The following article may be beneficial to you! On "Tao" in Zhuangzi —— Reading the abstract of Zhuangzi: "Tao" is the most basic and important concept in Zhuangzi's thought, and Zhuangzi's "Tao" is a concept, a value evaluation standard and a way of personality cultivation; Zhuangzi's "Tao" is a lofty and boundless realm, and it is a great wisdom that embraces the whole world. Zhuangzi and Zhuangzi were the most wise thinkers in the pre-Qin period, and they emphasized the freedom of personality, the conformity with nature and the unity of man and nature. Tao is the most basic and important concept in Zhuangzi's thought, which runs through Zhuangzi. Zhuangzi used the concept of "Tao" to explain nature and the relationship between man and nature. As a reflection on Zhuangzi, this paper aims to explore the concept of Tao in Zhuangzi and Zhuangzi's natural way, political way and life way. I. Zhuangzi's Concept of Tao Zhuangzi believes that the universe is an endless big life, and the universe as a whole is the Tao, which is the life of all things radiated by the big life of the universe. Zhuangzi said: "Avenue, with love and faith, is invisible, can be transmitted without receiving, and can be obtained without being visible. Since its roots, there is no heaven and earth, and it has existed since ancient times; Ghosts were born; Above Tai Chi, it is not high, but below the six poles, it is not deep, born, not long, longer than ancient, not old. " In other words, "Tao" is real and can be felt with your heart, but it can't be seen, seen or touched, and can't be expressed in words. "Tao" is born of nature, and heaven and earth are born of "Tao"; Ghosts and gods are born of the Tao. Zhuangzi further described in the article "Heaven and Earth": "Those who return to the Tao cover everything and are magnificent!" "The way of a husband is deep in his place and clear." It means "Tao" embraces everything, and it is vast. The road is deep and quiet, clear and bright. In "A Journey to the North", Zhuangzi talked about what "Tao" is through several fables. Taiqing asked infinitely, "Do you know what Tao is?" Infinitely, I don't know. I also asked Wuwei, who said that the Tao I know can be expensive, cheap, aggregated or discrete, and that's all. Next to him, a man named Wu Shi said, "You can't smell the Tao, and what you hear is not the Tao." Tao is invisible, and what you can see is not Tao. Tao can't be described in words, nor can it be described ... "... So in Zhuangzi," Tao "is the foundation of the creation of all things, and it is also the master of the rise and fall of all things. It is everywhere. But "Tao" is not an entity with temporal and spatial significance. This is the most mysterious and mysterious place of Tao, because if Tao is an entity with temporal and spatial significance, then it must be visible, audible, tangible and transmissible, then it must be limited by time and space, thus becoming a limited thing. It is with this majestic atmosphere that Zhuangzi created a superhuman realm and observed nature, society and human beings with the mind of the universe. Second, the way of nature was earlier than that of Zhuangzi. Many contemporary philosophers in Zhuangzi described and explained nature in different languages, but Zhuangzi's description and explanation was the most vivid, wise and suitable for nature. In the first paragraph of Zhuangzi Tian Yun, the question 15 is used to question the generation and operation of heaven, earth, sun, moon and everything: "What is the fate of heaven? Where is it? What is the dispute between the sun and the moon? Who advocated it? Which dimension is it? Who lives in nothingness and carries it out? What do you mean organic must be sealed? Does that mean it can't stop by itself? Clouds are rain? Is rain a cloud? Who is Longshi? Who lives in a house and does nothing but persuade? The wind blows in the north, one west and one east, and you wander around the world. who is it? Who's wearing nothing? Dare to ask why? "These problems are very big and abstract. They involve the origin of the universe. Where did the first driving force come from? Ordinary people worry about food, while wise people worry about the sky. Zhuangzi not only raised these questions, but also answered them in his works. " There is nothing in the beginning of Thailand, there is nothing unknown, a play, and an invisibility. Things can be born, which is called virtue; Invisible people are divided and inseparable, which is called life; Flow and biology, things become physiology, which is called shape; Form protects the spirit, and each has its own rules. This is called sex. "Today, more than two thousand years later, we also have to admire Zhuangzi's extraordinary wisdom. Zhuang Zi's understanding of the universe more than two thousand years ago has some similarities with the explanation of scientists today. " Fu Sheng is in shadow, virtue is invisible, spirit is in Tao, shape is in essence, and everything is in shape ... The sky is high, the earth is wide, the sun and the moon are dry, and everything is prosperous. This is also the way. "The meaning of this passage is: tangible things are born in darkness, tangible things are born in invisibility, spirit is born in avenue, form is born in essence, and everything is born in each other according to their own types. As for the land of vast expanse, the sun