Li Zhi was born in the sixth year of Jiajing (1527) on October 26th, outside the south gate of Quanzhou, Fujian. Formerly known as Lin Zaizhi. Due to the distribution of the surnames Yingzhou and Tongzong in Qingyuan, Quanzhou, his great-grandfather changed his surname to Li. In the thirty-fifth year of Jiajing, in order to avoid being in (the same as "Empress Li Zhi"), he was sealed as a knowledge. Li Zhi used many names in his life, including solo dance, Baiquan layman, Hongfu, Sizhai, Longhusao, Bald Weng and so on. Lv Lin Lin Muzhai, the ancestor of Li Zhi, entered Fujian from Henan at the end of Yuan Dynasty to escape the war. The second ancestor, Lin Yilin Donghu, was a navigator and businessman who often traveled between the port of Erythrina and the Persian Gulf. Because of marrying Persian women, there are Muslims in the family, that is, China men marry Middle Eastern women. By the time Li Zhi's father, Lin Baizhai, the family belief had got rid of the influence of the great-grandmother belief.
Although Li Zhi became a monk, Buddhism was not his only belief. Fundamentally speaking, Li Zhi's belief is that the three religions coexist and Confucianism is the foundation.
Li Zhi was stubborn since childhood, and it is hard to change. "If you don't believe in Taoism, you won't believe in immortals and Buddhism, so you will be evil when you see a Taoist, evil when you see a monk, and especially evil when you see a Taoist." /kloc-started writing at the age of 0/2, opposing Confucius' view that farmers are "villains". As for Li Zhi's knowledge as a teenager, there is the following account: "I have governed foreigners since childhood, changed it to courtesy, and decided the interests of my subjects with less courtesy." In fourteen years, he changed the rule of Shangshu and even stole Lu from Shangshu. However, it is easy to read. "("Selected Works of Li "Volume I-the sequence is easy)
Jiajing 30 years, 26 years old, admitted to Fujian after having obtained the provincial examination. In the thirty-fifth year of Jiajing (1556), he was granted the imperial edict of Henan * * * City. In 39 years, Dr. imperial academy was promoted to Nanjing. A few months later, my father Bai Zhai died in Quanzhou and returned to his hometown to keep the system. When the enemy attacked the city, he led his younger brother and nephew to patrol the city day and night, as close as enemies. In forty-two years of Jiajing, he was appointed as Dr. imperial academy. "After serving for three years, I tried my best to go to Beijing ... I lived in Beijing for ten months and didn't want to miss it. This is a fake museum. Ten months later, the museum was deserted. Call Mr Guo Zi an old official. "
It took Qin Long four years (1570), and then he was transferred to Nanjing as the foreign minister of the criminal department, until the fifth year of Wanli (1577) and the seventh year of * * *. In the past seven years, I have learned about Geng's position, Geng's theorem and. Later, Geng's hypocrisy was exposed, and Li Zhi had an argument with him. As for Li Zhi's younger brother theorem about Geng's orientation and students' orientation, he has always been Mo Niu's friend. In Du Nan, Li Zhi also met Wang Ji, a disciple of Wang Shouren, and Luo Rufang of Taizhou School. Li Zhi has great respect for Wang and Luo. The focus of this period is that Li Zhi studied under Wang Zhi, a scholar of Taizhou School. Wang Gen's son, Wang You, is a young man who has heard of the court training. Wang Gen gave lectures in Huainan and Wang You was around for a long time. He gave full play to the theory of "happy learning".
In the fifth year of Wanli (1577), he became the magistrate of Yao 'an, Yunnan, and still gave lectures in his spare time. His principle of being an official is "keep everything simple, let nature take its course, and do things with morality" and "self-denial and courtesy, and work for the public". He also wrote two couplets on the official post. One is: from my hometown, the two places are devastated; After being a soldier, Wanjia always cares about their sufferings. "The second one is:" If you have more time to listen to politics, you might as well transport Taozhai and plant flowers in Panxian; There is nothing to be an official, only this court is clean and white. "Yuan Zhongdao's biography of Li Wenling, at this moment, he said," the method is simple, without words. Every time I went to Galand, I was sentenced to official business, sitting on the throne of the emperor or being named a monk. There is a gap in the book, which is illusory with the reference object, and everyone blames it. "It's quite like Luo Rufang's style. At that time, there were many ethnic minorities in the border areas of Yunnan, and Shangguan Yan carved them. He said, "The foreigners in the border areas are mixed and it is difficult to enforce the law. Over time, it is enough to enjoy peace with the army and foreigners "(burning books all my life, feeling four promises). After three years as an official, Yao hated writing books. Yuan Zhongdao remembered that he was "tired of Guangxi Group for a long time, so he went into the mountain of chicken feet, hid himself after reading the dragon, and couldn't get out. "Liu Weiqi's discussion of the festival, sparse order to return to the official."
