It was called "Sushen" in the pre-Qin Dynasty, "Lou" in the Han Dynasty, "Buji" in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, and "Jurchen" in the Sui and Tang Dynasties.
Jurchen established a powerful Jin State in 12 century. And defeated Liao and Song Zhao in the south. It is reported that half of China. /kloc-in the third century, it was destroyed by the more fierce Mongolian empire. Established on 120. Since then, the Jurchen nationality scattered in the northeast has been in a state of dispersion and decline, until the founding of Nurhachi in the late 16th century, and the Jurchen nationality rose again.
The hairstyle of Manchu-Jurchen nationality is very different from that of other nationalities around it. The men in this family shaved off the hair on the front skull, left all the hair on the back of the head and braided it into a long braid.
There is no doubt that every ethnic group, including Manchu, has the right to create, keep or innovate their own hairstyles and clothing styles.
But the problem is that after Manchu conquered other nationalities, it not only required the conquered nationalities to pay taxes and serve. It also forced him to give up his national hairstyle and change it to Manchu style.
After the birth of the country, human society should pay taxes and serve the people. This was not exempted by any dynasty, so it was mostly accepted by conquerors. But forcing a big change in clothes and hairstyles will have a very different result.
At the beginning of the twelfth century, when the Jurchen people marched south to the Song Dynasty, they said, "It is better to kill the people's Hanfu if they are forbidden to control it." This violent order failed to be carried out continuously under the strong opposition of the Han people, and Jin Taizong was abandoned in the later period.
1 before Manchu entered the customs, the Han nationality in Northeast China had been shaved.
16 16, Nurhachi rebuilt Daikin (known as Houjin in history) in order to restore the brilliant career of his ancestors four or five hundred years ago. 16 18, Nurhachi sacrificed the so-called "seven great hates" to cut down the Ming Dynasty. The Ming court was in the towns in the northeast, and defeated the Ming army in the battle of Salhu in 16 19, and basically controlled the northeast. At the same time, strictly implement its "shaving order".
The haircut order was resisted by the Han nationality in Northeast China. For example, after the people in Zhenjiang (now Dandong) were killed, Jin sent an official to have a haircut. There is no doubt that the unorganized resistance of the Han people quickly failed under the cruelty of the late Jin army.
Those who refused to shave their heads fled in large numbers. After Jin Jun chased the fugitives everywhere. Many people want to escape to North Korea. Before crossing the Yalu River, the Houjin troops had arrived. Therefore, "everyone who refused to shave Yimin died in duck water." The bodies of Yimin, who went to the water, floated everywhere on the river, and the scene was extremely tragic.
Some Han Chinese who were forced to shave their hair did not want to abandon their ancestral culture because they missed their motherland, but also waited for an opportunity to escape and trudge back to the territory of the Ming Dynasty. But I didn't expect that these people, who are called "shaving Han" and "fake Tartars", are in a terrible situation.
They are often killed indiscriminately or even deliberately by the Ming army to make up for their gains. The two northern nationalities, Han nationality and Jurchen nationality, belong to the northern subspecies of Mongolian race. It is difficult to distinguish them from the five senses, and the obvious difference is only the hairstyle.
Unfortunately, these heads with necks cut off could not tell grievances to the Ming court. Those Ming troops who couldn't kill the enemy in the war but killed their compatriots who missed their motherland were simply crazy. This situation prompted the Han people in Liao country to choose between two, and those who did not shave their heads resolutely did not shave their heads, because "shaving their heads would make them Tatars." In the future, the loyalist (designated army) will be destroyed if it doesn't distinguish between authenticity and falsehood, and all the dead are ghosts. "So it strengthened the resistance and escape of many Han people to the haircut order.
2 The desire to shave before Qing Dynasty entered the customs and then turned against each other and broke the contract.
On April 22nd, A.D. 1644, Regent Dourgen led the Qing army and cooperated with Wu Sangui army to defeat Li Zicheng army in Shanhaiguan. Then, he went to Beijing on the second day of May. The next day, Dourgen issued a haircut order. The adherents of the Ming court in Beijing were shocked by the news.