and the moon move, and everything flourishes, which is self-contained according to the principle of nature. Zhuangzi also has a very remarkable point of view. He said: "those who are born, sick and dead are born even when they die. Who knows their discipline! When people are born, they gather together. If you gather, you will live, and if you disperse, you will die ... so, the world is in one ear. "(A Journey to the North) Zhuangzi believes that qi permeates the universe, and it exists in the form of nothingness:" Those who are angry also treat things in vain. "Qi is divided into yin and yang, and the interaction of two opposing qi of yin and yang makes the original state of heaven and earth change and everything comes into being." If there is something wrong with Yin and Yang, the world will be big, so there will be lightning and thunder, and there will be fire in the water, which will burn trees. "That is to say, yin and yang disorder, the world shocked, so the thunder and lightning together, big locust tree was burned to death by lightning. In the fourth section of Tian Zifang, there is a fable that Confucius asked Lao Dan. Zhuangzi borrowed Lao Dan's words: "Cold is in the shade, hot is in the sun, cold is in the sky, and hot is on the ground. The cross-integration of the two will give birth to the law of everything and its operation, but we can't see the image of Yin and Yang. In Zeyang, Zhuangzi also talked about the reasons for the coexistence of Yin and Yang through the dialogue between two fables, Shaozhi and Dagong Tune: Shaozhi asked Dagong Tune, "Where did everything come from within the Quartet and Liuhe?" Dagong replied: "Yin and Yang are born together, cancel each other out and grow together, and the four seasons are cyclical, so there are infinite devices." This is Zhuangzi's thought, empty polymer is born, and real polymer is born in empty. In the fourth quarter of "Journey to the North", Shun asked a man named Cheng: "Can Tao be bought and owned?" Cheng said, "Your body doesn't belong to you. How can there be Tao?" Shun said inexplicably, "My body is not mine. Whose is it? " Cheng said: "Your body is just the body entrusted to you by heaven and earth; Life is not yours, but the intersection of heaven and earth and yin and yang on you; Children and grandchildren are not yours, but entrusted by heaven and earth to continue the world. " There is also an important thought of Zhuangzi: man is a product of nature, and man's form and spirit are endowed by heaven and earth. Based on this understanding, Zhuangzi proposed that people's thoughts and behaviors should conform to nature, which is contrary to the idea that people can conquer nature. As can be seen from the above discussion, Zhuangzi's way of nature is: at the beginning of the universe, it was mixed, born out of nothing, born in the air, qi is the foundation of everything, everything in the universe was born and existed, and everything operated in its own way. This is indeed close to the knowledge of the universe obtained by modern scientific exploration, textual research and speculation. Third, the way to govern the country Zhuangzi said in the first paragraph of the article "Junyi" by the mouth of the fable character Pu: "But what is Zhihu today? It's better to have a Yu family than a Tai family. It still hides benevolence and needs people, but it is not inhuman. Thai, lying down slowly, realized that one regarded himself as a horse and the other as a cow. His knowledge is true, but it doesn't start with non-people. " Do you know now? Di Yu is not as good as Di Tai. You Yu's family is also flaunting benevolence and righteousness to win people's hearts. Although it can also win people's hearts, it has nothing to do with foreign countries. Ty's sleep is comfortable and soothing, and he is free and happy when he is awake. He is called a horse and an ox. His wisdom and knowledge are credible, and his moral cultivation makes people feel real. He is never bound by external things. This is Zhuangzi's ideal ruler image. He is Shu Tai-style, simple and pure, with no Machiavellian and ingenuity, nor does he win people's hearts under the guise of benevolence and righteousness. Then, Zhuangzi made up a story and said: One day, Shouwu met a rival. When the rival heard that Shouwu had learned the imperial skills from Japan and China, he asked, "What did Japan and China tell you?" Shouwu said: "Both Japan and China told me that as long as the people who rule the people make laws according to their own likes and dislikes, how dare the people not listen?" After listening to Yu, he said, "This is totally self-deception. Governing the world in this way is like cutting a river in the sea and letting mosquitoes occupy a mountain. The real sacred rule is to rule the people's thoughts, not to restrain their actions. We should let them act according to their own nature and let them do what they can and want to do. Zhuangzi earnestly warned the emperor: "Nothing is a corpse, nothing is a government, nothing is a job, nothing is a knowledge of the Lord. The body is infinite, but swimming without me, suffering from the sky, but not seeing, is also empty. If a person's heart is a mirror, he won't welcome it, but he shouldn't hide it, so he can win things without hurting them. "It means: give up the idea of seeking fame, give up ingenious planning, give up