The first is the siege of Baden.
After Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang acceded to the throne, he adopted the advice of his uncle Sun Tong, restored etiquette, set up three public offices and nine public offices, appointed Xiao He as the prime minister, and implemented the policy of sharing interest with the people and resting quietly. Encourage production and ignore taxes. Politically, the heroes Han Xin, Chen Yi, Ying Bu were first made king. When the regime was stable, in order to prevent rebellion and consolidate the stability of imperial power, their aristocratic status was cancelled, or they were demoted or executed, and Liu's clan was changed to be king, and the oath that "Liu is not king, the world will be * * *" was made. At this time, due to years of turmoil and weak national strength, when Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang attacked the Xiongnu, he was besieged by Xiongnu Khan in Deng Bai, that is, the siege of Deng Bai. Since then, the Han dynasty adopted a pro-marriage policy and exchanged marriage and treasure for the peace of the empire. So there was no war in the early Han dynasty, and the people were able to recuperate.
Second, Zhu Lu's rebellion
After the death of Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang, Emperor Gaozu Liu Ying succeeded to the throne, but during this period, it was actually the Lv Hou system. Cao Can was elected as the Prime Minister in the will of Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang, following the policy of Huang Lao politics of Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang, and achieving the effect of "the government can't go out, and the world is silent", which is praised by historians. However, Lv Hou also appointed consorts to suppress heroes, which caused the "Zhu Lu Rebellion".
Third, the rule of Wenjing.
After Lv Hou's death, Zhu Luzhi's rebellion was carved out from the roots of the ministers headed by Zhou Bo, who welcomed Liu Heng, the emperor of China. During the reign of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, he and his son, Liu Qi, continued to adopt the method of "Huang Lao Wu Yi", implemented a frivolous and generous policy, shared interests with the people, and paid great attention to morality, which restored the great damage caused by years of war and reduced the burden on the people. Although Liu Qi (BC 154) was the only turmoil in this period-"Seven Kingdoms Rebellion", it was pacified by Zhou Yafu and Luan Bu after 10 months, which did not bring substantial influence to the Han Dynasty. During this period, although the Huns invaded the Central Plains several times, they were in a relatively peaceful state most of the time, just like South Vietnam. On the other hand, the Han Dynasty continued to accumulate national strength and actively prepared for war through measures such as Ma Fuli. This ruling period, known as the cultural scene, is the first time that China has been highly praised by traditional historians since it became a unified era.
Fourth, fight against the North.
After Liu Qi's death, his son Liu Che acceded to the throne as Emperor Sejong of the Han Dynasty, and filial piety was Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Gaozu Liu Che (14 1-87), he took a series of reform measures, forging ahead, and made the politics, economy and military of the Han Dynasty stronger. Politically, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty strengthened the imperial power, created the title of the year, adopted Zhu's suggestion, and implemented the decree, which weakened the power of the princes. From then on, the influence of governors can no longer pose a threat to the central government; Later, more than 100 titles were cancelled on the grounds that the contributions made by governors were impure, which was called "the loss of Hou" in history books. After the second incident, centralization was greatly strengthened. Culturally, the idea of "Huang Lao talks about doing nothing" in the Han Dynasty was abolished and the country was actively governed; He adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion and began to reuse Confucianism. Although the talents of Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, and vertical and horizontal talents were used at the same time during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and the Han Dynasty has always been "Tao-oriented", the adoption of Confucianism during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty in Liu Che made Confucianism get attention and gradually became the mainstream thought in China after two thousand years. Militarily, actively respond to the biggest foreign enemy invasion in the Han Dynasty-Xiongnu. During this period, talented generals such as Wei Qing and Huo Qubing appeared in the Han Dynasty, and finally defeated Hun Khan, making "there is no Wang Ting in the desert south". It also recovered South Vietnam and North Korea, making China the first hegemon in Asia and the largest empire in the world. Diplomatically, Zhang Qian made two missions to the Western Regions, opening up the Silk Road. Liu Xijun, Liu and the great powers in the western regions were ruled by Er Weng's family, so as to alienate and control the western regions. Silk Road: China's silk and silk products, from Chang 'an through the Hexi Corridor, now Xinjiang, reach Central Asia, West Asia and Europe. Therefore, it has the reputation of "Silk Road". The Silk Road has become a bridge for economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the territory of China was established, which was the biggest period and the heyday of the Han Dynasty.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Xuan Di Zhongxing
