The expansion of "bubble" will be accompanied by the collapse of micro-scale. Some collapsed "bubbles" can't last long enough to develop into galaxies and stars, let alone intelligent life. But when some "small bubbles" expand to a certain scale, they can escape the collapse safely and continue to expand at an increasing speed, forming the universe we see today.
■ Excerpts from the report
-"If God is the beginning, what is God doing before the beginning?" Hawking began with the legend of Bossango people in Central Africa about Bemba's creation of the world and mankind, which was quite attractive and caused everyone to think.
Hawking believes that the expansion of the universe is one of the most important intellectual discoveries in the 20th century or any century. It changed the debate about the origin of the universe. If galaxies are separating now, they must have been very close in the past. If their speed was constant in the past, all the galaxies should have landed on another planet about 654.38+0.5 billion years ago. Is this moment the beginning of the universe?
In order to understand the origin of the universe, we must combine general relativity with quantum theory. Asking what will happen at the beginning of time is a bit like asking what will happen at the edge of the world when people think the world is flat. Is the world a flat plate? Does the ocean pour down from the edge? When people realize that the world is not a flat plate, but a curved surface, this problem is solved. However, time seems to be different, as if separated from space. If it ever had a beginning, someone must start the train.
Truth, goodness and beauty: a query
The universe originated from bubbles,
Like "bubbles" in boiling water, big or small:
Some expand into planets, and some collapse and "reimburse" ...
-How can I not believe what this world-famous great scientist said?
But I just don't understand:
The big space where the "bubble" exists,
If it's not the universe, what should we call it?
Where does the "bubble" come from ...
Many questions will be confusing.
But I believe in science,
If you are a great scientist,
It will never be "nonsense"!
Modern theories about the origin of the solar system began with the nebula hypothesis put forward by Kant in the18th century. According to this theory, about 5 billion years ago, the solar system was still a diffuse and slowly rotating gas cloud. Due to the gravitational disturbance of other celestial bodies or the shock wave generated by the nearby supernova explosion, this gas cloud began to collapse, the dense core became the original sun, and the rotating dust particles and gas atoms around it formed a thin disk-Taiyang Yuan Nebula. Just as primitive galaxy clouds split into many stars, similar physical processes will split the Taiyang Yuan Nebula into a large number of gravitationally bound clumps (planetesimals), some of which are today's asteroids and comet nuclei, while others will merge into stellar embryos through collisions. These embryos constantly absorb the surrounding materials and eventually become planets and their satellites like snowballs. Because all these celestial bodies are composed of matter in a thin disk rotating around Taiyang Yuan, they are naturally * * * planar and isotropic, with a few exceptions (such as the reverse rotation of Venus) which can be explained by other factors such as tidal effect.
It is not difficult to understand the differences in physical and chemical properties between the two types of planets: in the inner region near the sun, only refractory rocks can survive, and gas and volatile ice substances have escaped. So Earth-like planets have smaller mass and higher density. In the outer solar system, because the temperature is too low to melt ice, there can be a woody planet with large mass and low density, which can retain light elements such as hydrogen and helium. Larger woody planets can collect more planetesimals than smaller terrestrial planets, so there are more satellites. The planetary ring may be the original debris left after the formation of the satellite, and the comet may be the original material accumulated at the boundary of the solar system.
Infrared astronomical satellites found that there was a dust ring around Vega, some stars had small companion stars, and many newly formed solar stars had nebula disks around them. These new discoveries tell us that the solar system is not an "only child", but has many brothers and sisters. It is not far away to further reveal the mystery of the origin and evolution of the solar system by comparison.
The sun comes from hot air, clouds and dust left by the destruction of other stars. When the cloud cools, it will become a spiral disk composed of particles affected by gravity. Its central particles are closely combined, and friction makes it heat and glow, thus forming a "protostar".
As more and more substances gather in the protostar, the atoms in the center will melt completely in the nuclear reaction, and then explode violently to ignite the nuclear melting pot, providing enough energy for the whole life course of the planet.