arbitrariness, give up ingenious behavior, let the mind rest, experience endless roads, swim in a quiet realm, feel the nature of nature, and make the mind ethereal and bright. People's hearts are like mirrors. Things come and go without saying hello. They truly reflect that there is nothing to hide, so they can overcome things without being damaged by them. The imperial edict in Zhuangzi's mind is: "An official should act without losing his suitability, pull out his ability without losing his ability, and act according to the situation. Self-sufficient in words and deeds, people from all directions are everywhere. This is the so-called sacred law. "(Heaven and Earth) Zhuangzi's ideal country is called the Virtuous World:" The Virtuous World, without Shang Xian, cannot be enabled. The world is like a standard branch, and people are like wild deer. They are honest and ungrateful, love each other without benevolence, honest and disloyal, and act foolishly and make friends with each other, but they don't think it is giving. This is a matter of leaving no trace, and things will not be passed on. "In Horseshoe, Zhuangzi repeatedly described his ideal country: in a virtuous world, people's behavior is steady, simple and careless, there are no paths in the mountains, no boats and bridges in the water, all beings live next to each other, there are many plants and animals, and vegetation grows. Animals can lead them to play, and magpies can climb up and peek at their nests. ..... In the most virtuous world, people live in groups with birds and animals and get together with everything. How can we distinguish between a gentleman and a villain? Everyone doesn't have to be smart, so naturally he won't be lost. Everyone is not greedy, so he is pure and simple, so he keeps human nature. It was after the saints came out that they hurried to seek righteousness and enjoyment, and the world was in chaos. Zhuangzi sharply criticized the social disaster caused by the regime with the story of treating horses with Bole: Bole said I was good at treating horses, so I burned it with a soldering iron, cut its hoof, cut its hair, tied it up with a halter and tied it to a stable, and the horse was tortured to death by 23/ 10. Not counting this, Bole made the horse hungry and thirsty, and savagely trained it and forced it to run. In front of him was a whip that tightened the reins, and behind him was a sharp whip that threatened each other. The horse was tortured to death. This story mercilessly exposes the essence of tyranny disturbing the people and harming the people. Fourth, the way to be a man is right, so we are not afraid of climbing high, drowning in water or scalding in fire. He has a way, so he is a real person. A real person won't dream when he sleeps and won't feel sad when he wakes up. He can't feel the taste when he eats. He breathed deeply, and everyone breathed through his throat. The true qi of a real person can run through his instep. Because he is quiet and reserved, he breathes through his pulse, so he takes a deep breath. Real people don't like living, are not afraid of death, come to this world quietly and die quietly. He can't forget the origin of life, but he doesn't seek the end of life. A real person, with a distinctive heart and quiet manners, has a broad forehead. His anger is like autumn wind and rain, his joy is like spring sunshine, and his joys and sorrows are like the passage of four seasons, which is natural. The man of God in Zhuangzi's mind is often not the kind of person born to achieve the ideal realm of personality cultivation as Zhuangzi said: perfect person, man of God, real person, saint, sage, adult, heaven and man. Among them, the most commonly used are Zhiren, Renshen, real people and saints. Different appellations all represent the image of his ideal personality. "Zhuangzi Xiaoyao Tour" depicts a beautiful image of a deity: "The mountain shot by the ancients is inhabited by immortals. If the skin is ice and snow, a virgin is graceful; Don't eat grains, suck the wind and drink dew; Ride the clouds, descend the dragons and travel around the world. Its spirit is condensed, so that things are not flawed, and familiarity does not hide Yu. " This is probably the earliest, most vivid and beautiful description of God. Later, Taoist descriptions of immortals and earthly immortals were almost the same as folk descriptions of immortals. Zhuangzi thought: "For those who have no self, God is useless and saints are nameless." People, gods and saints are all people with the highest personality cultivation. They have no concept and consciousness of self, utility and reputation at all. Zhuangzi wrote in "The Old Gentleman on the Supreme Master": "A real person is a real person. A real person is not violent in the face of weakness, arrogant in the face of success, regretful in doing wrong, and complacent in doing good, but cultivated under the guidance of an outside expert. In the ninth chapter of The Emperor's Father, Zhuangzi made up a fable in the name of Confucius and Yan Hui, saying that Yan Hui practiced Buddhism under the guidance of Confucius and made continuous progress, and finally reached the highest state of "forgetting". After practicing, Yan Hui said happily to Confucius: I have made progress and forgot the rites and music. Confucius said not yet. After a period of practice. Yan Hui said happily