Liu Che, Emperor Gaozu, suffered a famous witch disaster in his later years, which killed him. After the death of Emperor Gaozu Liu Che, Liu Fuling, who was only 7 years old, succeeded to the throne as Emperor Xiao Zhao. At the beginning of his reign, Liu Fuling was assisted by Shangguan Jie, Tian, Sang Hongyang and Huo Guang. However, in the first year of Yuanfeng (the first 80 years), a coup took place in Yuanfeng, and Liu Fuling, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty, soberly killed Shangguan Jie and other accomplices, thus avoiding Huo Guang's unjust death. Since then, Huo Guang has continued to assist Han He in governing the country. Liu Fuling, the emperor of Zhao Han, followed the policy of Liu Che, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty, and continued to recuperate at home, where the people lived and worked in peace and contentment. After Liu Fuling's death, Emperor Han Zhaodi, Liu Che, Sun Changyi and Liu He acceded to the throne. He indulged himself and plotted to get rid of Huo Guang, but Huo Guang abolished him. Later, Huo Guang welcomed Xuan Di Liu Xun (also known as Liu Bingji, the great-grandson of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty) to the throne, for the sake of Hanzhong Sect. In the first year of Benshi (73), Huo Guang was still in charge of Liu Xun and Xuan Di, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty. In the second year of Di Jie, Huo Guang died. But the Hall of Fame is getting dark. Liu Xun, the emperor of Xuan Di in the Han Dynasty, wiped out the Khodorkovsky Group. Liu Xun and Xuan Di, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, abandoned the unrealistic Confucianism in governing the country and adopted the policy of "ruling the country by combining Taoism with law", following the example of Liu Fuling, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, urging the people to rely on farming and mulberry, restraining mergers and reducing the role of dignitaries in the country. After the governance of Liu Che, Liu Fuling and Liu Xun, the national economy recovered obviously, and the Han Dynasty once again ushered in a prosperous time, which is the famous Wu Shengshi.
After the death of Emperor Liu Che, during the reign of Emperor Xuan Di, that is, in 60 BC, the Western Han Dynasty established the Western Regions Capital Protection House, which is the beginning of the official jurisdiction of Xinjiang today. However, after years of war in the Han Dynasty, Liu Che, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty, was overjoyed, which had a great impact on the economy, resulting in the weakness of the national strength of the Han Dynasty and the squandering of the savings of the previous dynasty. Therefore, Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, published the famous Imperial Decree of Luntai in his later years, hoping that the war would stop and the Han Dynasty would not perish. In order to save the economy, during the reign of Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, a series of policies were adopted, such as handing over coins and salt and iron to the central management, strengthening agricultural production, implementing the law of harmony, digging the White Canal, establishing the policy of equal loss and equality, stabilizing prices, competing with the people, and strengthening the role of the state in the economy.
Six, the demise of the Western Han Dynasty
After Liu Xun's death, Emperor Gaozu Xuan Di and Emperor Liu of the Han Dynasty succeeded to the throne, and the Western Han Dynasty began to decline. Liu Shi, emperor of Han and Yuan Dynasties, was soft-hearted and good at Confucianism, which led to the decline of imperial power and the rise of consorts. After the death of Emperor Liu Shi, Emperor Liu Ao acceded to the throne. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was a lecherous and fell in love with Queen Xu, Ban Jieyu and Zhao's three sisters (Zhao and Zhao Hede). Because Zhao's sister was infertile, the children of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and other concubines were mutilated to death by Zhao's sister, which was called "Yan pecked the emperor's grandson" in history. Because "debauchery invades the bones", Liu Ao, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty, finally died in the gentle township. Emperor Gaozu ignored the state affairs, which provided conditions for the rise of the Wang Group, and the power of the Queen Mother expanded rapidly. After the death of Emperor Gaozu Liu Ao, Emperor Gaozu Liu Xin acceded to the throne and mourned for Emperor Gaozu. Liu Xin, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, has a "sleeve-broken addiction" and hangs out with his favorite object Dong Xian all day long, regardless of state affairs. Wang Shufei's power has been further expanded. The country has shown the image of doomsday, and folk "re-ordering" arguments abound. On August 5th, BC 1 year, Emperor Liu Xin died. On August 17, 2007, the Empress Dowager Wang Mang replaced Dong Xian as Fu to welcome Emperor Han Ping. 10 year 10 month 17 day, Liu Kan ascended the throne as Emperor Xiao of Han Dynasty. However, Emperor Liu Kan of Han Ping became a puppet of Wang Mang. On February 3rd, 6th AD, Liu Kan, the Han Emperor who was only 14 years old, died of illness. Wang Mang only appointed Liu Ying as the crown prince and himself as the "photo emperor". In 8 AD 1 1 month, Wang Mang abolished the position of Crown Prince Junko and established a new dynasty, known as Daxin Empire or Xin Mang Dynasty in history, and the Western Han Dynasty perished.