Medium-sized planets like the sun have enough hydrogen fuel to survive for billions of years. But eventually, like all planets, it will run out of fuel. At the end of life, when the supply of hydrogen fuel is insufficient, the final energy explosion will expand its outer layer hundreds of times. At this time, the sun will become a red giant.
When the last fuel runs out, the red giant will release its outer layer. After shrinking into a "white dwarf", the last days are slowly exhausted, the volume is gradually reduced, the temperature is gradually reduced, and finally it is completely burned out.
If a planet is several times larger than the sun, it may end up in a huge explosion called a supernova. The remaining clusters and gases eventually formed another planet and started another cycle.
A planet many times larger than the sun may end up in a completely different way. The huge gravity of the superstar core will make it collapse into a point with infinite density, perhaps a black hole. A black hole will pull everything around it towards its center-the density of a black hole is so great that light cannot penetrate it.
A nebula of gas and dust.
The birth of the sun
Evolution of planets
solar system
You float in boundless darkness, just like a tiny person in infinite space. Looking around, you seem to see the edge of the universe. You have reached the past 4.5 billion years ago.
Overlooking the Milky Way, billions of stars converge into a huge rotating disk, and two dazzling cantilevers extend from the dazzling center.
But the solar system you are interested in is only a tiny part of the Milky Way. After you give a silent command, you will find yourself floating on a nebula, and a brilliant sun and its planets will eventually be born.
This nebula seems to be a miniature model of the Milky Way, but it is also billions of kilometers in diameter. Like the Milky Way, it is also a rotating disk, and you only need to give another command to enter.
The dust and gas in the cloud are mixed together and rotate around the center. Fragments collide with each other and stick together, getting bigger and bigger, and the gravity is getting stronger and stronger, attracting more substances.
The center of the disk is thicker and darker, absorbing more dust and gas, and the temperature is getting higher and higher. For a moment, as if I struck a match or pulled a switch, a light flashed in front of my eyes. The nuclear reaction of the cloud core detonated the surrounding gas, and the sun was born.
Each planet is formed by its own rotating disk. After cooling, the disk shrinks into a hot liquid sphere, and finally cools and solidifies into a planet. Small terrestrial planets orbit the sun, while huge gaseous planets orbit away from the sun.
The sun that releases electric energy
A poem once wrote, "The atom that belongs to me also belongs to you". Indeed, we are all made of the same substance.
We share all kinds of particles with the planets that produce most elements. Planets such as the sun constantly use plasma to produce various substances-the blood of the universe.
Plasma generates electric charge and is strongly influenced by magnetic field. On earth, we can see plasma in the form of lightning. In other parts of the universe, it appears in different ways.
The sun is a sphere of high-density plasma, which constantly rotates, making the plasma generate powerful current and magnetic field lines. With the continuous rotation of the generator in this solar system, the magnetic field lines are constantly twisted and entangled.
The magnetic field lines can penetrate the surface and form a closed loop. Its core forms a magnetic concentration area called sunspot. Sunspots often appear in pairs-a north pole and a south pole, and the magnetic field lines come out of the surface of one sunspot and enter the other. A huge plasma stream called a prominence leaks from one sunspot to another along the magnetic field lines. When the plasma flow is interrupted, the plasma will be released into space in the form of flares. Moreover, more plasma will be blown away by the solar wind, which has a great impact on the earth.
Like the sun, the earth has a strong magnetic field. If the earth is in a vacuum, its magnetic field looks like a magnetic rod, but the solar wind changes its shape.
When the solar wind blows over the earth during the day, the earth's magnetic field is compressed into the shape of a bullet. However, on the dark side, the magnetic field is stretched into a tail shape.
This comet-like space region is called the magnetosphere. When the solar wind blows through the magnetosphere, it will generate current, some of which will flow along the magnetic field lines of the polar regions. If these currents are strong enough, the atmosphere will glow, which is called aurora. It is the "neon light" of nature.
