① red wine

② White wine

③ Pink wine

(2) Classification by carbon dioxide content

(1) light wine

② sparkling wine

③ aerated sparkling wine

④ The difference between champagne and ordinary sparkling wine.

(3) Classification by sugar content

① Dry wine

② Semi-dry wine

③ Semi-sweet wine

④ Sweet wine

(4) Classification by brewing method

① Natural wine

② special wine

? Iced wine, expensive rotten wine

(5) Classification by drinking mode

1) aperitif-aperitif

(2) table wine-drink it while eating.

(3) wine to be scattered-after-dinner wine

(6) Origin of wine

Wine named after the name of origin belongs to the category of products of origin. ?

There are many kinds of grapes used to make wine, which are very different from the grapes we usually eat. The grape skin of wine-making is very thick, with less pulp, more juice and small particles, which is basically not suitable for eating. Geographical conditions for growing wine grapes:

Not all places are suitable for growing wine grapes. Only with unique geographical conditions can we grow high-quality grapes and brew high-quality wine.

1. Climate: Grapes are suitable for growing in temperate regions with latitude of 38~53 degrees north and south. If it is too cold, the grapes will not ripen; If it is too hot, the grapes will ripen too quickly, which will only lead to bland wine.

2. Soil: There is no need for fertile land, and barren soil is especially suitable for wine grapes and planting. Minerals, drainage, pH and topsoil color contained in soil deeply affect the quality and characteristics of grapes.

3. Sunshine: The more sunshine, the better the maturity of the grapes and the higher the quality of the brewed wine. It is especially important in the harvest period of grapes.

4. Moisture: Water is also important for grapes. When the grapes germinate in spring, the water should be sufficient, and when they are ripe, they should be dried to avoid affecting the sugar content of the grapes.

Brewing of red wine and white wine;

1. Red wine is made of purple-black grapes, and its color comes from purple-black grape skins. Grape skin has a great influence on the quality of wine. Grape skin contains fine tannins, which is the main element of wine structure, and its aroma characteristics are stored under the skin.

2. White wine is made of white grapes or peeled purple-black grapes. If white grapes are fermented with skins, they will have a strong smell of grass and rotten cabbage. White wine contains no tannin because it is fermented by peeling.

Alcohol formation in wine;

Wine contains alcohol, and the alcohol content is generally 10~ 15 degrees. These alcohols are not added in the process of wine making, but are produced by grape fermentation. Sugar in grapes and yeast on grape skins can be fermented into alcohol at a certain temperature, which is an important process in wine brewing. This process is actually a chemical equation: fructose+yeast+oxygen = alcohol+carbon dioxide+heat. The relationship between oak barrels and wine.

Almost all famous high-quality red wines in the world must be stored in oak barrels for one or two years. Oak barrels are usually made of French and American oak.

Oak also contains tannins, which are usually rough and astringent. When it is mixed into wine, it will make the wine very astringent and difficult to swallow. Therefore, in the manufacturing process, oak blocks must be dried naturally for a long time (more than three years) to soften tannins slightly without affecting the quality of wine.

The biggest influence of oak barrels on wine is to stabilize the structure of wine through moderate oxidation. The wooden cells in the barrel wall of oak barrels have the function of ventilation, which can let a very small amount of air penetrate through the barrel wall and make the wine moderately oxidized. A small amount of oxygen slowly seeps into the barrel, which can soften tannins and make the wine more mellow. In addition to providing a moderate oxidation environment, the original aroma of oak barrels will also be integrated into the wine.

After storage for a period of time, the wine will also evaporate into the air through the barrel wall. Therefore, wine must be added to oak barrels every once in a while, so after one or two years, the wine will become more concentrated due to evaporation.

Not all wines are suitable for cultivation in oak barrels. For example, a wine that is suitable for young people and has a light taste and is not rich enough in wine aroma will lose its original pleasant fresh fruit aroma after being cultured in oak barrels, and may also destroy the sense of taste balance and cover up the original flavor of the wine.

Vintage Champagne: Generally made from wines from different years and regions, the storage time is 18 months.

Vintage Champagne: Made from grapes of that year, without blending, it presents different flavors and tastes with the aging time. Generally stored for more than 3 years.

The difference between the two:

1, the storage period of champagne is longer, which makes the taste of champagne richer and the fragrance more lasting.