On his way back to Beijing from Shanhaiguan, Dourgen declared that his army was "the enemy of your father" and "only punished thieves". He also called for "the official to be reinstated and the people to resume their jobs." Therefore, the people in Beijing welcomed the arrival of the Qing army.
It was not Wu Sangui's army and ming prince who entered Beijing, but all the Qing troops who were forbidden to enter Beijing that year. It was not without consternation. I couldn't help feeling angry when I heard the haircut order again. Fan Wencheng, the first counselor of the Han Dynasty in the Qing Dynasty, and some officials in the Ming Dynasty asked Dourgen to go slow. Dourgen relented and decided to mourn for Chongzhen for three days.
After mourning, officials and people began to shave their hair. Some Ming officials quickly shaved their heads to please the Qing court. The people, on the other hand, held a wait-and-see attitude of resistance and waited for an opportunity to flee the capital. It became a trend in just a few days. When Manchu entered Beijing, its foothold was not stable.
Li Zicheng's army is defeated, but its strength is still there. Hundreds of thousands of troops have gathered in Tongguan, not far from Beijing. In addition, just ten days after the Qing army entered Beijing, the Hong Guang regime of Nanming was established in Nanjing. This can't help but make the Qing court have scruples.
Zuo Liangyu Department in Nanming and four towns in Jiangbei, later known as * * *, have hundreds of thousands of troops. Dourgen led140,000 troops to enter the customs, and only half of them were covered with the Eight Banners. If you add up the Nanming Army, Dashun Army and Daxi Army hidden behind you, the strength will be no less than one million. The Qing army is absolutely at a disadvantage in number.
In the case of military uncertainty, there were resistance from the Han people in Beijing, Hebei and some Ming officials, and it was important for Dourgen to win the hearts of the people at the beginning of Chen Qing. Dourgen sized up the situation and quickly changed his policy. On May 24th, he put on an open-minded face and wrote an essay saying, "This news is very popular." "From now on, people all over the world will still send whatever they want."
Explicitly abolish shaving. After some internal integration, the Qing court drew up the strategic policy of "pacifying the northwest first, then setting the southeast". In that year 10, Dourgen ordered the Qing army to be divided into north and south, and suppressed the Dashun army in the west. In the first month of the following year, the South Road Army led by Qing Wang and Yu defeated Dashun Army in Tongguan, and Li Zicheng abandoned Ann and fled south.
King Azig of England led the North Road Army to meet many people in Xi 'an. In February, Dourgen ordered Azig to pursue Dashun Army, and ordered Duoduo to move south to conquer the Hong Guang regime. At the beginning of May, Li Zicheng died in Jiugongshan, Hubei Province (a monk who faked his death). The generals collapsed and contacted the Qing army to surrender (unsuccessfully).
Many led the troops south, did not encounter great resistance, and received a large number of Ming troops along the way. Except for Huang Degong, who was beaten out of the water as soon as he went to the battlefield, the four towns in Jiangbei, which were usually domineering, collapsed instantly and were owned by the Qing army. In mid-April, Yangzhou, led by Shi Kefa, fell into the hands of the loyal and righteous opposition, but it fell in just a few days. The Qing army slaughtered wildly, followed by the police. Sure enough, twenty days later, the Qing army retreated without fighting. More than 200,000 officials in Hong Guang will kneel and surrender.
A series of good news spread frequently, and after the Qing court occupied Nanjing with great ambition, the Qing court thought that the overall situation had been set, so it broke its previous promise. At the end of May, Dourgen was delighted by the news, and immediately said that he would resume the haircut order. There are also Han officials who advise you to go slow. At this time, it is not what it used to be. Dourgen not only refused to listen, but also severely criticized.
At the beginning of June, the haircut list was reissued:
"Wenwu, a haircut. If you don't obey, you will engage in military law. "
"It is the people of our country who are obedient, and those who are hesitant and disobedient are the same."
"Those who do not abide by the North Korean system will be executed without forgiveness."
