36. Everything: Everything. Sam: Prosperity. Write: standing. 37. Three talents: refers to heaven, earth and people. I ching: "there is a heaven, a person, and a real way, which are three materials." "38.by: Because. Me: God speaks for himself. So: the reason. 39. Jun: You, finger and shadow. 40. quit: making friends and relying on each other means relying on each other and living together. 4 1. Andrew: Impossible. 42. Huang San: It refers to the three emperors in ancient legends, with different opinions. Fuxi, Suirenshi and Shennong are usually called Huang San. 43. Peng Zu: The longevity in ancient legends was born in Xia Dynasty and lived for 800 years from Yin Dynasty to Zhou Dynasty. Love: When the word "shou" is incorrect, it means that Peng Zu is 800 years old. "Chu Ci Tian Wen": "How long can you live? Wang Yi's note: "Peng Zu is 800 years old, and he regrets not being born. He hates sleeping with his pillow high. Yongnian: Longevity. 44. Stay: Stay on the earth and never die. 45. Answer: Again. Number: luck, that is, fate. These two sentences mean that long life and short life are the same death, and wise men and fools have no two fates. 46. Day: Every day. Forgetting: refers to forgetting the fear of death. 47. Yes: Yes. Promoting age: promoting short life. Vessel: vessel, referring to wine. 48. Yes, it should be. Respect you: praise you. 49. I miss it: I think too much. 50. Consignment: Go with the flow. 5 1. Surfing: Surfing is free and unrestrained. Dahua: refers to natural changes. 52. Nothing: Just like "no", don't.
Appreciating three poems of form and spirit is an important proposition in China's philosophy. In particular, there are many discussions about the relationship between form and spirit in Laozi's philosophy. For example, in "Wen Zi Xia De", I quoted Laozi's words, "Cultivate it with spirit, and then cultivate it with shape." "Huai Nan Zi Yuan Dao Xun" said: "Those who take God as the main body will benefit from it; Those who control the shape will be harmed by God. They all express the idea that God is the mainstay, form is the supplement, and God is more valuable than form. At the same time, it also points out the consistent and inseparable connection between form and spirit. For example, "Huai Nan Zi Yuan Dao Xun" said: "A tangible husband is born with a house; Angry people are full of life; God, the system of life; If you lose your position, all three will be hurt. That is to say, although form, qi and spirit all have their own roles in life, they are interrelated and indispensable. Another example is Sima Tan, who praised Huang Lao's thought in the early Han Dynasty, who said in On Six Essentials: "Those born by mortals are also gods; The trustee is also in shape; If God uses too much, he will be exhausted; If he is physically exhausted, he will be exhausted; If his body is separated, he will die. " More directly, it points out the unity of form and spirit, which is the embodiment of simple materialism in Laozi and Zhuangzi's philosophy. However, after the rise of Buddhism, Buddhists advocated the idealism of immortality of form and spirit and eternal soul. For example, Hui Yuan, a shaman contemporary of Tao Yuanming, wrote Theory of Immortality of Form and Inscription of Buddha's Shadow to give play to this theory. In the inscription of Buddha's shadow, he said: "The elephant is broad, mysterious and nameless, and the body and mind are integrated, and the shadow and shape are separated. It is intended to promote the idea that form and form are separated and independent. This view on the relationship between form and spirit represents the Buddhist understanding of form and spirit, which had a wide influence in the intellectual circles at that time. Hui Yuan once ordered his disciple Daobing to go as far as Jiangdong, and asked Xie Lingyun, a famous writer deeply influenced by Buddhism, to write an inscription to fill the stone. This group of poems by Tao Yuanming was written under this background. Hui Yuan himself made friends with Yuan Ming. For example, in the tenth year of Yixi (4 14), Hui Yuan called 123 people to form the White Lotus Society in Tuolin Temple of Lushan Mountain to give lectures on Buddhism. He invited Yuan Ming to attend, but Yuan Ming "gathered his eyebrows and left", which shows that they are not consistent in academic purport, such as their view of being inseparable. Yuan Ming's understanding of this can be said to be basically based on Taoist natural thought, which has been explained in his own preface. Tao Yuanming believes that ordinary people in the world, regardless of wealth, wisdom and ignorance, are desperately trying to maintain their lives. In fact, it is a very confusing thing, so he tried his best to state the inseparable misery, and used God to understand the truth of nature and dispel people's doubts. He revealed the word "nature" to illustrate the root of his argument. Laozi said: "Man should be a teacher in the earth, the earth should be a teacher in the sky, and the sky should be a teacher in the Tao, and the Tao is natural." . "It can be seen that Taoism is also centered on learning from nature, which shows the origin of Tao Yuanming's thought. In this group of poems, he let the dialogue between form, shadow and god express his views.