The historical allusions of the Han Dynasty 1 1 are under siege.
Xiang Yu and Liu Bang originally agreed to take the east and west of the gorge (in present-day Rongxian County, Jia Luhe) as the boundary, and they did not invade each other. Later, Liu Bang followed the advice of Sean and Chen Ping, and thought that Xiang Yu should be destroyed when he was weak. Then he chased Xiang Yu's army with Han Xin, Peng Yue and Liu Jia, and chased Pengcheng (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu) eastward. Finally, several layers of troops were arranged to tightly surround Xiang Yu (in the southeast of Lingbi County, Anhui Province).
At this time, Xiang Yu's soldiers were few and there was no food. In the evening, when I heard the troops around him singing the folk songs of Chu, I couldn't help but be very surprised and say, "Did Liu Bang get Chu?" Why are there so many Chu people in his army? "Say, the in the mind has lost the morale, then get out of bed and drink in the camp; Sing with his favorite concubine Yu Ji. After singing, I cried, and everyone around me was very sad, and they all felt that they could not lift their heads. After a while, Xiang Yu got on his horse and escaped from the south with only 800 cavalry. Run away and fight, commit suicide by Wujiang River. Because there is a story in this story that Xiang Yu was surprised to hear the songs of Chu songs around him, and then failed to commit suicide, people later used "besieged on all sides" to describe the personnel environment where people were attacked or persecuted from all directions, resulting in an embarrassing situation of isolation and helplessness.
Anyone caught in this situation often has a tragic fate. For example, some people are idle because they often associate with bad people. But later, he was forced to make a living by those bad guys. When he asks for help from others, others will never sympathize with him or ignore him because of his bad behavior on weekdays. This man's situation is "besieged on all sides". Another example is that when the school discusses academic issues, students are ignorant (idioms, meaning no academics), irresponsible and confuse right and wrong. When students rise up and attack, students are completely isolated. This can also be called "besieged on all sides". In the process of our life, in our daily life, we should be a good person and do things in a down-to-earth manner. If we make a mistake, we will suffer from all sides.
2. The siege of Baden
The siege of Deng Bai was an event in 200 BC (the seventh year of Emperor Gaozu) when Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang was besieged by Xiongnu in Deng Bai (now Mapu Mountain in the northeast of Datong City, Shanxi Province).
In 20 1 year BC (the sixth year of Emperor Gaozu), Han Wangxin rebelled in Datong, colluded with Xiongnu and attempted to attack Taiyuan. Emperor gaozu Liu Bang personally led 320,000 troops to meet the Xiongnu, first winning in Tonggong (now Qin County, Shanxi Province) and then pursuing Loufan (now Ningwu, Shanxi Province). It was a cold winter and it snowed heavily. Liu Bang ignored Liu Jing's advice and stopped him. He rushed forward and chased Datong Pingcheng. The result was lured by the Huns. Liu bang and his vanguard troops were besieged in Dengbaishan, Pingcheng for 7 days and 7 nights, and completely cut off contact with the main force. Later, Liu Bang used Chen Ping's stratagem to escape from E Shi (modu chanyu's wife).
After the siege of Deng Bai, Liu Bang realized that it was not advisable to solve the dispute with Xiongnu only by military means. Therefore, for a considerable period of time, adopting the policy of "pro-marriage" has become the main means to win over the Huns and maintain border peace.
3, wheel platform regret
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sought immortality in his later years, but he was fascinated by alchemist witchcraft and fantasized about becoming immortal. He recruited a group of alchemists to refine Dan in the palace. The alchemist's golden words left him in a trance all day. Lao Dan was not elegant, but Li, one of his favorite "living immortals", died of illness. Emperor Wu always said that people became immortals. According to the alchemist's words, Emperor Wu also cast a copper column in the palace, which was twenty feet high, and a fairy was cast at the top of the column. The jade plate overhead receives the fairy dew from the sky. Emperor Wu drank fairy dew every day, but he fell ill. Thanks to the doctor's treatment, he did not die. There are countless such stupid things. Beijing Beihai Park also has this kind of knockoffs!