3 Han people's resistance from welcome to death
It took only one year for the Qing Dynasty to enter the customs and enter Dingding Zhongyuan, during which it broke Dashun and Heping South and crossed Wan Li, which can be described as rapid progress.
There are many reasons for this, but it can't be ignored that people adopted the correct policy at the end of this period, that is, stopped shaving and made a list of people, thus winning the hearts of the Han people.
1644 On the morning of April 22nd, the Shanhaiguan War is about to begin. Dourgen knows that this entry operation is completely different from before. Not to burn and plunder, but to seize the Central Plains. So he said to the generals of the Eight Banners: "This time, I started my career, so I saved the people from violence and wiped out bandits to secure the world. Expeditions to the west do not kill innocent people, rob property or burn houses. It is better to make an appointment than to sin. "
On the way to Beijing from Shanhaiguan, he restrained the Qing army: "Order all soldiers to take the city to support people, and no one is allowed to enter. People are blocked, and there is no offense in autumn. " Dourgen is not talking casually, but is serious.
Once, three full soldiers caught a domestic dog, killed it and cooked it. The dog owner reported it. Dourgen ordered the killing of dogs and soldiers. Two other soldiers, covered in whips, marched past Camp Notoure in Autol. Dourgen also added an order: "Anyone who forcibly takes sperm from the people will be flogged 80 times."
Compared with the past, Dourgen and others entered the customs with Huang Taiji several times, burning and looting walking with beasts, and doing evil. Killing a civilian dog casually and killing a full soldier now is also a sentimental disregard for human life. But from another perspective, Dourgen and others do have ambitions to March into China.
To this end, they turned over a new leaf, tried their best to restrain their animal nature, and turned the plundering journey into a teacher of justice. It's really well-meaning and hard-won. In the last ten years of the Ming Dynasty, people in the Central Plains and North China suffered from war. Whether the Dalai Lama invades the enemy, the government forces wipe out bandits, or bandits rise up, it is the people who suffer. Renyi Julian Waghann has always been rare. Now the Qing army entering the customs is so disciplined and crisp in autumn, which makes the Han people feel refreshed.
Therefore, "people in the Central Plains are not convinced." This completely different practice of the Qing army was heard by the people in the south of the Yangtze River, so there was almost no spontaneous resistance among the people in the process of the Qing kings Tudor and Yu leading their troops south. Yangzhou Anti-Japanese War Department was presided over by Shi Kefa. The Qing court, on the other hand, used two hands to win the hearts of the Han people.
People who resist Yangzhou will slaughter it crazily to scare the Han people, and this two-pronged strategy has indeed achieved results. People all over the south of the Yangtze River mostly held a respectful and welcoming attitude towards the arrival of the Qing army. When the Qing army entered Nanjing, it announced that "no killing or shaving, everyone is happy as usual".
Books such as "Good weather, peaceful country and safe people" and "Long live the Qing Emperor" are hung on the doors of Nanjing people. At the beginning of June, the Qing army entered Suzhou, and people inside and outside the city elected representatives to pay money at the Qing army camp with yellow flags and incense, indicating surrender.
Jiading people "celebrated the reception officials appointed by the Qing court and went out to meet them". Taicang is also "full of flowers". Even Jiang Yin once "made an atlas and presented it to the government" to show his obedience. On May 28th, Yu Duoduo Wang went to Hongzhi, Nanjing to burn incense, and the people in Nanjing were "crowded", even if they were squeezed to death, they would like to see the elegance of the Qing army.
Han people seem to have no deep hatred for Manchu. Not only that, there is even hope. For example, Suzhou scholars once discussed writing to the Qing army, "Please reduce Wu Jun's heavy taxes". People in many places "all look forward to it, and the Manchu will be greatly indebted."
However, in the middle and late June, after the haircut order was completely and severely promulgated again, the situation changed greatly immediately.
The attitude of the Han people towards the Qing court changed dramatically, from welcoming and obeying expectations to hating and fighting. From personal escape and suicide to large-scale armed uprisings all over Jiangnan. Among them, the people of Jiangyin, who dealt a heavy blow to the Qing court and had a far-reaching impact on later generations, fought to the death with the haircut order with "loyalty and righteousness, 800,000 people died with one heart".
