(1) Fish tank: It is the place where tropical fish grow and move. Tropical fish must be raised in a slightly larger rectangular glass fish tank.

(2) Suction tube: it is used to suck out the dirt at the bottom of the fish tank when changing water, and is formed by connecting a soft rubber tube and a glass tube. The length depends on the height of the fish tank. Generally take one meter two to one meter five.

(3) Thermometer: used to measure and adjust the water temperature of the fish tank.

(4) Fishing nets: used to catch and transfer tropical fish.

(5) Glass lamp tube: put the bulb into the glass lamp tube and sink it into the fish tank for heating and lighting. The glass lamp barrel mouth must be higher than the water surface 100MM to prevent fish from jumping in.

(6) Electric heating tube: used to raise the temperature in the fish tank in winter.

(7) Air pump: discharge the carbon dioxide in the fish tank and increase the oxygen content in the water.

(8) Filter: filter out the dirt in the fish tank, keep the water clean, and play a dual role in increasing oxygen and purifying the water.

(9) Thermostat: It is used to automatically control the temperature in the fish tank and can keep a constant temperature for a long time.

(10) Feed hopper: prevent fish food from floating on the water surface, which is beneficial to fish predation. It can also prevent fish food from falling into the bottom of the water and drilling into aquatic plants, blackening aquatic plants and sand and destroying water quality.

(1 1) Decontamination liquid: made of plastic plate. Used to scrape the dust and oil on the water surface of fish tank.

Peacock fish is the first choice for newly cultivated tropical fish.

Peacock fish is a small tropical ornamental fish, generally 3 to 5 cm long, petite, agile and lively, and colorful. It is mainly produced in Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana and the West Indies in South America. According to their different characteristics, it can be divided into common guppies, phoenix-tailed guppies, long-tailed guppies, guppies and yellow guppies.

It should be said that among many tropical ornamental fish species, guppy is not a noble fish species, and its price and requirements for the surrounding living environment are not high, but it is deeply loved by people because of its liveliness and beauty. Especially the male fish is more beautiful. Its green-brown body is mixed with red, orange, yellow, green, blue and purple, just like a rainbow in the sky, so it also has a nice name-rainbow fish. At the same time, it is also called "peacock fish" because there are several small blue dots on its abdomen, and there are light-colored rings around the dots, much like pride as the eye spots on a peacock.

Some fish buyers told reporters that peacock fish is popular largely because it is gentle and lively, will not fight with other fish, and is suitable for mixed culture with some non-aggressive fish; Moreover, the selectivity to food is not great, and egg yolk, steamed bread residue and so on can be fed, but it is best to feed live bait such as fish worms and nematodes when raising artificially; At the same time, the requirements for water quality and water temperature are low, and it is very easy to raise and survive.

Generally, purebred guppies are large in size, with large and stretched caudal fins and dorsal fins, pure in color, distinctive in characteristics and high in price, because the quality of their strains varies from about 10 yuan to about 50 yuan; On the other hand, hybrids or degenerated species are cheaper, and they can be bought for only a few dollars per pair. But for people who have just raised tropical fish, it is more economical to buy hybrid degenerated species, because they can accumulate a lot of experience in fish farming.

In addition, it's best to make sure whether you buy fish for viewing or breeding. If you just want to watch, you can choose individuals with bright colors, long tail fins and normal development of each fin; If it is a well-bred guppy, it is best to choose a young and energetic guppy, because fully mature guppy is not suitable for breeding, although their tail fins are large and the patterns are gorgeous.

Generally speaking, the principle of choosing guppies is not much different from that of choosing other fish, except that there is no abnormality on the body surface, no wound, no damage to the fins, no contraction of each fin, no growth of white hair and white spots, and a desire to eat and a quick response. It is best to choose individuals who are not injured or killed in the whole tank. However, a key point in purchasing guppies is to choose males with large body, large tail fin, stretching and lively swimming. Usually buy two or three months old guppies.

In addition, don't forget to buy an aquarium while buying guppies. The fish tank for keeping guppies had better not be too big. Generally, it is suitable to be 60 cm long, 30 cm wide and 40 cm high, and you must pay attention to testing the water before buying to ensure no leakage.

After the peacock fish is selected, the next step is the bait problem. Peacock fish does not have high requirements for bait, and generally can use Daphnia, earthworm or compound pellet feed.

When everything is selected, it's time to cultivate guppies.