Neon tubes are filled with various gases and have electrodes at both ends. After electrifying, the gas in the tube becomes plasma. It releases energy and light. Pure neon emits orange-red light, which is different in color when mixed with other elements. For example, mercury produces a light blue.
Elements in the upper atmosphere of the earth also determine the color of the aurora. Oxygen atoms emit green white light and nitrogen atoms emit crimson light.
Aurora is especially obvious when the sun is active. The flare forms a powerful plasma and hits the magnetosphere, thus forming an aurora.
These solar waves can also cause "magnetic storms". It will interfere with radio communication, destroy generators, and the earth's orbit ~ satellites ~ will also receive a lot of harmful rays.
1979, Sky Lab crashed into the earth prematurely due to solar activity. The violent solar wind heats and expands the upper atmosphere, increasing the tension of the spacecraft. The satellite orbit decayed, and the friction generated by the rapid fall of Sky Lab increased sharply, turning into a burning fireball. Solar activity has become a key factor in spacecraft design.
Although the earth benefits from the relationship between the sun and the earth, it will eventually be as desolate as the distant moon without the protection of the atmosphere and magnetosphere.
The Voyager space probe was launched to explore planets outside our solar system. One day in the future, they will leave the solar system and enter another completely strange field. Now they have made some important discoveries.
Some planets in the solar system have magnetic fields, while others don't. Jupiter's magnetic field is very similar to that of the earth. Perhaps because it is located at the edge of the solar system, Uranus' magnetic field lines are very inclined. But the solar wind will blow away all the planets and form a huge magnetic bubble in space, which is called the heliosphere.
It is the territory of the sun-the sea of the sun. At the heliospheric boundary, the solar wind ends. Scientists expect Voyager to cross this border one day and uncover the mystery on the other side.
Evolution of planets
Formed in a collision
planetary orbit
Imagine that you are observing the sun in its infancy. When it burns, great changes will take place in the surrounding substances. The heat of the flame dispels the gas and dust in the inner layer and pushes them to the periphery of the disk.
Hard matter remained and gathered in the orbit of nova, which later became the inner planet of the solar system.
You will watch the activities of these inner circles with great interest. Some big stones revolve around the newborn sun and collide from time to time. In this process, many small stones adhere to each other to form big stones.
Finally, you saw the winner of the battle, four new planets-Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. They ruled the core of the solar system and made three satellites at the same time.
Then we turned our eyes to the outer layer, and the gas dispersed to the outer layer gathered and shrunk into a huge gaseous sphere, eventually forming four out-of-band planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
As you can see, these four gas giant spheres have become a rotating disk, just like a shrinking solar system. They attract orbital debris, and these spheres have many satellites and bright rings.
Planets and their satellites collide constantly after they are formed. The gravel on the rotating disk was thrown at the rotating sphere like a big lead bullet. Their rock surface was pitted and scarred by the impact, so it also recorded the birth process of fierce struggle.
There is a gravel belt formed by violent collision between the outer woody planet and the inner terrestrial planet. These asteroid belts form the dividing line between woody planets and terrestrial planets.
There is a lone star orbiting the sun in the outermost layer. How is it formed? Is it a satellite left by a woody planet? Or are cold comets from more distant space the dividing line between the solar system and outer space?
This is the Oort Nebula, which sometimes throws objects at the sun and then drags its bright tail across the sky. Perhaps this distant star rotating in the opposite direction is the remains of a comet.
terrestrial planet
When the sun was born, the planets in the solar system changed.
Imagine that you are watching the huge explosion produced by the burning sun. Air billow blew away the atmosphere that might have existed on four inner planets. Can they be regenerated?
Mercury is closest to the sun. It is a permanent victim and cannot create a protective atmosphere. Due to frequent collisions from the universe, its surface is more and more uneven. Due to the lack of heat preservation, mercury has a great temperature difference, which is hot on the sunny side and cold on the sunny side.