Li Zhi's official life of more than 20 years has made him deeply feel the pain of being controlled. "Yu Siyue Burning Books" said with emotion all his life: "The reason why I suffer from this is only because I lost control, and my life is bumpy. I turned the earth into ink, which is difficult to write. " Being a county doctor is to contact the county magistrate and promote learning. Being a doctor of Imperial College means being exposed to the provision and companionship of wine. ....., that is, with Gao Shangshu, Yin Shangshu, Assistant Minister Wang and Assistant Minister. ..... The most bitter person is Yuan Wailang, who is not thanked by Shangshu, Dong Qing of Dali and Wang Yi. ..... and the encounter with Zhao Shangshu is the most tragic. Yu Zhao is famous for Taoism. Who knows that Daoxueli is famous, and my Mohli is also very good. Finally, the chief, that is, contact with the governor Wang and the guardian Luo. ..... The rest of my life is also bumpy. "This is a summary of many years of officialdom life, reflecting the conflict with the boss everywhere. This contradiction is essentially the contradiction between Li Zhi's anti-feudal thought and feudalism. After he was dismissed, according to Geng theorem, he did not go back to his hometown, but took his wife and daughter to Hubei. Claiming: "I am old and have made one or two friends. The rest of the time is the fastest to communicate with each other. Why go home? "In the year before Li Zhi resigned and entered Yunnan, in the seventh year of Wanli (1579), He Yin Xin was arrested and killed by Wang Zhiyuan of Chu government in Wuchang. Li Zhi was very angry about it. He wrote two articles about why he was wronged and expressed his admiration for him. Later, he mentioned in a letter to him, saying, "Why do you say you are an old hero? "... look at the fetters, palm book, rolling in a thousand words, without pity, such as complaint, if idle. I read his article today and want to see him. His article is wonderful, without a word of attack on predecessors, and it is unprecedented and unprecedented, but it is thousands of miles away and exhaustive. I wonder if the viewer is moved. I send you the second draft, and I am eager to enjoy it. There are two articles about what mentioned in the letter, and there is one article about what in Volume 3 of Burning Books. The other one, never seen it. Book Burning Volume VI presented disciple He with a five-line poem: "Why is Hu Sheng busy crossing the river in three days?" I am so kind that I can't bear to see Wuchang. "This poem is his condolences to He and his disciples when he first arrived in Huang Anshi after he was dismissed from office in Yunnan. Li Zhi never had a chance to know him in his life. In his book A History of Jiao Yuan, he said with regret: "My brother is in Du Nan, and I have never seen such a person. Is my brother wrong, I won't elaborate? " If this person is not a person, and the world is unparalleled in ancient and modern times, you can know what kind of person he is. "("book burning "volume 1).
In the spring of the ninth year of Wanli (158 1), after Li Zhi abandoned his official position, he took his wife and daughter to give lectures at Geng's hometown Tiantai Academy at the invitation of Geng Theorem in Hubei (now Hong 'an) and worked as a doorman and teacher at Geng Theorem's home. However, he had a conflict with Geng Theorem's brother, and Geng was a big official. In Li Zhi's view, Geng's position is homesickness and a representative figure of hypocrisy. After the death of Geng theorem in the twelfth year of Wanli, it was natural that Geng's orientation did not agree, so it was impossible to live in Huang's house again. When Geng Theorem died, Li Zhi had five long poems and three crying Gengziyong (Theorem words). In the eleventh year of Wanli, Wang Ji died, and Li also wrote a letter to Mr. Wang Longxi, expressing his admiration for Wang Ji. For example, he called Wang Ji "Confucianism in the heyday, which turned a blind eye to heaven and man" and said, "Now that Mr. Wang is gone, what will Yu Xiaozi admire?" In October of the 12th year of Wanli (1584), Li Zhi moved the capital from Huang An to Macheng, and returned without a library. In March of the following year, he settled in Zhifu Hospital near Longtan Lake in Macheng. Longtan is thirty miles away from the city, so it is not easy for ordinary people to walk. From then on, he quietly read books and gave lectures to people he knew. When he moved to Macheng, Li Zhi sent his wife and daughter back to Fujian to live in Zhifu Hospital in longtan lake, Macheng, where he studied and wrote books for nearly 20 years, and completed Chu Tan Ji, Burning Books and other works. He is the author of 6 volumes of books, essays, historical essays and poems, such as Answering Geng Zhongcheng and Answering Geng Si Kou. Expose the hypocrisy of Taoism, oppose taking Confucius' view of right and wrong as the standard of right and wrong, and criticize Dali scholars Zhou Dunyi, Cheng Hao, Zhang Zai, Zhu and others in the Song Dynasty. Li Zhi advocated "childlike innocence", which is absolutely true. Li Zhi also gave lectures in Macheng for many times, criticizing current politics and current abuses, and allowed men and women from all walks of life to attend classes, which was warmly welcomed.