First of all, the form said to the shadow: Heaven and earth are eternal, mountains and rivers are eternal, plants wither under the attack of wind and frost according to the laws of nature, and rain and dew nourish them, but human beings, as the spirit of all things, can't do this. People live in this world, just like a passer-by, who was here just now, suddenly left and never came back. Since then, people have forgotten him, as if there had never been such a person in the world. Relatives and friends no longer miss him, leaving only some relics, which makes people sad. As a body, I don't have the ability to fly to heaven, and your shadow doesn't have to doubt my final destination. I hope to take my advice, drink to my heart's content, don't refuse, or seek temporary happiness in a hometown where you are drunk and dreaming.
Next, the shadow answered the body's words: it is unreliable to maintain life by seeking immortality, and maintaining life often ends in distress and clumsiness. If you want to go to Kunlun Mountain to cultivate immortality and concentrate on learning Taoism, you will find that this road is very slim and impassable. Since my shadow met your body, I have been sharing joys and sorrows, and sorrow and joy are one. If I rest in the shade, you will break up with me for a while; If I stay in the sun, you won't be separated from me. This inseparable situation cannot last forever. Once I die, you will no longer exist. People die and die, and it makes people feel anxious and deeply moved to think about it. Therefore, the shadow advised: only by doing good deeds can we have a good reputation. Why not try to leave a name for future generations? Although wine can eliminate troubles, it is better to wait than to stand!
Finally, the interpretation of God's work: nature has no preference, everything grows and breeds according to its own laws, and it is not because of my spirit that people can become "three talents" (heaven and earth). Although you and I are different in shape and shadow, we are born attached to each other. Since we are United, how can we tell my opinion dishonestly: Huang San was called a great saint in ancient times, but where are they now? Peng Zu, who lived to be over 800 years old, tried to live forever, but he couldn't keep people's lives. The old, the young, the wise and the stupid will all go to the grave, and nothing can save them. Indulge in wine every day or forget your troubles, but isn't this the way to end your life as soon as possible? Doing good deeds is often what people like to do, but who will praise you behind you? Trying to think about these things is bound to hurt yourself, so let it go and let fate arrange it. Indulge in the universe, there is nothing to be happy about in life and nothing to be afraid of. When the end of life comes, let the fire of life go out, there is no need to worry about it.
In these three poems, Tao Yuanming expressed his philosophy of life, so these three poems are extremely important for understanding Tao Yuanming's life thought. According to Mr. Chen Yinke's The Relationship between Tao Yuanming's Thought and Clear Debate, Yuan Ming firmly adhered to the Taoist belief in nature, so he took the Taoist view of nature as the basis of his argument, which was different from Ji Kang, Ruan Ji and other people who admired nature in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and also different from those who praised Confucius and Mencius and famous teachers in Wei and Jin Dynasties. How did he do it? This kind of thought is typically embodied in the poems of "Form and Shadow God". Therefore, poetry not only embodies the personal philosophy in the late Yuan Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty, but also is of great significance to understand the evolution of literati's political thoughts and life concepts from the late Cao Wei Dynasty to the Eastern Jin Dynasty. According to this view, a poem "Form to Shadow" is intended to support and criticize the old view of nature. The main idea is to show that the shortness of life is not as good as the eternity of nature, which is exactly what Ji Kang, Ruan Ji and others think of nature. Most people who hold the old naturalism seek immortality and learn from it. However, Yuan Mingshi said in his poem that "I have no skill to ascend to heaven, and Philip no longer doubts", and his position of attacking the skill of seeking immortality is obvious. At the same time, people who advocated nature in Wei and Jin Dynasties often sought relief from wine in order to survive in troubled times, such as Ruan Ji and Liu Ling, so there is also a saying in Tao's poems that "drinking is inevitable"
The poem "Shadow Answer Form" criticizes the old view of nature and puts forward his own outlook on life with the tone of relying on mentor and apprentice. This poem first points out that immortality is impossible and immortals cannot seek it, that is, it is intended to accuse natural speakers of nothingness and absurdity. At the same time, they think that life and death are impermanent, and the two go hand in hand. Once they die, they will all die together. Therefore, they believe that the only way to live forever is to make a name for themselves and hope to achieve eternity through spiritual immortality. This statement is due to the Confucian thought of virtue, meritorious service and three immortals. They think that a person with a good name can live forever. Therefore, they are dissatisfied with the attitude of drinking to drown their sorrows and advocate pursuing the name behind them.