"Forbidden Zone" for Newly Cultured Tropical Fish

After getting used to the new environment, you can start feeding the newly bought fish. Generally, the fish is put in the water tank for half a day. If it is found that the fish starts pecking at the sand on the tank wall or bottom, it can start feeding. Some fish refuse to eat when changing the environment, so they should be fed with their favorite feed, which can be balanced with artificial feed and domestic feed. Pay attention to the amount, and avoid the leftover residue, because the residue will corrupt and destroy the water quality.

Several causes of illness and death of tropical fish;

1, the water temperature changes dramatically-the best temperature for tropical fish to survive is 25℃, but different species still have different requirements for temperature, some as high as 30℃, and some like 20℃. So on average, 25℃ is a generally acceptable temperature. In addition, to avoid sharp changes in water temperature, the temperature range is generally 2 degrees.

2, the stocking density is too high-many people see that the aquarium can put a lot of lovely fish in a fish tank, so they also raise a lot of fish in the fish tank at home. No matter what kind of fish you raise, you will die. If we raise many different kinds of fish, we must consider the suitable space for each kind of fish to reduce the number of fish. Either way, it is not a good thing to have many small fish in a jar. The feeding principle of tropical fish is very similar to that of goldfish, which requires a wide water surface and a normal proportion to the number of tropical fish to ensure adequate oxygen supply.

3. Types of feed-The feeding habits of tropical fish vary from species to species, which can be roughly divided into three categories: animal, plant and omnivorous. So be sure to know what fish are in the tank, what food you like to eat, and how to raise them by classification.

4. Diseases-There are many reasons for tropical fish to get sick, including the infection of sick fish bought, white spots caused by low temperature, food residue or fish manure decomposition, which leads to the deterioration of water quality.

Newly bought tropical fish often carry germs or parasites, because the illness is mild and there are no obvious symptoms, so it is not easy to detect when buying. If you put it directly into the fish tank without drug treatment, you will get sick and even die as soon as 2-3 days 1 2 weeks. Even if the newly purchased tropical fish is healthy, it sometimes causes injuries and bacterial infections through fishing and transportation. Therefore, it is very important to prevent and disinfect the newly purchased tropical fish.

There are two kinds of drugs commonly used for disease prevention and disinfection. The first is salt, which is safe, effective and convenient to source. Add 100-300g to every 10kg of water to prepare 1-3% saline, and disinfect for about 5-20min. The soaking time depends on the water temperature, which can kill most germs and parasites.

The second is potassium permanganate, which can be added directly to the fish tank. The drug concentration is 10 kg water and 0.03 g potassium permanganate. It is inconvenient to weigh 0.03 grams of potassium permanganate. Therefore, firstly, 1g potassium permanganate is weighed and fully dissolved in 1kg water, that is, a liquid medicine with a concentration of one thousandth is prepared and stored in a Coca-Cola bottle for later use. Then use a straw or syringe to suck 30ml of potassium permanganate liquid medicine and add it to 10kg of water, and change the water 24 hours after taking the medicine. However, it should be noted that for small tropical fish. Potassium permanganate is highly toxic, so we should pay attention to the activity state of tropical fish after taking the medicine. If there is any abnormality, we should rescue it immediately, that is, change a lot of water or remove it.

The accumulation of organic matter such as bait and excrement in fish tanks will cause the deterioration of water quality. There are two forms of organic matter in water. One is undissolved granular solid organic matter, and the other is organic matter dissolved in water. Dissolved organic matter will be decomposed into toxic ammonia nitrogen and nitrite by bacteria. If there are enough beneficial bacteria (such as nitrifying bacteria) in the water, toxic ammonia nitrogen and nitrite will be decomposed into non-toxic substances (nitrate). Therefore, water purification has two purposes: ① filtering out insoluble solid organic matter; ② Cultivate enough nitrifying bacteria to decompose toxic ammonia nitrogen and nitrite in water.

There are two specific treatments:

First, use water treatment circulation equipment. Circulating filtration equipment is used for large and medium-sized fish tanks, and biochemical cotton can be used for small fish tanks. There are many kinds of commercial water treatment circulating filtration equipment, including built-in equipment, external equipment and self-made equipment. The overall structure consists of three parts. ① Cylindrical shell made of stainless steel or plastic; ② Filter cotton, quartz sand, plastic biochemical balls or biochemical ceramic rings are placed in the cylinder; ③ Small pumps and pipes. Filter cotton and quartz sand are used to intercept large particles of organic matter in water, so they often need to be cleaned.