One day when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was sixty-five years old, he fell asleep in his palace and dreamed of countless Woodenhead, shouting at him and beating him with sticks and sticks. After waking up, I told my favorite Jiang Chong about my dream. Jiang Chong said that witchcraft is prevalent now, and someone must curse your majesty with woodcut villains. Emperor Wu believed it and ordered Jiang Chong to investigate. Jiang Chong is a traitor who sneaked into the palace. He once had a friction with Liu Yuxin because of an accident. This time, I want to take the opportunity to attack the prince and admire him in front of the emperor. Jiang Chong ordered a statue of Xiao Mu to be carved in advance and secretly buried in the womb. Then personally led the troops to dig out and frame the prince. The prince and other Jiang Chong reported to Emperor Wu, and immediately recruited warriors to cut Jiang Chong's skull first. Emperor Wu was furious when he heard the news, and ordered the Prime Minister to lead troops to capture the Prince, which made the palace ShaSheng deafening. Wei Ruyun, the mother of the Prince, committed suicide in anger, and the Prince himself was forced to flee Huxian (now Lingbaoxi). Later, because the officers and men chased him very hard, the prince had nowhere to hide and had to hang himself.
Afterwards, Emperor Wu finally discovered that it was Jiang Chong who plotted to create a small Woodenhead, forcing the prince to stir up trouble. It's too late to regret the death of the prince. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty wrote a letter to wipe out the nine ethnic groups in Jiangchong, and built a thinking uterus in Huxian county where the prince hanged himself to express his grief over the death of the prince.
After the prince died in vain, Emperor Wu learned from a painful experience and suddenly woke up. Now, since his great-grandfather Liu, the suffering of Xiongnu has never subsided, and the troops of the Great Han Dynasty have been defeated by constant aggression against this country. General Li Ling's 5,000 troops were also wiped out by the whole army. Li Ling even surrendered to the Huns, and Su Wu, the envoy sent to the Huns to make friends, was also detained by the Huns, and there was no news. The Taishi ordered Sima Qian to defend Li Ling, but was sentenced to prison. In those years, North Korea's political affairs not only made no achievements, but also became increasingly lax, resulting in unreasonable government decrees, rampant cruel officials, corrupt officials taking power and shrinking economy. People hate it and complain everywhere.
Emperor Wu often thought: If this goes on, the world will be in chaos. He was unwilling to let the Liu family sit in the world for more than a hundred years and be destroyed by his generation. So, he decided to turn over a new leaf, cheer up his spirit, reorganize his platform, cheer up the people's hearts, and let the Han Dynasty show its greatness again.
Emperor Wu went out of the deep palace and held a "pro-farming ceremony", that is, he ordered all the ministers around him to bring farm tools and cultivate in a field by themselves. Although this is a symbolic action, it is enough to order the whole country to develop production and obtain a bumper harvest. After the ceremony, he said to the ministers, "I have done many unreasonable things since I became king, which has caused the world to suffer, and I regret it now." From now on, everything that hurts people should be abandoned. Not anymore! "
Tian Zheng, one of the nine categories in charge of ethnic affairs, saw that the emperor regretted it, and took the opportunity to remonstrate, saying that for many years, the alchemist claimed to be immortal, but so far it has not achieved results. On the contrary, it disturbed the people's minds and gave up farming, just cheating money and corrupting people's hearts. We should all go on strike! Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty praised Qiu Tian for being right and immediately ordered all the alchemists to be driven out of the palace. Then, Tian was appointed Prime Minister, and he was ordered to restore the general plan of "sharing interest with the people" advocated by his great-grandfather. Get rid of the disadvantages and reorganize the mountains and rivers.
Sang Hongyang, a captain of Sousu, who was in charge of finance, also gave advice to Emperor Wu, and sent a large number of soldiers to Luntai (now west of luntai county, Xinjiang) for land reclamation to increase fiscal revenue. Emperor Wu disapproved, but also said:
"In the past, competent ministers toyed with increasing people's taxes and made everyone pay 30 pence more for military expenses. Today it is also called chariot wheel platform. Luntai is in the west of Gusu 1000 Li. He sent troops to attack Gusu in the past. Although he won, because of the long journey, thousands of people died along the way, not to mention going further west to Gusu now! I often miss the death of the sergeant and his discrete sadness. Today, sending troops to build bases and plow fields will not disturb thousands of families and endanger the people. I can't bear to smell it! The most important thing today is to abolish harsh laws and reduce taxes for the people. Encourage breeding so that horse owners don't have to work. As long as there is no shortage of state expenditure. If the border defense is not relaxed, yes. " (Please refer to the original text)
This imperial edict is called "the imperial edict of regret" in history. After this "imperial edict of regret" was issued, Emperor Wu stopped using troops abroad. All previous crooked ways should be banned. Although his health was getting worse and worse, he practiced and implemented many policies and measures to improve people's lives through various means, appeased the people's hearts, eased the activities against the imperial court in various places, and made the Han Dynasty pass the critical moment and the economy began to prosper again.