Geographical overview of China: 1. Topographic features of China.

The topography of China is complex and diverse, including five kinds of topography: plain, plateau, mountain, hill and basin. The mountainous area is vast, accounting for about 2/3 of the national area. The terrain is high in the west and low in the east, which is roughly distributed in three steps. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in southwest China, with an average elevation above 4,000m, is the first step, while the Inner Mongolia Plateau, Loess Plateau and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau are the second steps, with an elevation of1000 m-2,000 m, mainly plateaus and basins. To the east of the second level, the land surface above sea level is the third level, and the altitude is mostly below 500 meters, mainly hills and plains.

The complex and diverse terrain forms a complex and diverse climate; China's topography is high in the west and low in the east, which is ladder-shaped, which is conducive to the moist air going deep into the inland and supplying a lot of water vapor; Make the river flow eastward and communicate east-west traffic; The river flows from the higher steps to the lower steps, and the water flows rapidly, resulting in huge hydropower generation.

Second, the distribution of major mountain ranges.

Three lines from east to west: Tianshan-Yinshan-Yanshan from north to south; Kunlun Mountain-Qinling Mountains; Nanling. Northeast-southwest strike three rows: Daxing 'anling-Taihang Mountain-Wushan-Xuefeng Mountain from west to east; Changbai Mountain-Wuyishan; Mountainous areas of Taiwan Province Province.

Two north-south trends: Helan Mountain; Hengduan Mountain. There are two northwest-southeast trends: Altai Mountain and Qilian Mountain. Mount Qomolangma, the main peak of the Himalayas at the junction of China and Nepal, is 8844.43 meters above sea level, which is the highest peak in the world.

Third, plateaus, plains, basins and hills.

Characteristics and distribution of the four plateaus: The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is located in the southwest of China, with an average elevation of more than 4,000 meters. It is the plateau of China and the plateau of the world. Jun Gao is characterized by mountainous areas, continuous snow-capped mountains, extensive glaciers, numerous lakes, vast grasslands and abundant water resources. Inner Mongolia Plateau is located in the north of China, including most parts of Inner Mongolia and parts of Gansu, Ningxia and Hebei, with an altitude of about 1000 meters, making it the second largest plateau in China. Its characteristics: the ground is open and flat, and the terrain is not undulating; Many grasslands and deserts. The altitude of the Loess Plateau is1000 m-2,000 m, and the ground is covered with loose loess layer, which is the most widely distributed and deepest loess area in the world. Serious soil erosion; Thousands of valleys and valleys. Karst topography in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau is widely distributed. The mountains are undulating; Strong and durable.

Distribution and characteristics of great basin: Sichuan Basin is located in the east of Sichuan, which is called "red basin" and "purple basin" because of the wide distribution of purple sand shale, and is the lowest-lying great basin in China. Located in the northwest of Qinghai Province, Qaidam Basin is a typical inland plateau basin with Gobi desert, swamp and salt lake in the east. Junggar Basin, located in the northern part of Xinjiang, is the second largest inland basin in China, between Tianshan Mountain, Altai Mountain and some western mountains. The basin is an irregular triangle with high east and low west, with grassland and desert in the middle and hills and oases on the edge.

Distribution and characteristics of the three plains: the Northeast Plain, the surface of which is famous for its fertile black soil, is mostly below 200 meters above sea level, which is the plain in our country. North China Plain is the second largest plain in China, with low terrain and thousands of miles of fields. The plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is located along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, with dense river networks and numerous lakes.

Main hills: Liaodong hills, Shandong hills, southeast hills, etc.

Four, the main earthquake zone and volcanic distribution area

China is one of the countries with frequent earthquakes, mainly distributed in the following areas:

1. Taiwan Province province in the southeast and Fujian coastal areas;

2. Taihang and Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan areas in North China;

3. Southwest of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its marginal western Sichuan and Yunnan provinces;

4. Xinjiang, Gansu and Ningxia in the northwest.

The second article 2022 National Civil Service Examination Common Sense Judgment Test Site Collection

Ancient craftsmen: The first craftsman was an ancient chef in China, an expert in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. In Master Zhuangzi, he described that the expert slaughtered cattle for Wang Hui, the king of Liang, and his skill reached perfection. The book records: "the touch of the hand, the leaning of the shoulder, the foot and the knee." The dance in the mulberry forest is a classic first encounter. "Why is it so good? It is because I am very skilled in understanding cows and have mastered the physical laws of cows that I can do it with ease. The test here lies in the difficulty of idioms. It embodies the law of respect in philosophy.

Ou Yezi was a master of sword casting from the late Spring and Autumn Period to the early Warring States Period. When he was a teenager, he learned metallurgical technology from his mother's uncle and began casting bronze swords, iron hoes, iron axes and other production tools. In the process of casting swords, he was good at observing, thinking and innovating, and cast China's first iron sword "Long Yuan" (later renamed "Longquan Sword"), which was the first iron sword in China. Zhan Lu, Tsunku, Xie Sheng, fish intestines and giant magpie are the five swords commonly used by Yue. Later, at the invitation of Feng Beard, he and his wife went to Chu to cast three swords for the king of Chu: Long Yuan, Tai Ai and Gong Bu. Among them, Zhan Lujian is the most famous, known as "the first sword in the world". Zhan often appears in many ancient poems. For example, Du Fu, a poet saint in the Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem: "The courtiers are dressed up and the kings are in Zhan Lu."

Luban is the originator of architecture and carpentry in China. He was born in Lu during the Spring and Autumn Period. It is said that the hand tools used by carpenters, such as drilling, planing, shoveling, ruler and Mo Dou for marking, were all invented by Lu Ban. These tools were not invented by accident, but were obtained through repeated research in a large number of practices. There are also many stories related to Lu Ban, which are often encountered in exams. For example, in the wild, his hand was cut by the leaves of a wild grass, and blood oozed. He picked the leaves and touched them gently. It turns out that there are sharp teeth on both sides of the leaf. He scratched the back of his hand gently with these dense little teeth and actually scratched a hole. His hand was cut by these small teeth, and Lu Ban was inspired by this incident and invented a saw as a tool. In addition to these tools used in daily life, Lu Ban also invented many weapons. For example, in Mo Wen, Lu Ban changed the hook into a "strong hook" for ship warfare. Chu used this device to fight a water war with the Vietnamese army. Hook the ship when it retreats and push it away when it attacks. "Mozi's public loss" records that he changed the ladder into a ladder that can stand in the air to attack the city.