The poem "Interpretation of God" embodies Yuan Ming's new naturalism, and criticizes the form representing the old naturalism and the shadow representing the famous religious theory with the words of God. "Huang San Great Sage, where is it now?" And "good deeds are always appreciated, who should be honored for you?" Others mean to deliberately discredit the theory that good deeds can be immortal advocated by the master. The following six sentences, "Peng Zu loves eternal life", break the theory that advocates and old naturalists seek eternal life, and drunkenness is not about wine. Finally, it is put forward that the longitudinal waves should be enlarged, and individuals should conform to nature, not seek the art of ascending to heaven, become a part of nature, and live and die together with heaven and earth.
Tao Yuanming's thought of harmony between man and nature is taken from the philosophy of Laozi and Zhuangzi. For example, in "Zhuangzi Heaven and Earth", it is said: "Those who hold the Tao are virtuous, those who are virtuous are shaped, those who are virtuous are divine, and those who are divine are holy." That is, it fully affirms the importance of God, and at the same time, it is based on the integrity of morality and form, that is, it emphasizes the consistency of God with form and virtue (this poem calls it "shadow"). The idea of being virtuous and foolish in Tao's poems is also based on the thought of Zhuangzi, so Fang also explained that the theme of Tao's poems originated from Zhuangzi. Tao Yuanming's understanding of form and spirit is very different from that of Buddhists, that is, he believes that form and spirit are interdependent and consistent. In the explanation of God, saying "born" and "born with happiness" all express this view, which is similar to that of Fan Zhen, a later materialist thinker. Fan said: "Form is the foundation of God, and God is the use of form; If it is, it is called quality and used by God. Form must not be different from God. " ("The Theory of Deism") also said: "God is form, and form is God; It is the existence of form that makes God exist, and the gratitude of form makes God disappear. " (ditto) Tao Yuanming can be said to be the pioneer of Fan Li, and his views on the issue of form and spirit have simple materialistic factors.
This poem is also quite distinctive in art, and the whole poem is in the form of fable, which is discussed by asking and answering questions of form, shadow and god. It can be described as whimsy, which makes this philosophical discussion lively and interesting. Even in reasoning, we always pay attention to the personality of the image in the fable. Such as the shadow's message, saying, "I hope you can accept my words and get wine." Just as the host invited a friend to chat, fearing that he would refuse, Li Bai later said when drinking alone with the moon, "Until I raised my cup, I asked the moon to give me my shadow and let the three of us. Alas, the moon cannot drink water, and my shadow follows me blankly; Wait, also take the meaning of Tao poetry. Another example is to write an innuendo about the cloud: "I sincerely want to travel to Kunming, but I am definitely at home." Because the shadow itself has no ability to act, using the word "wish" to explain that it wants to be immortal is just an unattainable wish. Another example is "when I saw my son, I didn't feel different and sad." A few words write an inseparable scene, which can be described as vivid.
The words and sentences in this poem are natural and vigorous, without too much modification. For example, in the Interpretation of God, it is said: "People are among the three talents, don't they take me as the reason?" It is very concise and powerful to explain that God is the master of form. For example, the sentence "longitudinal wave is spreading" is broad and straightforward, but the tone is loud and loud, and throwing the ground can be the sound of stone. Therefore, Chen Ruoming fully affirmed that this poem can be meaningful and unconventional, and can be argued in a just and lively poem.
The Creation Background of the Three Shapes and Shadows These three poems were written in the ninth year of Yixi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (4 13), when Tao Yuanming was 49 years old. Tao Yuanming is generally regarded as an idyllic poet, and all his poems are idyllic. This is actually a misunderstanding. Pastoral poetry is only a part of Tao Yuanming's poetry. Pastoral poetry is not enough to summarize Tao Yuanming's poems, and pastoral poets are not enough to summarize Tao Yuanming. Tao Yuanming's own attitude is very contradictory, and he is not sure which one is shape, shadow and god. Judging from Tao Yuanming's poems, Tao Yuanming retired from the countryside and forgot life and death in the joy of landscape and countryside. The attitude represented by God seems to dominate. But Tao Yuanming has been a good drinker all his life and can't forget politics. The attitude represented by shadows also emerges from time to time. Poetry: Three Poems of Form and Spirit Author: Wei and Jin Dynasties Tao Yuanming Poetry Classification: Life, Philosophy