In the 16th year of Wanli (1588), he shaved his head in summer to show his elegance. Although he entered an empty door, he did not accept the precepts or participate in the prayers of monks. This had a strong impact on traditional ideas, and was regarded as "heresy" and "heresy" by local conservative forces. They besieged him and wanted to expel him from the country. Li Zhi clearly declared that his works were "deviant works", saying: "I can't kill, my head can be broken, and my body can't be humiliated" and didn't flinch. He loves cleanliness, his clothes are spotless, and he often sweeps the floor, so that "few people will give them brooms." "Get together with five-year-old monks, Zhou, Zhou and Qiu, press the button behind closed doors and study every day. It is extremely fresh and clean after washing. Brush your face and body. You don't like vulgar guests, they will be resigned to their fate, but once they fight, you will make them sit far away and feel stinky. Its reward, the town laughs every day. No meaning, no words. Funny arrangement, blurting out, can not only relieve the pain, but also be bitten. All of them are copied as rare books, oriental secret language, western spiritual language, poems by Li Sao, Ma and Ban, poems by Tao, Xie, Liu and Du, strange books by officials, songs by celebrities in Song and Yuan Dynasties, and pens by Xue Tengdan, which are proofread word for word. It is the unique scenery in its chest, which is awe-inspiring and cannot be stared at. There are not many poems, but there are great gods. "
In the 21st year of Wanli (1593), Li Zhi got acquainted with Yuan Zongdao, Yuan Hongdao and Yuan Zhongdao, three brothers of public security who were opposed to literary retro. The following year, Yuan Hongdao visited Li Zhi in Macheng again, and they went to Wuchang together. Yuan Hongdao's "Public Security County Records" said: "I heard about Li Lao in Longhu, but I didn't know the purpose of teaching people, and I took Xiling as the quality. Li Laoda matched each other and presented poems. ..... stay for more than three months, talk about it and send it to Wuchang. " Yuan Hongdao's brother Yuan Zongdao also expressed his admiration for Li Zhi and thought that Li Zhi could understand him. In his reply to Xin Li, he said, "It's amazing not to read other people's words. Watching Weng's movies is full of spirit. Is it because I have been used to it for a long time? " There are always messengers in the clouds. Fortunately, I often send it in recent days, as good as an old maid in the White House. I can read and understand. "("Collected Works of Su Su Zhai ",Volume 15) In the 23rd year of Wanli (1595), Yuan Zongdao paid tribute to Li Zhi, and even more praised him:" Weng will be seventy next year, and all his friends will learn Taoism. * * * Give him a silk to congratulate him. The older guy gets, the greater his achievement, which is one of the congratulations. Live one more day, live one more day, which can be congratulated. " ("Bai Su Zhai Lei Ji" Volume 16)
In the 25th year of Wanli (1597), Li Zhi went to Datong, Shanxi Province at the invitation of Governor Mei Guozhen, to write Sun Tzu's Companion and revise the book collection. Mei Guozhen is a Macheng native and one of Li Zhi's friends. Teacher Lian Ran in Li Zhi's Guanyin Wen is Mei's daughter. "Biography of Mei Dazhong in Yuan Zhongdao" records him: "If you taste it, your life will suit your ears, and you will follow the track, and your name will be cool." Also known as "women are widows, and men can't help it." However, the precepts are very strict, and it is quite difficult to ask questions because of the accessibility of Taoism and the correspondence between father and son. "In the autumn of the same year, I went to Beijing, lived in the bliss of Xishan, and wrote Pure Land Tactics. At this time, Wang Ben came here from Xin 'an. In the 22nd year of Wanli, Prince Wan came to Longhu to ask about learning, and stayed with him for nine years until Li Zhi died. In prison, Li finally gave a poem to Wang Yi: "My son cried and cried for nine years, which is really wonderful." . In the 46th year of Wanli (16 18), sixteen years after Li Zhi's death, Wang edited Li Zhi's letters and poems in his later years and continued to burn books. In the preface of the book, Wang commented on Li Zhi's thoughts as follows: "I traveled with my husband for nine years and what I learned." Without the cymbals that have been calling Mr. Shi for a long time, and without the cymbals that should know the truth about Mr. Shi, how could Gu Yue know about Mr. Zai? Then Mr. Wang knows it himself, and Mr. Wang knows it all over the world. Mr. Wang has never read a book, been pregnant or vomited in his life. They all study, and if they are hungry and thirsty, they will not be insatiable; Throw up, don't throw up until you choke. It is not only like laughing and cursing, but also has become an article to be self-sufficient in the right and wrong of the world's eternal life with a little reason and to teach in the name of the world's eternal life with a little spit. Gai's words are true, and every word is earth-shattering, which can make the deaf wise, the dreamer awake, the awakened one awake, the sick one living dead, the impatient one heartbroken, the cold one firewood one stubborn one. "