The active volcano on Venus can compensate the atmosphere, but water evaporates at high temperature. Without water, Venus cannot realize the cycle of carbon returning to the earth's crust. The rising concentration of carbon dioxide has led to the inevitable greenhouse effect. Venus is too hot to melt iron and cannot breed any living things.
But the earth is lucky, with a moderate distance from the sun, which can make water exist in liquid state and receive the warm irradiation of the sun, so it has the necessary balance state for life to survive.
Volcanic movement recreates the atmosphere, while water and life cycle control the concentration of carbon dioxide. When living things consume carbon dioxide, they also produce ozone layer to filter the most harmful rays of solar radiation.
Mars tried to evolve into a hospitable home that embraced life, but failed. At first, it was partially successful, with oceans and rivers on the surface. Unfortunately, due to its small mass, there is not enough gravity to fix the atmosphere.
Mars can't regenerate the lost atmosphere, and only a small part of carbon dioxide can return through continuous volcanic movement. In a word, the atmosphere of Mars is getting thinner and thinner, and it is impossible to preserve the absorbed solar radiation. And its precious water exists in solid state, and Mars has become a dry and frozen world.
If you want to observe this colorful planet more closely, head for the sun-be careful to avoid those strong lights. What kind of planet can survive under such intense solar radiation? Your destination is the planet closest to the sun-Mercury.
Mercury surface
Mercury
Mercury calorie basin
Crater on mercury
You are standing on a boiling mercury column.
You can see the sun rising in the east. Seen from mercury, the sun is much bigger than from the earth, because the distance from mercury to the sun is more than half that from the earth to the sun. You can see the blazing sun rising on the horizon and hanging high in the sky, and soon it will get bigger and bigger.
Slowly, you can see the whole sun, then it shrinks slowly, and then suddenly turns to the west. You thought it was going to fall, but you were surprised to find that it rose again and swayed! At the zenith, it stopped again, and then it gradually became bigger.
Finally, it fell again, waddling under the horizon. The whole process from rising to falling takes 88 earth days. In another place on mercury, you can see the sunrise and sunset for two days at the same time.
Why does the sun look so abnormal on Mercury? What made it move west, then east, and then waddled back to the west to fall? When you see this strange behavior, you will understand what drives it to move.
It takes 59 Earth days for Mercury to rotate once, 88 Earth days for its revolution around the sun, and three times for two Mercury years.
It is this 2: 3 ratio that causes the strange solar motion over Mercury. Sometimes mercury's orbit around the sun is synchronized with its rotation, which will cause the illusion that the sun is completely stationary. Later, the speed of mercury's revolution exceeded the speed of its rotation, and the sun seemed to be moving backwards.
You can also notice that Mercury's orbit around the sun is an irregular ellipse. At perihelion, the distance between mercury and the sun is less than one third of that between the sun and the earth, while at apohelion, the distance between mercury and the sun is slightly less than half of that between the sun and the earth. This trajectory change makes the sun look big and small.
Standing on mercury and looking around, you will feel that you are in hell. When the sun rises, Mercury is almost a vacuum space, with no atmosphere, only terrible silence, because its gravity is weak and it can't attract gas. Even if you throw a stone on a deserted surface, there will be no sound, because there is not enough atmosphere to transmit sound.
Mercury has an iron core inside. Will future space exploration develop these rich resources? But from the outside, Mercury, like the surface of the moon, is full of potholes, desolate and naked without any protective atmosphere, and was bombarded by meteorites in the early solar system.
Mercury has a great temperature difference between day and night. The highest temperature during the day can reach 400 degrees Fahrenheit, which is higher than that in the equatorial region where the sun is in direct sunlight. At night, as the heat energy of the day gradually dissipates into space, the temperature drops to MINUS 300 degrees Fahrenheit. Because there is no atmosphere, Mercury can't keep the heat from the sun.