Biochemical balls and ceramic rings are used as carriers for cultivating beneficial bacteria. In technical terms, it is used to cultivate biofilm, mainly to cultivate enough beneficial bacteria to decompose toxic ammonia nitrogen and nitrite into nontoxic nitrate.

A small fish tank can be equipped with 1-2 biochemical cotton and an air pump. Biochemical cotton has the function of filtering solid organic matter and cultivating bacteria.

The second is to add beneficial bacteria regularly. There are many kinds of beneficial bacteria, such as photosynthetic bacteria, nitrifying bacteria and Bacillus. Most products sold in the market are compound bacteria. For example, a Japanese product called EM consists of more than 80 kinds of bacteria in four categories.

Some people have done experiments, adding beneficial bacteria regularly, and the water in the fish tank can remain unchanged for one year.

Some necessary conditions for breeding tropical fish

I. Water

1, water quality

All water in nature contains different chemical components to some extent. Some chemicals will directly affect the growth and survival of fish, and tropical fish have higher requirements for water. Tap water, river water, well water and lake water can be used to directly raise goldfish, but they can't be used to directly raise tropical fish, otherwise the fish will get sick or even die.

The so-called water quality mainly refers to the hardness and pH of water.

The hardness of water depends on the content of calcium, magnesium and iron salts in water. It is divided into hard water, soft water and neutral well water, and spring water is mostly hard water; Tap water and river water are mostly neutral water; Rain belongs to soft water. The cultivation of tropical fish should use neutral water, but although the pH value of urban tap water basically meets the requirements of tropical fish life, water plants often add some chemical disinfectants and purifying agents when treating water, so this kind of water often contains ⒘ kangmlao? What are the numbers? Beautiful chimney? Hey? Write? Hey? What's the matter with you? Lips? Pancreatic disorder method? /span>。 2~3 days, or dry in a cool and dark place for a week before use.

Step 2 change water

Fish should constantly metabolize and excrete feces, and the bait fed to the fish will continue to oxidize and rot, which will affect the water quality, so it is necessary to change the water in the fish tank often and timely to keep the water fresh. Water exchange is divided into partial water exchange and total water exchange. A part of the changed water is also exchanged with water. Replenishing water means that you should replenish the water in the fish tank as much as possible. There is no need to take fish and aquatic plants out of the water tank. Generally, the amount of water replenished at a time should not exceed a quarter of the total water in the fish tank. Pay attention to the water temperature of the newly added water when adding water, and keep it consistent with the water temperature of the original fish tank as much as possible. The frequency of adding water is once or twice a week in autumn and winter, and twice or three times a week in spring and summer. The specific number of times depends on the turbidity of the water in the fish tank. If the water quality is clear and the filtration conditions are good, the frequency can be reduced appropriately, and if the filtration conditions are poor, the frequency can be increased appropriately, but not too frequently, otherwise the fish will get sick.

Second, the temperature

Temperature is the most important condition for tropical fish to survive. Fish can't live without proper water temperature. Tropical fish have strict requirements on water temperature, and tropical fish are extremely sensitive to water temperature.

The water temperature of tropical fish is generally 20~30℃. However, different kinds of tropical fish have different requirements for water temperature. For example, guppies, swordfish, black Mary and other fish species can tolerate the water temperature around 18℃ without dying, while swallowtail and tiger fish will die when the water temperature is lower than 18℃. Most tropical fish are very sensitive to water temperature. If the water temperature changes by 2℃, they will catch a cold. If the water temperature fluctuates for a long time, fish will suffer from various diseases. So try to keep the water temperature constant. The water temperature should not be too high, and the fungi in the water will multiply too fast, which will affect the water quality. The normal temperature of most fish is 20~24℃, and the water temperature of culture is 25~28℃. There are two ways to control water temperature, natural control and manual control.

Natural control is to put the fish tank in a sunny room and let the fish tank receive sunlight to raise the water temperature. Some water temperature changes in the volume of fish tank are relatively small. On the contrary, if there is little water in the fish tank, the water temperature changes greatly. If room conditions permit, it is best to make the fish tank as big as possible.

Manual control of water temperature mainly adopts heating measures such as stove, kang and heater. In recent years, there are more and more electric heating appliances on the market, which is a better heating method. Most products have automatic temperature control function, so this kind of products should be the first choice.

Third, oxygen.