2. The vintage champagne has a stronger color and a delicate and round taste.

Although the taste of vintage champagne is not as rich as vintage champagne, its refreshing and lovely taste is also deeply loved by everyone. If you like the cool taste, you can choose vintage-free champagne, and the price is cheaper. First, the way of serving wine

When serving wine, each wine has an ideal drinking temperature: the serving temperature of champagne and white wine is 4-8 degrees, and too low temperature will inhibit the flavor of wine. Rose red wine should also be slightly frozen, between 6- 12 degrees, too high temperature will make them lose their freshness. Red wine, round and fruity, is most suitable for tasting at 12- 16 degrees.

Second, the rules of drinking wine:

Wine is usually drunk at the table, so it is often called table wine. If there are many kinds of wine, there are several rules in the world: white wine first, then red wine. New wine comes first, then old wine. Light wine first, then mellow wine. Dry wine first, then sweet wine.

Third, the collocation of wine and food:

Basic principles of wine and meal collocation:

Red wine with red meat, including Chinese food with soy sauce. White wine with seafood and white meat.

Wine and health

Wine should be regarded as one of the most nutritious alcoholic beverages. Wine, especially dry wine brewed with pure fruit juice, has high nutritional value. According to scientific tests, wine contains about 500 kinds of compounds, including nutrients such as sugars, minerals, vitamins and amino acids, as well as complex compounds such as alcohols, esters, acids, aldehydes, ketones and phenols. Although their content is very small, the interaction between them makes the material structure of wine very complicated, so it has high medical and health care value.

Several benefits of drinking wine:

1. Wine is the only alkaline alcoholic beverage, which can neutralize the acidic substances of big fish and meat and rice and wheat that modern people eat every day.

2. Wine can lower blood cholesterol: American medical experts have confirmed that wine is rich in vitamins and minerals, which can replenish blood and lower blood cholesterol; Especially potassium and sodium, the content of which is about 10 to 1, can prevent heart disease and hypertension.

3. Red wine can inhibit the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein, increase high-density lipoprotein in blood, promote blood circulation and prevent coronary heart disease.

4. Red wine contains flavonoids, which can resist cancer, aging and prevent platelets from clotting into blood vessels. 5. Aerobic free radicals are ubiquitous in human living environment and human body, and they are aggressive substances that destroy cells. This nasty particle will oxidize LDL, making it particularly easy to attach to the blood vessel wall, which is the basis of arteriosclerosis. Red wine is rich in phenolic compounds (aromatic compounds in grape pigment), which can neutralize these oxygen groups, thus improving blood circulation, preventing arteriosclerosis and maintaining vascular permeability.

6. Red wine is rich in tannic acid, which can prevent tooth decay and radiation damage.

7. Wine can prevent myocardial infarction: drinking wine regularly in moderation can not only lower cholesterol, but also prevent the formation of thrombus, and even dissolve thrombus, which is medically called strengthening fibrinolysis. People who drink wine don't stick together easily, so they don't get blood clots easily. A British research report pointed out that drinking wine regularly and moderately can reduce the risk of myocardial infarction by 25% to 45%, which is not achieved by taking medicine and quitting smoking.

8. Wine can prevent osteoporosis: Like estrogen in the body, wine can increase the activity of osteoblasts and reduce the risk of osteoporosis.

9. Wine can prevent the body from aging: the vasodilation caused by wine will increase metabolism, thus improving the regulation of body temperature and improving the blood supply to the skin, thus becoming more resistant.

10. Wine can prevent kidney calculi: An American study shows that drinking a quarter liter of wine every day can reduce the risk of kidney calculi by nearly 40%.

1 1. Wine has the function of disinfection and expectoration: wine can increase the blood supply to the kidneys and liver. Kidney can improve excretion ability and wash away excessive toxins; The liver can strengthen metabolism and play a greater role in disinfection.

12. Drinking 2-3 glasses of wine every day can greatly reduce the incidence of vascular diseases.

13. Drinking wine can invigorate qi, promote blood circulation, beautify the skin, make the skin elastic, and also make the oil in the dishes disappear and promote the digestive ability of the stomach.

14. Wine can beautify and protect skin: it contains polyphenols with antioxidant function, which can delay skin aging. Lactic acid contained in red wine can treat skin desquamation, while amino acids contained in white wine can keep skin moist. According to experts' research, a wine bath can really nourish the skin and strengthen the body.

15. Old people who often drink wine are not easy to get Alzheimer's disease (Alzheimer's Harmo's disease): Polyphenols peculiar to wine can dilate blood vessels, keep the elasticity of blood vessel walls, improve the resistance of capillaries, kill bacteria and viruses, such as Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Herpes Virus and Coxsackie Virus, or at least inhibit their growth, thus effectively preventing some diseases caused by oxygen radicals, such as rheumatism, cancer, diabetes and so on.