Look up at the sky at night and you will see two shining stars. In fact, these two shining planets are not stars, they are Venus and the Earth. If you look carefully, you will see a small bright spot on its side, that is the moon. In fact, what really attracts your attention is Venus, which is the brightest in the night sky. When you see it, you may think: What will the world be like above?
Venus surface
Venus' atmosphere
Venus
Volcanoes on Venus
Crater on Venus
Venus Canez crater
You are standing on Venus.
What lies before you is a desolate wasteland, full of fine rocks. Although it is noon, it is difficult to see the sun, because the beige clouds covering the surface reflect 98% of the sunlight.
When acid rain is brewing in the west, there is lightning in the distance. It has been raining here, but it always evaporates before reaching the ground, never falls to the ground again, and finally condenses into rain, and so on, making Venus have no water, only sulfuric acid rain and carbon dioxide.
Looking up at the sky in the dark, you will feel the clouds moving overhead, which means that you are in the daytime of the planet. Venus rotates once every 243 earth days. As a result of the sun's irradiation, the temperature of the cloud rises, thus moving at three times the speed of hurricanes on the earth.
The clouds above Venus are much higher from the surface of Venus than the clouds on Earth. The thick atmosphere filled with carbon dioxide blocks the sun's light and heat, forming a greenhouse effect, making the surface of Venus very hot. You may not believe it, but the temperature there can exceed 800 degrees Fahrenheit.
There is silence on the surface of Venus, and you can hardly notice any wind, because the wind is in the clouds at high altitude. But occasionally a breeze knocks you to the ground.
Clouds tightly wrap atmospheric gas, close to the concentration of liquid. Being in the thick atmosphere, you will feel that you are in the seawater 500 meters below the earth. Objects in the distance sparkle. Walking in it is like swimming.
Please take a coin out of your pocket, hold it high above your head, and then let it go. You will see it float to the ground slowly.
Looking around, you will see many strange structures on the surface of Venus. There are many domes scattered on it, and you can't know it is a volcano until you look closely.
Many volcanoes on the surface of Venus are active volcanoes because the thick atmosphere is rich in carbon dioxide.
Let's take a look at the mountains on Venus, some of which are higher than Mount Everest on earth. These mountains span all of Australia, many of which are volcanoes.
Venus may confuse you! It is similar in size to the earth, except that Venus is 30% closer to the sun than the earth is to the sun. The atmospheres of these two planets are formed by volcanic activity. Why is there such a big difference? The answer is water.
During the formation of the earth's atmosphere, a large amount of carbon dioxide was absorbed by the ocean. Venus is too close to the sun to store water. When the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases, the greenhouse effect will increase and the ocean will dry up.
You are floating above Venus now, watching the beautiful beige clouds reflect sunlight, making Venus look like a dazzling gem. And the clouds are flying under your feet, and now it's time to move on.
Mars surface 1
Huo Xing
Mariner's Valley on Mars
Mars Olympus 1
Mars Olympus 2
Mars surface 2
The Antarctic crown of Mars
"Ditches" on Mars
Mars is as quiet as a grave.
Although Mars may have the ability to give birth to life a long time ago, there is no life on Mars at present. And those substances that give birth to life may still exist, but they are deeply hidden between rocks and polar caps.
Although Mars is only one-third the size of the earth, its face is enough for the earth.
It is simply dwarfed. Its mountains and volcanoes are higher than the highest mountain on earth. The height of Mount Olympus is three times that of Mount Everest.
There are craters scattered on the surface of Mars, and there are also craters on other terrestrial planets, all of which are formed by violent collisions. Rock fragments are scattered all over Mars.
Some canyons on Mars are deeper than the Grand Canyon on Earth. They are eroded by rivers that once flowed on Mars.
Now that the river has disappeared, the remaining water is preserved as underground ice, and some of it is permanently preserved in the polar cap. This is because the atmosphere is very thin and the temperature is low, which makes the ice sublimate directly into water vapor when the temperature is high enough, so liquid water cannot exist. Water can only stay in the soil. If you pick up a handful of dirt, you can see a small drop of water in it, which will evaporate quickly in the thin air.