Any living thing needs oxygen. There is no life without oxygen, and tropical fish can't live without oxygen. The oxygen needed for fish survival is obtained through the microvascular absorption of dissolved oxygen in water by fish gills, and then brought to the extraction part through the blood circulation system, and the discharged carbon dioxide is also carried out through the microvascular of fish gills. The amount of dissolved oxygen in water directly affects the growth of fish, so make sure there is enough dissolved oxygen in the water. Dissolved oxygen in water can be obtained not only by adding water to replace water, but also by oxygen produced by photosynthesis of aquatic plants in water.

There is a special oxygenator-air pump in the market. It is convenient and simple to add oxygen to the air pump, and the appropriate air pump can be selected according to the size of the fish tank. The price is cheaper.

Fourth, fish food.

Although there are many kinds of tropical fish and their habits are quite different, their feeding habits can be roughly divided into three categories: carnivorous fish, accounting for the vast majority of tropical fish; Omnivorous fish, accounting for a small part of tropical fish; Vegetarian fish accounts for a small part of tropical fish. The following are some common fish foods for carnivorous fish:

1, Daphnia (also known as Tetranychus urticae)

Fish and worms are bright red in color and moderate in size. They swim in groups and are rich in protein, fat and calcium. It is widely distributed everywhere, but the life span of this fish worm is very short, and it can only live for one or two days when it is recovered. Before feeding the fish, the worms should be washed before feeding.

2. Cyclops (also known as Green Jump)

This kind of fish worm is small in size, low in nutritional value and easy to die. It is a poor bait because it jumps and stops in the water, and tropical fish, especially young fish, often can't catch up with it.

3. Red nematodes (also known as water worms and nematodes)

This fish worm has a slender body and a deep red color. It lives in dirty blisters and shallow water near ditches. The worm's body is half in the mud and half in the water. Red nematodes are nutritious, contain more protein and fat, and are ideal food for adult fish.

Verb (short for verb) light

Light is very important for the survival of tropical fish, and tropical fish can't survive without light. Light has three main effects on raising tropical fish.

Light is the most important factor in photosynthesis of all plants. Without aquatic plants, photosynthesis cannot be carried out, carbon dioxide cannot be absorbed, oxygen cannot be produced, and plants cannot maintain their own survival. However, plants also have certain restrictions on light. If the light is too strong or the light time is too long, the aquatic plants will grow green moss, which will affect the photosynthesis of aquatic plants. But if the light is too weak or the illumination time is too short, the branches and leaves of aquatic plants will turn yellow or even die because of too little photosynthesis.

Reasonable lighting should be: sunny rooms should not accept direct sunlight, and should not be placed on windowsills and windows. Just use the sunshine in the morning and evening 1~2 hours. Of course, the scattering time of the window can be extended appropriately. In a room with no sunshine or insufficient sunshine, artificial light sources can also be used for lighting, and 60-watt incandescent lamps or 40-watt fluorescent lamps can be used for about 6 hours every day.

The growth and reproduction of tropical fish also need light. Fish with light will grow faster, fish will experience more beauty and the breeding cycle will be shortened.

The third function of light is to facilitate viewing. If you are in a dark room or a room with too dark light, you can't see the scenery in the fish tank clearly, and you can't see it clearly.

The key of tropical ornamental fish culture technology is the selection and treatment of water quality and feed, which is based on the understanding and simulation of the natural ecology of the source of fish species. That is to say, when raising tropical fish, we must pay attention to the water characteristics of the hometown of the breeding object. Experience has repeatedly shown that if you want to raise tropical fish, especially precious and delicate high-grade species, you must create an environment in the aquarium that is the same or close to its natural ecology and conditions.

1, water quality treatment

Freshwater tropical fish are generally born in tropical freshwater waters on both sides of the equator of the earth. Among them, Amazon River in South America, Thailand and Malay Peninsula in Southeast Asia and Congo Basin in Africa are the three treasures of tropical fish in the world. Most tropical fish can only survive when the water temperature exceeds 20℃, and generally like the water temperature around 26℃. The soil in Africa belongs to slightly acidic red soil, and there is a lot of humus in the surface water, and the pH value of the water is generally 6 ~ 7, which is slightly acidic. So tropical fish produced in Africa prefer slightly acidic water. Most species living in South American waters also like to inhabit weak acidic water with pH value of 7. However, fish growing in the waters of Southeast Asia and South Asia, including those growing in the waters of southern North America, prefer neutral water with a pH of 7. Oviposition fish, such as guppies, swordfish, molly fish and moon fish, grow in Central and South America and also like to live in weak alkaline hard water. Tropical fish from Central America are required to use slightly alkaline water because the water quality in their birthplace is slightly alkaline. Other semi-marine fishes, such as Batpomfret, Yellow-fin Pomfret and Colorful golden phoenix in Oceania, prefer weak alkaline water quality. In fact, some fish that like neutral or weakly alkaline water, such as bat pomfret and elephant trunk fish, can live well in weakly acidic water. However, fish that like acidic water quality are generally difficult to survive in weak alkaline water quality.