On June 24th, the second year of Shunzhi (1645), Fang Heng, the new magistrate of Jiangyin in the Qing court, took office. On the 28th, Fang Heng announced that the county would shave its hair immediately and ordered it to be finished within three days. The wording of the notice was extremely harsh. As the saying goes: "Leave your head without hair, leave your hair without head." Changzhou government also sent four heavily armed soldiers to Jiangyin to supervise hair shaving. This aroused the great indignation of Jiangyin people.
On the 29th, dozens of respected elders, entrusted by the people, went to the county government to ask Fang Heng for a haircut exemption. Fang Heng snapped at him. The old people were filled with indignation. It's shameless to reprimand him as an official of the Qing Dynasty as a scholar of the Ming Dynasty! Run on the first day of June. They got together again and asked Fang Heng. Fang Heng is still cursing. The public was furious.
A young scholar named Xu Yongde shouted excitedly: "You can break your head and never shave your head!" " This old American slogan was immediately echoed by everyone. A tragic uprising began. Chen Mingyu, a former Nanming Jiangyin official, was elected as the leader.
Yan Yingyuan, a well-organized former official, was invited to the city to preside over the defense because he had not yet taken office because of his promotion. The people of the whole city unite as one. Have the money to pay, make a strong contribution. Many rich gentry donated a lot of gold and silver. Bi Cheng, a wealthy businessman, donated 42,000 yuan, which can be said to be a ruin.
Obviously, they have learned from Yangzhou that the result of the uprising against shaving will only be death. In order to declare their determination to oppose the haircut order and encourage everyone to go to Qixin, Jiangyin people "set up an emperor in Mingluntang", swore an uprising and put Fang Heng, a shameless lackey of the Qing court, into prison.
The four of them have a warm face, and they are usually domineering, speaking Manchu, eating raw meat and urinating everywhere, and suddenly speaking Chinese, calling themselves Han Chinese and asking for forgiveness. This has aroused people's disgust, and the outcome can of course be imagined.
The Qing court mobilized troops to surround Jiangyin like iron drums and stormed day and night. However, under the loyal opposition of Jiangyin people, Enemy at the Gates suffered repeated defeats and wars. The surrender of the Qing army to Chen Mingyu and Yan Yingyuan was also resolutely rejected. Jiangyin city is very small. The area and population are only several times that of Yangzhou. But guarding the city is ten times longer than Yangzhou.
The Qing army continued to supplement. The rebels' manpower and material resources are constantly consumed. Tired, the fall of the city is inevitable. However, the Qing army also suffered the first hard battle after going south. According to historical records, the Qing army killed and injured more than 60 thousand people in the besieged city, and thousands more in the street fighting after the city was broken. Jiangyin soldiers and civilians died in the battle and the massacre after the city was broken, and the death toll exceeded100000. In other words, almost the whole city is dead. All the leaders are dead.
After the city was destroyed, Chen Mingyu first ordered 43 people, large and small, to set themselves on fire. Then command the insurgents and the Qing army to fight with knives in the street. Finally, "wear a heavy blow, stiff with a knife, leaning against the wall." The generosity of Jiangyin people in disaster relief has written the most touching page in the history of China, which deserves the mourning and reverence of China people from generation to generation.
4. The foresight and high standards of the Manchu ruling group.
The terrible Jiangyin massacre (the Qing army was ordered to "slaughter the whole city and then seal the knife") did not frighten the Chinese nation. The struggle against the haircut order not only did not end, but also rose to the level of opposing the Manchu rule. Uprising broke out one after another south of the Yangtze River.
Huang Daozhou, Yang, and many other loyal ministers led uprisings in various places. After Li Zicheng's death, Dashun Army was divided into several shares. All the stocks had approached the Qing army about surrender, but it didn't come true after all. The key is that the Qing court insisted on shaving. All ministries in Dashun agree that shaving is unacceptable. Therefore, the discussion on clearing up was terminated.