The polar cap is covered with ice, but this ice is not condensed by water, but dry ice formed by freezing carbon dioxide, which is covered with ice water.
Why is there no life on Mars? It used to have water. What happened afterwards?
In the early period of the history of Mars, frequent volcanic activities discharged a large amount of volcanic gas, which warmed the surface of Mars. Volcanic activity and geothermal heat melted the groundwater, and a large amount of water washed the surface of Mars to form a riverbed. Later, volcanic movement decreased, volcanic gas gradually decomposed, and the Martian atmosphere became thin, dry and cold.
Because Mars is much smaller than the earth, and its gravity is weak, all gases are emitted into the universe. Because there is no atmospheric protective layer to absorb the sun's light and heat, water evaporates and condenses quickly. Occasionally, volcanic activity may melt the ice sheet and make water overflow onto the land of Mars. Perhaps volcanic movement and static transformation created the intricate structure on the surface of Mars.
Although the volcano on Mars has been silent for a long time, it is still possible to be active. If so, the atmosphere will begin to form again.
Europe, especially western Europe, was once considered as the birthplace of mankind.
Since Darwin founded the theory of biological evolution, most people think that human beings are the product of biological evolution, and modern people and modern apes have the same ancestor. But when and where did this branch of human beings separate from the same ancestor? What is the sign of his separation? When and where did primitive people become real people? ...
Paleoanthropologists have been trying to find the correct answers to this series of questions. Most paleoanthropologists believe that real people are marked by making tools. Before real people appeared, scientists called them "predecessors". Erection is a morphological sign that predecessors separated from the trunk of ape ancestors, and the area he separated from the trunk can be described as the earliest cradle of mankind. Real people constantly evolve and develop, eventually becoming modern people, and at the same time forming different modern races. The area that completed this evolution process is the last cradle of human evolution.
When exploring the origin of human beings, we must first establish a premise that human beings are a biological species and can only have one ancestor, not multiple ancestors. It can't be said that black people have one ancestor and white people have another ancestor. Because although different species can intermarry, they can't have offspring, and only the same species can have children. If we advocate the multi-ancestor theory of human beings, we will make common sense mistakes in biology. It has been proved that human multi-ancestor or pluralism is contrary to scientific common sense.
Where did humans separate from the trunk of apes? Is it in Africa and then into Asia, or in Asia?
Africa is the cradle of mankind, which was first put forward by Darwin. He made bold speculation in the book "The Origin and Sexual Selection of Human Beings" published by 187 1. Another evolutionist, Haig, in his book History of Nature Creation published in 1863, advocated that human beings originated in South Asia, and also drew a picture showing the ways in which various races migrated from the center of South Asia today. In addition, there are Central Asia, North Asia and Europe. Because human fossils are constantly unearthed in the cradle of mankind, it swings on all continents.
Europe, especially western Europe, was once considered as the birthplace of mankind. From 1823 to 1925, there are 1 16 individuals, including Heidelberg people in the ape-man stage. Neolithic human bones were found in more cases, with 236 cases. So, people open the map and see that Europe is full of ancient human sites. At that time, except for the Javanese ape-man, no ancient human sites were found anywhere in Asia and Africa. In addition, the earliest discovered ape fossils were also unearthed in Europe, that is, the forest ape fossils discovered in France in 1856. In addition, in the 1920s, "Birden" scam was raging (Birden was regarded as the earliest person by some scholars, and even called him "Shu Ren". Finally, it was revealed that the so-called "Schumann" was originally intended to make up a fake of a Neolithic human skull and a modern ape's mandible, so many people thought that the center of human origin was in Western Europe. However, with the discovery of more human fossils in Asia and Africa, the theory of Europe, the cradle of mankind, gradually withdrew from the stage.
The discovery of "Beijingers" not only saved the Javanese Homo erectus, but also made the origin theory of Central Asia more popular.
