Han Dynasty (202 -8 years, 25 -220 years) is a unified dynasty after Qin Dynasty, which is mainly divided into Western Han Dynasty and Eastern Han Dynasty. It lasted 29 emperors and enjoyed the country for 405 years.

There was chaos in the world at the end of Qin Dynasty. After Liu Bang overthrew the Qin Dynasty, he was named Hanwang. In 202 BC, after the victory of the Chu-Han dispute, he proclaimed himself emperor and established the Han Dynasty, known as the Western Han Dynasty in history. Its capital is Chang 'an. Emperor Wen of Han and Emperor Jing of Han implemented the national policy of recuperation and created "cultural landscape governance".

After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ascended the throne, he opened up the Silk Road, expanded his territory and realized the "prosperity of Hanwu"; By the time of Emperor Xuan Di, the national strength reached its peak. In 8 AD, at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Wang Mang abolished the emperor and made Chang 'an his capital, which was called the New Dynasty in history and the Western Han Dynasty perished.

In AD 25, after Liu Xiu unified the world, he still took Han as his country name, which was called the Eastern Han Dynasty in history. With Luoyang as its capital, after unifying the world, it was called "Guangxu Zhongxing" in history. Emperor Han Ming and Fu, who followed the frivolous, initiated the "rule of Zhang Ming".

After the Han and Emperor succeeded to the throne, they broke the northern Xiongnu and recovered the western regions, creating an "eternal prosperity", and the national strength of the Eastern Han Dynasty reached its peak. The Yellow Scarf Uprising broke out in A.D. 184, which quelled civil strife but led to local self-respect. After Dong Zhuo's rebellion, the Eastern Han Dynasty existed in name only. In 220 AD, Cao Pi usurped the Han Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty perished, and China entered the Three Kingdoms period.

The Han Dynasty and the Peace Treaty were listed as advanced civilizations and powerful empires in the world at that time. During the Han Dynasty, the scope of the Han Dynasty was established. At its peak, it was bordered by North Korea in the east, Vietnam in the south, Qinling in the west and Gobi in the north, covering a land area of about 6.09 million square kilometers. In AD 2, the population of the Western Han Dynasty reached more than 60 million, accounting for one third of the world at that time. ?

The Chinese nation has been called the Han nationality since the Han Dynasty, which also made great achievements in the field of science and technology. For example, Cai Lun improved papermaking and became one of the four great inventions in China. Zhang Heng invented the seismograph and the armillary sphere.

Extended data:

1-historical events in the 2nd century;

1, Zhang Qian to the western regions.

Zhang Qian's mission to the western regions, also known as Zhang Qian's mission to the western regions, refers to a historical event in which Zhang Qian hoped to unite the Vietnamese to crusade against the Huns and send Zhang Qian to the western regions.

In the first year of Jianyuan (BC 140), Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, ascended the throne, and Zhang Qian was appointed as the palace minister. In the third year of Jianyuan (BC 138), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty recruited envoys to send envoys to the Yue family, hoping to unite the Yue family to attack the Huns. Zhang Qian recruited them as messengers, set out in Chang 'an, passed the Huns, and escaped after being captured. I went west to Dawan, passed Kangju, arrived at Dayue's home, and then went to Daxia, and stayed for more than a year before coming back.

On his way home, Zhang Qian changed from South Road to Nanshan in an attempt to avoid being discovered by Xiongnu, but he got it from Xiongnu and was detained for more than a year.

In the third year of Yuanshuo (BC 126), the Huns were in civil strife, and Zhang Qian took the opportunity to escape to the Han Dynasty, and reported the situation of the western regions in detail to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, who named him a doctor too much. Because of Zhang Qian's prestige in the Western Regions, the envoys of the Han Dynasty later called him Bo Wanghou to win the trust of other countries.

Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions was originally intended to carry out the strategic intention of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to unite with Da Yueshi to fight against the Huns. However, after he went to the Western Regions, the cultural exchanges between Han and Yi were frequent, and the civilization of the Central Plains spread rapidly around through the "Silk Road".

Therefore, Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions has special historical significance. Zhang Qian has made outstanding contributions to the opening of the Silk Road from China to the Western Regions, which is praised by the world.

2, follwed restructuring

Wang Mang's reform, also known as Wang Mang's New Deal, was a series of new measures adopted by the new emperor Wang Mang at the end of the Western Han Dynasty to alleviate the growing social contradictions. Including land reform, currency reform, business reform and official county name reform.

In the first year (8 years), Wang Mang accepted Liu Ying's abdication and proclaimed himself emperor, changing his country name to "Xin" and Chang 'an to Chang 'an. As the capital of the new dynasty, Wang Mang set a precedent for China to be an emperor by abdicating. The comprehensive social reform initiated by Wang Mang.

Wang Mang carried out the New Deal by imitating Zhou Li's system, changed the currency system, official system and official name for many times, restored the "well field system" in the name of Wang Tian's system, nationalized salt, iron, wine, currency, mountains and rivers, and redistributed cultivated land.

Slavery was abolished, a five-grade credit system and a six-grade policy were established, and public power was used to balance prices, prevent businessmen from exploiting them, and increase the revenue of the state treasury. Penalties, etiquette, agricultural clothing and other ceremonies have been returning to the ritual system model of the Western Zhou Dynasty.

However, Wang Mang's reform not only failed to save the social crisis in the late Western Han Dynasty, but further intensified various contradictions. Because the policy is too circuitous and unreasonable, the people did not benefit from it, but suffered first, so that the officials of the people were at a loss and constantly caused dissatisfaction among nobles and civilians everywhere.

In the fourth year of Tianfeng (17), there were locust plagues, droughts and famines all over the country, and farmers from all over the country revolted in succession, forming a large-scale rebellion of red eyebrows and green forests. Leading to the demise of the new dynasty.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Han Dynasty