Moreover, the bloody slaughter of the Qing army in Jiangnan also aroused their indignation. The loyalty feats of Qu Shizhen and He Tengjiao, the generals of Nanming, have great attraction to them. So all the departments of Dashun and even the rest of Daxi (Zhang Yu was killed in 1646) belonged to Nanming. This greatly strengthened the anti-Qing forces.
In addition, generals Li Chengdong and Jin Shenghuan were angry that the Qing court was too thin in training him, so they rebelled. He cut his braids and tied his hair, calling for the restoration of Chinese costume in China and the return to the Ming Dynasty. Even when the so-called "San Francisco Rebellion" happened many years later, Wu Sangui and Geng were both "plain clothes Square Towel" and "Little Hat Confucian Towel" as the flaunting of "China Wind" and "China Official Dignity".
Adhere to the longest is according to the government, gold, and then retreat to Zheng in Taiwan Province province. Resist shaving on 1683. It has been forty years since the Qing army entered the customs in 1644, almost two generations.
Some modern scholars strongly criticized the Manchu ruling group's national oppression policy of "leaving no head, no hair, no head". It is pointed out that this is the main reason that caused the fierce resistance of the Han people, so that the pace of unifying China in the Qing Dynasty was completed in two or three years, but the result was delayed for more than 30 years.
Of course, what these scholars said is very reasonable, but they ignored this bloody measure taken by the Manchu ruling clique, which increased the difficulty of reunifying China, but brought "long-term stability". In short, this is also a far-sighted decision made by it after learning a lot of historical experiences and lessons.
In the history of China, there are many examples of northern nomads going south to the Central Plains. The nomadic people, whose number is far less than that of China people, can often conquer the Han people who settled in agriculture through cruel killing by virtue of their fierce fighting and mobility.
However, after occupying all or part of China, they will always face such a difficult problem: how to rule the Han nationality? In the early years of Yuan and Mongolia, a Mongolian general suggested to Wokuotai in Yuan Shizu: "Han people are useless to the country, but they can learn to think that they are grazing land." That is, kill all Han people, thus turning cultivated land into pasture.
However, few people hold such crazy views. Because anyone with a little normal thinking knows that the cruel killing method used is not to kill people, but to conquer the Han people. Conquering the Han people means squeezing their blood and sweat.
If the Han people are killed, who will serve them? Who will provide all kinds of consumer goods for their luxurious life? Han people who don't resist don't kill, but oppress and rule. Conquer can only use a butcher's knife, and rule can't just use a butcher's knife.
More importantly, various systems are often used. And the system often needs to be embodied in words and conveyed in words. Because the number of Han people is often dozens, hundreds or even more than that of ethnic minorities occupying the Central Plains, it is impossible for conquerors to issue orders to Han people in their own languages. Moreover, due to the cultural backwardness of the ethnic minorities who entered the fortress, there were no words or only some rather crude and naive words that had just been created, so it was difficult for conquerors to use them to state more complicated provisions. It is even more impossible to educate Han people to know this kind of writing.
In view of this, the conquerors had to learn to use Chinese. If that's all, the situation is not serious. The problem is that some conquerors will learn to use Chinese because of "work needs" and cultivate their yearning and admiration for China culture.
On the cultural level, it is similar to China. Although others are tired of studying, the comfortable life of settling down makes them lazy and eager for comfort, so that they waste their swords and guns and rust. Just like those Han literati who didn't have the spirit of martial arts in those days. More than 400 years ago, Hong Yan Nuzhen, the ancestor of the Manchu Dynasty, experienced such a road from prosperity to decline. Mongolia before it and Qidan after it also embarked on this road of no return.
Tracing back to a longer history, 1300 years ago, Wuhu was so powerful that it finally merged into China culture. The Tuoba Department of Xianbei is the fiercest of the five lakes. It unified northern China with bloody slaughter.
One hundred years later, a man named Chen Qingzhi in the Southern Dynasties had the opportunity to visit Luoyang. He really opened his eyes at first sight. Back in Jiankang, I said to people all over the country: I used to think that the north of the great river was a glorious land, but I didn't know that all the people wearing clothes were in the Central Plains, and Jiangdong was beyond my reach.