1887, the Dutch anatomist Dubois, who was eager to find the remains of early human fossils, came to Java Island and found the fossils of primitive people. 1890, in a place called Trenier, mandibular fragments were first discovered, and a skull was discovered the following year, which is the famous "Javanese" No.1 skull. 1892, another femur was found not far away. After studying these materials, Dubois thinks that they belong to the same individual, which is the "missing link" between man and ape that people are looking for.
The discovery of Homo erectus in Java made South Asia say it was an elevator. However, Dubois's discovery was opposed by many people, and the strongest opposition came from the church. The church insists that the ancestor of human beings should be Adam. How can it be an ape?
19 1 1 In his book Climate and Evolution, paleontologist Matthew listed various reasons to claim that the Central Asian Plateau is the cradle of mankind. The reasons are as follows: First, the natural environment in Central Asia has become unsuitable for survival because of the rise of the Himalayas, but for animal evolution, the response generated by stimulation is the most beneficial, so these external stimuli can promote the formation of human beings; Secondly, the migration law of mammals is often that the least progressive type is excluded from the dispersion center, while the most powerful type stays near the birthplace and continues to develop, so the most primitive humans can be found in areas far from home. Early human fossils discovered at that time, such as Heidelberg and Java Homo erectus, fit this hypothesis.
1927, the fossil of "Peking Man" was discovered in China, and then the tools made and used by "Peking Man" and the remains of fire were discovered one after another. This great discovery not only saved Homo erectus in Java, but also made the theory of the origin of Central Asia more popular.
1930, American paleontologist Lewis found a fragment of the maxilla in Mount Keshan, Seevali, on the India-Pakistan border. The specimen is close to human characteristics in morphology, so he borrowed the name of an Indian god "Rama" and named it "Rama Ape". But this view was not recognized, because at that time, others were downplaying it. In 1960s, when paleontologists Pierbim and Simmons made a comprehensive study of more than 50 species belonging to 26 genera of forest apes, they noticed the anthropomorphic characteristics of Rama ape, and thought that it might be the ancestor type of this branch of human beings, and transferred it from the family of Apes to the family of Anthropology, and the theory of human origin in South Asia rose again. However, with the emergence of a large number of early human fossils and cultural relics in Africa, the theory that human beings originated in Africa has resurfaced.
When Darwin speculated that humans originated in Africa, there was little fossil evidence at that time. This situation changed in the 1920s. Near Kimberley, a diamond-rich town in South Africa, there is a place called Tarn. There are many quarries here, and mammalian fossils are often found in the process of quarrying. 1924, a young ape skull was found. After the research of anatomy professor Dart, he thought that its human form was between human and ape, so he named it "australopithecus africanus". 1936, an adult Australopithecus Australopithecus was found in Fontaine quarry in stech, Transvaal region. The following year, complete fragments of Australopithecus mandible and skull were found in Trey quarry in krom. Australopithecus has gradually attracted the recognition and attention of academic circles. But whether it is "the closest ape" or "the closest ape to man" is still controversial in academic circles. The key to solving the dispute is whether Australopithecus can make tools. Although stone tools have been found in caves and cracks where Australopithecus fossils were found, there are also advanced human fossils, so it is difficult to reach an agreement whether Australopithecus is the maker of tools. In addition, because the unearthed horizon of Australopithecus fossils is unclear, the exact age of Australopithecus remains unclear for the time being.
While people are wandering around, the discovery of East African fossils provides a new opportunity to solve these problems. From 193 1, British archaeologist Louis Leakey excavated a branch of the Great Rift Valley in East Africa and found many very primitive stone tools. They are only composed of river pebbles or gravels, dating back to the early Pleistocene. Who owns these tools? Li Ji and his wife searched here for more than 20 years, and finally found an Australopithecus skull in July of 1959. It is stronger than Australopithecus in South Africa. Its scientific name is "Bowman Australopithecus" and it is generally called "East Africa". get through