In the 26th year of Wanli (1598), Li Zhi was seventy-two years old. He was still in Beijing in the spring, and the following spring he went to Nanjing with Jiao Hong, and Nanjing was also in Beijing. He merged his sporadic works into A Passage to the Old Man, re-studied Yi, wrote Yi Yin, and finally compiled his masterpiece Collection of Books. Collection of Books ***68 Volumes is a theory of biographical history, which discusses about 800 historical figures from the Warring States to the Yuan Dynasty, and makes an evaluation of historical figures that is inconsistent with the traditional view, aiming at opposing Confucianism. For example, he praised Qin Shihuang as an "emperor through the ages" and Wu Zetian as a "sage queen" who "ruled by herself, observed by herself and judged by herself". In his Book with Wei Jiao, Li Zhi simply revealed the situation when collecting books: "There are no companions in the mountains, so I always read history books so that I can have fun with others." Doesn't mean you are interested in erudition and macro words. It is not only impressive to say that the latter is a great saint, but also impressive for his clever thinking and admirable spirit. True sages can't help being carefully selected. Or celebrate with a floating name, but it's boring. How many feuds have existed since ancient times, who has anything to do with snow? So when reading history, it's really like being enemies with millions of people. Once confronted, it is natural to be beheaded as a prisoner, which is extremely unique and difficult to distinguish. "("Continued Burning Books "Volume I and" Wei Jiao Hou Shu ") Li Zhi spoke highly of the collection of books. He said: "The collection of books has been completed. ..... the next Fu Zi. If you don't do it, the Millennium will have its own catalpa. Please cover me with this book, which will manage peace for generations to come. It should be read after the banquet, it should be selected, not the voters. " (Continued to burn the book volume 1 and Geng Zijian's book)
In the 28th year of Wanli (1600), Mr. Yangming's copy of Taoism and Mr. Yangming's chronicle were compiled in Jining, Shandong. From twenty-five years of Wanli (1597) to twenty-eight years (1600), he traveled to Shanxi, Tongzhou, Jining, Nanjing and other places. I met Matteo Ricci twice in Jining and Nanjing to discuss the doctrine. Back to Macheng in 28 years. In the winter of the same year, Feng Yingjing, a Taoist priest in Huguang, in the name of "maintaining weathering", instructed gangsters to burn down the Zhifu Temple in Longhu and destroy the tomb tower where his bones were previously hidden. Li Zhi was forced to stay in Huangbaishan, Shangcheng County, northeast of Macheng. In twenty-nine years, the demoted official Ma took Li Zhi from Tongzhou to live in Lotus Temple.
Thirty years of Wanli (1602), Li Zhi was seventy-six. In spring and February, the body was covered with white cloth and buried in a pit, which seemed to be a funeral from Islam. In the same year, does zhangwenda adhering to the records of shen's will, play and attack Li Zhi. In the end, Li Zhi was arrested in Tongzhou, charged with "dare to instigate chaos, mislead the world and slander the people", and his works were burned. After Li Zhi went to prison, "Tomorrow, Daikin Takeshi will send a message. The waiter tucked himself in and lay on the steps. Jin Wu said,' If you write a book for nothing?' Gong said:' sinners write a lot of books, which is good for the holy religion!' Dajinwu laughed at his stubbornness, and he didn't say anything about the prison. He almost returned to his ears. "I heard that the imperial court would escort him back to his hometown in Fujian, and he said with emotion," I'm sixty years old and I'm going to die? "He also said," I'm old, I'm sick, and I died strangely. I'm really dying. "Why not die?" On March 15, the waiter was called to shave his head, grabbed a razor and cut his throat. Two days after his death, he died on March 16 (May 7th in Gregorian calendar) at the age of 76. The report written by Dongchang Royal Guards to the emperor said that Li Zhi "died without food". Ma was buried at the side of Masizhuang Temple outside the north gate of Tongzhou, Beijing (now Xihaizi Park in Tongzhou, Beijing). Today, the cemetery still exists and is listed as a cultural relic in Beijing.