China's fresh water resources are generally alkaline, but the water quality in the north is alkaline, and the water quality in some lakes, reservoirs and rivers in the south is acidic. For example, the pH value of drinking water in southern China and Guangzhou is less than 7, which is an ideal water quality for cultivating colorful immortals. The pH value of water in Beijing is neutral, around 7. On the other hand, the water quality of rivers in the rain forest belt of South China is low in hardness, and most of them are soft water. There is little rainfall in the north, high salt content in the soil and high water hardness. In addition, the hardness of surface water is generally low, and the hardness of groundwater and well water is high, while rainwater and snow water belong to soft water. In southern cities of China, such as Guangzhou and Foshan, the water quality is soft, and it has unique breeding conditions for petite fish species from South America, such as Caixian and Honglian Lantern. The water quality in northern cities such as Beijing and Tianjin is a little hard, so it is difficult to cultivate this kind of fish.

Therefore, in order to successfully raise and breed tropical ornamental fish, we must first find out the origin of the species (this can be found in relevant professional books and periodicals through its scientific name), understand the range of water quality factors suitable for its survival, such as pH value, hardness, water temperature, salinity, etc., and then test the local water quality, which can be carried out through a simple water quality colorimetric box on the market. If some items are found unsuitable, they must be adjusted manually. In cities, tap water is generally used to raise fish. First, residual chlorine should be neutralized: sodium thiosulfate or vitamin C (ascorbic acid) should be added, and then tested. When the water quality is alkaline, add acid enhancer: phosphoric acid and sodium dihydrogen phosphate, or put a sinker in the water filter or add activated carbon to filter for 24 hours. When the water is slightly acidic, alkalizing agent: baking soda, namely sodium bicarbonate, calcium carbonate (coral sand, shell sand or powder), silica sand and medical stone can be added to strengthen the air. Lime water (quicklime or calcium chloride) can be added when the water quality is too soft. But when the water is hard, it is more difficult to soften. Appropriate amount of rain, distilled water or deionized water can be added to the fish tank. If "sphagnum moss" is placed in an aquarium or filter, humic acid will be released due to its ion exchange effect, which can soften the water quality and lower the pH value, and grass mud also has this effect. In addition, the magnetizer can also soften water, and both ion exchange resin filter and reverse osmosis water processor can produce water with different hardness, among which residual chlorine, pH value and hardness can be detected by simple colorimetry. As for salinity, it can be measured by floating tube hydrometer, pointer hydrometer or refractometer. If the salinity needs to be increased, it can be prepared with commercially available "artificial sea salt". Aeration shall be carried out immediately after water quality treatment. At the same time, in order to speed up the ripening of fresh water, microbial water purification agents such as nitrifying bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria and odontococcus can be artificially inoculated, so that new fish can be released in a few days. If new fish are rare, it is safer to put 1 ~ 2 "fish in the tank" first, and then put new fish after testing the water.

In the process of fish culture, a small amount of feeding water should be added regularly, and a small amount of microbial water purifier should be added at the same time to maintain excellent water quality and achieve the purpose of raising water first in fish culture. In the process of fish farming, not only the water quality is required to be suitable and stable, but also the water quality of the old and new tanks should not be too different, especially the pH value. For example, colorful angelfish, the pH difference between old and new water should not exceed 0.5, and the temperature difference should not exceed 1 ~ 2℃. The hardness of aquaculture water quality should also be considered, and some estuarine egg fish must not ignore salinity.

2. Feed feeding

The cultivation of tropical ornamental fish, if the water quality is well treated, has been more than half successful, and the main problem left is feed. At present, the commonly used fresh bait is water earthworm and water flea, while the nauplii and adults of blood earthworm (chironomid larva) and harvest worm are more expensive and have the function of ripening. More convenient is artificial feed, sheet and granular. There is also a fresh feed "artificial hamburger", which is mainly composed of beef heart, shrimp meat, vegetables, vitamins and medicines. Use a domestic meat mixer to break it into slurry, spread it into thin slices, freeze it and cut it into pieces for feeding. Hamburg feed has become the staple food of colorful angelfish.

References:

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