to Confucius: I have made progress again, and I have forgotten my benevolence and righteousness. Confucius said yes, but not yet. After a while, Yan Hui went to see Confucius after a very strict practice and said, "I have made greater progress. I have forgotten my limbs, my intelligence and my body. I have completely lost my self-awareness, integrated with the avenue and reached the realm of selflessness. "Confucius was greatly surprised after hearing this, and sighed: If you are integrated with everything, you will be impartial, and if you participate in the changes of everything, you will not be paranoid. You are such a saint! I am willing to follow you. Zhuangzi believes that the reason why disasters continue in the world is that man and nature are contrary to each other and argue with each other. They all feel good about themselves, because they do too much, and they take themselves seriously. They can't see or admit that man himself is only one of the things contained in nature, and they don't want to admit that a single man is just a drop in the ocean of people, so insignificant. However, people don't know their place in the universe and compete with the natural way, which has caused a lot of trouble and misfortune. To save the world's misfortunes, it is essential to inspire people to get rid of all kinds of distractions, make them conform to nature and reach the realm of spiritual communication with heaven and earth. Zhuangzi believes that the root of all contradictions in the world comes from people's egoism, from people's paranoia and rigidity; As long as you enter the realm of selflessness, these contradictions will naturally be resolved. Zhuangzi has a very famous saying: "My life is limited, but my knowledge is also limited. With the limit, there is no limit, and it is almost there; Knowing what you already know is almost enough. Good has no near name, and evil has no near punishment. The governor thinks that classics can protect you, you can live all your life, you can support your relatives, and you can spend all your years. "(Master of Health) On the one hand, Zhuangzi saw that life is limited and knowledge is infinite, and it will make people tired to pursue infinite knowledge with limited life, but Zhuangzi did not make people idle. Zhuangzi's point of view is that important people should "do what they are told". Zhuangzi once said that if the water is not thick, its negative boat is powerless. A glass of water can only be a mustard boat; The wind is not thick, and its negative wing is weak. He also said that only going to the countryside, bringing three meals of dry food is enough, and coming back that day is still full; If you walk a hundred miles, you must prepare food for one night. If you want to travel thousands of miles away, you must spend three months preparing your travel expenses. Zhuangzi also explained the extreme complexity of society with my clever story about cows. At the same time, he used my skillful understanding to show that cows can understand and handle things smoothly. Zhuangzi is against anything that is excessively sought after by people. Zhuangzi doesn't want to see excessive man-made harm to physical properties and human body and mind. In Zhuangzi's philosophy, the movement of the universe is endless, and everything is changing silently. Man is one of all things, and naturally he has to participate in the change. To conform to this natural change of heaven is to be born, to be long, to be old and to be dead, which is the happiest. Based on this understanding, Zhuangzi paid special attention to people's inner cultivation, no matter whether the external form was beautiful or incomplete. In DeChongFu, Zhuangzi deliberately described a group of lame and virtuous Germans. Some of these disabled people have broken feet, some have no toes, some are lame, some are lame, and some have a big tumor on their necks. Because they all have extraordinary virtues, their physical defects have been forgotten or ignored, and they have all become the ideal images in Zhuangzi's mind, which is completely different from the secular view. Conclusion In a word, Zhuangzi's Tao is intangible, ever-changing and unconventional. It is the source of all things, and the natural life and death changes of all things reflect its existence. For this kind of existence, people can experience it from the heart, but they can't describe it or explain it. Therefore, the person who gains the Tao first gains the lofty realm, which is manifested in the personality cultivation in harmony with the spirit of heaven and earth. This kind of person, ruling the world is inaction, inaction is not disturbing the people; There is no dispute with people, and no dispute does not hurt people; There is no perseverance in health preservation, and it is calm without perseverance. In today's world, disputes are everywhere, materialistic, and people are either promising or paranoid. It may be beneficial to obtain the realm of sages, indifferent to people's hearts and resolve disputes in the world. Refer to Zhuangzi's Note: Chen Guying Zhonghua Book Company 200 1.8 On the Development of Taoism in Zhuangzi Tao Jun Taoist Forum 2004. 1 On the Image of Taoism in Zhuangzi Journal of Shaoguan University Yang Guoqiang 1998.8 The Philosophical Significance of Taoism in Zhuangzi Xu Guihong Journal of Shaanxi Education College 65438+