In the thirty-eighth year of Wanli (16 10), Li Zhi students Wang Keshou, Mei and Su donated money to Li Shubei.
Li Zhi declared, "I don't believe in Taoism, and I don't believe in immortal buddhas. Therefore, those who see Taoism are evil, those who see monks are evil, and those who see Taoists are especially evil. "
Li Zhi wrote many works in his life, mainly including:
Li Collection and Collection of Books, sixty-eight volumes. Twenty-seven years of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (1599) was carved in Jinling. Li Xu's Collection of Books and Continued Collection of Books, Volume 27. Thirty-seven years of Ming Wanli (1609). Thirty-six volumes of History Outline. In the forty-first year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (16 13), a pavilion was carved in the summer. Li's book burning, burning books in six volumes. Ming Wanli 18th year (1590) was carved in Macheng. Li continued to burn books and continued to burn five volumes. In the forty-six years of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (16 18), Yang Hongyu Zhai in Xin 'an Sea was carved. Chu Tan Ji and Chu Tan Ji have twelve volumes and thirty volumes. Mingke. Four episodes of "Three Religions of Zhuowu Laozi" (also known as "Yanshan Chapter"). Forty years of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (16 12), the moment when Liu Xun was in Wanling. There are twelve kinds of 23 volumes of Li Zhuowu's suicide note. Ming Ji Zhi Zhai Ke (including two volumes of Gu Taolu, Outline of Heart Sutra, Guanyin Wen, Lao Zi Jie, Zhuangzi Jie, Confucius Shentong, Mo Zi Pi Xuan, Causality Record, Pure Land Tactics, etc.). ). Li's collected works, 18 volumes of Li's collected works. Mingke. Li Series and Yiyin are two volumes. Mingke. Li's six books, six volumes. In the forty-five years of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (16 17), Xie liked line engraving (including book collection, book collection, book burning, miscellaneous books burning and lost storytelling). Mr. Yangming wrote eight volumes of banknotes. In the thirty-seventh year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1609), the Wulin continued to engrave Jintang. Wang Longxi's Notes in Nine Volumes. Twenty-seven years of Ming Wanli (1599). Ten books and six volumes in the pillow. Engraving in Ming Dynasty (including Classic Seven Records, Notes on the Window, Immortals, Wen Zi Zen, Yi Shi, Bo Shi, Zunkou, Health Care, Li Tan, and Yintan Qian Qiu Ji). The Water Margin Criticism of Loyalty and Righteousness has a volume of 100, and 100 times. Diary of Tang Dynasty and Diary of Mustard Garden (another critical biography of loyalty and righteousness 12 1, engraved by Ding). The original version of Pardon the West Chamber, Criticizing the Red Stroke, Criticizing the Boudoir and Criticizing the Yarn Washing are two volumes, which are printed in Ming Dynasty. Twenty-four volumes of Selected Works of Three Aliens. Yu Yun's harmonious engravings in Ming Dynasty (including eleven volumes of Collected Works of Founder Studies, one volume of Biography, four volumes of Yu Jie's Dark Drama, one volume of Collected Works, one volume of Poems, one volume of Collected Works, one volume of Chronology and one volume of Biography). There are 20 volumes of Reading the Collection of Sheng 'an, 20 volumes of Supplementing the World, 16 volumes of Four Book Reviews, 2 volumes of Broken Leisure Collection, 2 volumes of Nine, 8 volumes of Li Pingshu, 7 volumes of Ancient Compilation, 20 volumes of Collection, 1 volume of Zen Talk and 1 volume of Longhu Gossip.
"Water Margin", "The West Chamber", "Huansha Ji" and so on. What he once commented on is still a popular version.
Famous articles: Innocent Childlike Heart, A Brief Book on Women's Learning Taoism, etc.
Li Zhisheng had four sons and three daughters, all of whom died unfortunately except the eldest.