This shows that Tuoba Xianbei has completely accepted China culture after several generations. Nurhachi, the founder of the Manchu Empire, Huang Taiji and Dourgen, the actual founders, are all familiar with Chinese. Nurhachi is familiar with < Water Margin >. Huang Taiji and Dourgen know more about China's historical records. On the one hand, it makes it easy to govern, on the other hand, it is deeply worried.
The lessons of our ancestors always sound alarm bells in their minds. It is not enough to maintain the dominant position of our nation. What's the point of maintaining the dominant position at the expense of the complete extinction of national cultural customs?
Moreover, once a nation is culturally integrated into China, its dominant position will only be a flower in the mirror. The next step is to easily transfer sovereignty to the hands of pure Han people. Just as Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty did on behalf of the Zhou Dynasty. As a result, this nation completely disappeared.
Manchu rulers had higher ambitions. It is very important not to be assimilated by the Han nationality in order to maintain Manchu rule over the Han nationality. In other words, we will never repeat the mistakes of our ancestors.
In fact, it is really impossible to ask Han people who are hundreds of times more than Manchu people to learn Manchu, but they can be asked to abandon their national costumes and hairstyles and continue to use Manchu costumes and hairstyles.
In addition to written language, the composition of national culture also includes costumes, hairstyles and customs. If language is the connotation of culture, then clothes and hairstyles are the appearance of culture.
The conquerors of the Qing dynasty had to learn Chinese from the Han people, but it would be unsatisfactory if all the Han people's clothes and hair came from Manchu. And many times appearance is more important than connotation. The appearance is easy to see at a glance, and the connotation must be entered. What's more, a large number of Han people are illiterate and semi-illiterate. Appearance is almost everything to them.
Dig deeper and you will find an amazing mystery. That is to say, the same appearance can create a feeling of "similar items". People all over the country shave their heads, tie their braids and shrink their sleeves. It seems that the argument between China people and foreigners has lost its basis. China is China, and foreign countries.
The Han nationality has been assimilated by Manchu in appearance. As for the language, it is not very important. The key point is that a large number of Han people no longer regard a small number of Manchu people as aliens. Because at least from the clothing and hairstyle, it is impossible to distinguish Han nationality from Han Manchu. Suddenly, the Han people can realize that this regime is not foreign. This is the political power of the country.
Especially when the killings caused by the haircut order were gradually covered up by the dust of history, and the Han scholars poured into the imperial examination room in batches and were sent to various places to be officials, the Han people no longer regarded Manchu as the glorious emperor who entered the Central Plains from the Great Wall, nor did they have the idea of driving it away. In this way, Manchu safely passed the deep valley that Wuhu, Qidan, Jurchen and Mongolia failed to conquer.
The foresight of Manchu rulers made them never moved by temporary difficulties. Don't be soft because the butcher knife rolls its blade. Even internal objections are resolutely suppressed. Kurgan, a Manchu civil servant with a high level of education and trusted by Huang Taiji, was executed for claiming that the sinicization would eventually be worse than Huang Taiji.
Chen Mingxia, who took the lead in clearing the customs, ran aground and implicated his wife because of a private discussion that "there is no need to shave and dress, and the world can be peaceful". The foresight of Manchu rule made its high-standard ambition come true.
185 1 year, that is, 207 years after the Qing dynasty entered the customs, the Taiping rebellion broke out. Taiping Army has the image of China in China. Today, people in China are turned into animals, because they are ordered to cut their hair, dragging a long tail behind them. China has China's clothes. Today, Manchuria wore another hat, a monkey crown and a bad crown, which made China people forget their roots. "
However, this is not what it used to be. In contrast, Li Chengdong's "San Francisco Rebellion", Jin Sheng's anti-Qing Dynasty, and Wu Sangui's call for the restoration of Han Ming Emperor's clothing hairstyle in those years were very shocking. The world responded overnight. But what Taiping Army said was the embarrassment of listeners. Zeng Guofan turned out to be a "bandit begging for Guangdong". With the regional concept of "two lakes and three rivers", the pioneering space of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was successfully compressed.
The iron fist of the Qing Dynasty cut off the heads of the most national consciousness and rebellious Han people.
Manchu's clothing and hairstyles, which flaunted the integration of Manchu and Han, drugged the nerves of Han people that "life is worse than death", and there was no rise of modern democratic consciousness. I really don't know how long the Manchu regime can last.
The Revolution of 1911 was very different from Zhu Yuanzhang's uprising. Zhu Yuanzhang's uprising only used "expelling Land Rover" to call for thousands of troops. Sun Yat-sen's "expulsion of Tatars" can only mobilize a few hundred death squads. Organizers, participants and later provinces of Wuchang Uprising responded, during which anti-imperialist consciousness was more important than anti-Qing consciousness.
Alas, after the success of the Revolution of 1911. There are actually many people who refuse to cut their braids. When I was forced to cut, I cried like a bereaved family. More than 260 years ago, their ancestors shed blood to resist the Manchu braid. Now they beat their chests and feet to save this Manchu braid.
They have taken the hairstyle that Manchu imposed on the Chinese nation through bloody slaughter as their own originality. This real example of forgetting one's ancestors shows how much spiritual slavery Manchu's foresight had on the Han people.
5. Relations and differences among regime, country, motherland and nation.
From the Qing dynasty's entry into the customs to the occupation of Nanjing, whether it was the western expedition or the southern expedition, it was invincible. Many places are sure without even bleeding. Why is it so sharp?
The opposition to Manchu came from three aspects. First, Dashun Army. The second is the Ming army. The third is the people.
After the disastrous defeat of Dashun Army in Shanhaiguan, its software (psychological factors) collapsed more than its hardware (actual military strength). After that, I have to fight the braid army, fearing that I will lose again and again. After more than 20 years of struggle with the Qing army, the elite division of the Ming army has long since fallen. Wu Sangui and his Ning Guan soldiers, who were able to fight World War I in the end, have all been eliminated. The Ming army in Jiangnan can't beat the Qing army in the wild.
Of course, if you defend the city, you can still hit the Qing army hard. But the generals of the Ming army were afraid of death and had no fighting spirit. What's more, it betrays the enemy and seeks glory. Therefore, the Qing Dynasty rode straight down like nobody's business. How about the people's war of resistance?
Looking back at history, we can know that hundreds of years ago, both Lu Ye Khitan entered the customs and Hong Yan Nuzhen went south, all of which were intercepted by Central Plains people in North China. At this time, it is very different. Is the people's patriotism highly degraded? The actual situation is that many years of peasant wars in the Central Plains of North China have been destroyed, and the Qing army has repeatedly entered the customs, burning and looting, and natural disasters have been raging year after year. It is really difficult for people who are extremely tired and hungry to organize a large-scale war of resistance.
The social situation in the south of the Yangtze River is far more stable than that in the Central Plains of North China, and its economy is relatively normal. However, the people in the south of the Yangtze River did not make loyal opposition to the southern part of the Qing Dynasty. Are Jiangnan people particularly weak and timid? After June of the second year of Shunzhi, the bitter struggle against the tonsure order all over the south of the Yangtze River gave this question mark a completely negative answer. So, how should we explain the dramatic changes in the actions of the people in the south of the Yangtze River?
The development of human society has formed a nation. On this basis, the country was born. A country must have political power. Ethnic groups are all groups in human beings. In a relatively certain area, due to geography, climate, natural resources, race and other reasons, a certain group of people have formed their own means of survival, living habits, psychological state, behavior, customs, language and so on.
And these are obviously different from other groups. As a result, different peoples of mankind have been formed. People of the same nationality will have a sense of identity with each other because of the convenience of communication. With the development of human society, economy and culture, people hope to carry out all kinds of activities in a wider range without restriction or exclusion-migration, reclamation, trade, travel, running schools, preaching and so on.
And all this can only be done between people who have a sense of identity with each other-between the same nation. So this promoted the formation of the life * * * isomorphism-the country. The country is the biggest expansion of each small family. This is a big family of the whole nation. Obviously, this country consists of two major elements. First, the relatively definite territory and the mountains, rivers, lakes, cultivated land, pastures and forest deposits within the territory. The second is the people who have lived in this land for generations-this nation, and the history and culture it has created.
The former can be regarded as national hardware and the latter as national software. The more accurate concept of this "country" should be "motherland". The emergence of a country is bound to be accompanied by the establishment of political power. In order to organize social labor, distribute social wealth, and standardize people's behavior, we need systems to formulate and implement laws.
This institution is the political power. The regime also has the function of resisting foreign invasion. Since political power has such power and function, it naturally becomes a symbol of the country, so people sometimes regard political power as a country. When a regime is not based on killing people, but can safeguard the interests of the people, the people will transplant their love for the motherland based on national feelings to the state power. At this time, people's confusion about the motherland is understandable.
However, when a regime gains and maintains itself by killing people, or has no sympathy for the people by extortion, even if the people can't get rid of the oppression of this regime for a while, they will never regard it as the motherland. At this time, the people will not confuse political power with the motherland. The Chinese nation, also known as the Han nationality, originated from the national cohesion generated by the treatment of Wenjing in the early Han Dynasty.
Although Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty tried his best, he had no choice but to completely defeat the Huns. In the early Tang Dynasty, the rule of Zhenguan reappeared in Jingdezhen. Everyone is very satisfied. So the name "Tang people" appeared again. Up to now, overseas Chinese still call themselves Tang people. The Chinese community is called Chinatown.
However, if the people are treated as cattle and horses by the people in charge of state power, the people will be alienated. Mencius said: "the monarch takes the people as grass, and the people take the monarch as their enemy." In the earlier Book of Songs, there was a public opinion: "At the end of the day, you and I will both die"! That's the truth.
At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, the chaotic Sima regime was defeated by Zahu, and the people were doing nothing, which is an example.
Although Zong Yi was diligent at the end of the Ming Dynasty, his national strength declined after years of tinkering by Wuzong, Sejong and Zongshen, and every year refugees rose up and made state invasions. In the Ming court, corruption and greed were rampant in the bureaucracy, and the official treasury was empty. In order to resist the peasant uprising and Nuzhen's southward advance, they constantly paid three salaries (suppression, training and Liao) to the people, and the people complained bitterly, so it was difficult for the court to extort money mercilessly, so Wuhu people were able to shrug off whether Zong Yi hanged himself or Hong Guang was captured.
I am looking forward to Manchu, because it is rumored that Manchu is frivolous. As long as this rumor is true, the Han people don't mind the conference semifinals being emperors in China. In the eyes of China people. Although the Emperor Jindian has changed, as long as he lives undisturbed, China is still China, and Han people are still Han people.
You have to pay taxes anyway. What's the difference between giving it to Emperor Zhu and giving it to Emperor Manchu? Wouldn't it be better if the Manchu emperor was stingy with his taxes? When the haircut order of the Qing Dynasty was severely reissued, the people woke up like a dream and were furious. It turned out that the Manchu emperor not only had to pay taxes, but also had to serve himself, change my customs and destroy my culture.
Accordingly, China will become a Land Rover, and China will no longer be China. This is tolerable. So the warm-blooded people shook their arms and shouted, and the respondents gathered. It became a prairie fire overnight.
At that time, western missionaries in Jiangnan were puzzled by this completely different change of Han Chinese behavior. They want to know why "Han people who used to be as soft as sheep have risen like tigers because of their hair"? In fact, it is not difficult to explain.
Han people "keep their heads" first because they don't want to fight to defend the fatuous Ming court. After "rising like a tiger" is to safeguard their national dignity.
Hairstyles and costumes of the Han nationality are symbols of Chinese cultural traditions. The Manchu dynasty tried to trample on the national dignity and feelings of the Han people, and was resolutely resisted by the Han people. It did not hesitate to go through fire and water.