? The Core of China Wushu Culture —— Wushu Morality
As early as the Spring and Autumn Period, Zuo Qiuming wrote Zuo Zhuan, which said that "there are seven martial arts". Later, with the development of the times, the meaning of Wushu is constantly changing and developing. In the past, most of the martial arts creeds were "respecting teachers, respecting morality, filial piety and justice, helping the poor and helping the poor, eliminating violence and respecting the sun", "asking with an open mind, treating others with self-denial, helping others with pleasure" and "avoiding arrogance and extravagance". Various sects have their own rules, precepts and covenants, and there are "three don't preach", "five don't preach", "ten don't preach", "eight quit" and "ten decisions" as the standards of Wushu. Today, many scholars have summarized Wushu. Some scholars think that Wushu is "the spirit of respecting morality", some think that Wushu is "a virtue", and some think that Wushu is "the morality embodied by Mushatokoro". 1987 national Wushu academic seminar summarized the norms of Wushu as "respecting martial arts and respecting morality, cultivating self-cultivation" These all sum up Wushu morality from different aspects, but Wushu morality is actually an ethical concept, so we should define Wushu morality from the perspective of ethics.
We believe that Wushu morality is the moral standard and quality that people engaged in Wushu activities should follow in social activities. In short, it is Wude. "Tao" generally refers to the law of movement and change of things, and is extended to the social code of conduct, rules or norms that people must follow; "Virtue" means that people know and follow "Tao", get it from themselves and give it to others. This is the so-called "virtue". "Tao" mainly refers to an external requirement, while "virtue" refers to an internal spiritual sentiment or realm. The combination of the word "virtue" first appeared in Xunzi's article "Encouraging Learning": "Therefore, learning ends with ceremony, and the husband is called the extreme of virtue."
Wushu morality belongs to the category of sports morality. Wushu morality is not only the public sports morality that people who participate in Wushu activities abide by, but also the ethical norms that Wushu workers should follow in Wushu teaching, training and competition. Because Wushu is different from other sports activities, influenced and infiltrated by national morality, it has formed its own unique moral code-Wushu morality.
The essence of Wushu is also the principle of social justice, that is, justice, fairness and justice, which is one of the oldest moral concepts of mankind. Wu De also regulates the relationship between man and society through the role of public opinion, public pressure and uneasy conscience, so that people can "choose good and follow it, and choose evil and attack it".
Wushu and China s Philosophy;
China's ancient philosophy took the Yin and Yang Eight Diagrams in the Book of Changes, the Tao of Laozi and the Confucianism of Confucius as its core, and formed its own unique style. It has strong social reality, broad system and distinct subjectivity. It is not only the induction and summary of other ideologies, but also has an inestimable influence on other social ideologies.
Wushu, as an organic part of China traditional culture, has been influenced by philosophical reform, rejection of literature and emotion, and development and change in the historical process of its emergence, development and perfection. Many martial artists in history have consciously or unconsciously used ancient philosophical thoughts to analyze and explain their own boxing methods, and they can comprehensively create different styles of boxing methods. The so-called "Neijia Boxing" that appeared in the late Ming Dynasty, as well as the later explanations of boxing such as Taiji, Xingyiquan and Bagua Palm, are closely related to ancient philosophical thoughts and contain rich philosophies.
The word "Tai Chi" first appeared in the Book of Changes. The Book of Changes said: "Tai Chi is easy to have, that is, two instruments are born, two instruments are born with four images, and four images are born with eight diagrams", and at the same time, "rigidity and softness are rubbed against each other, and eight diagrams are swayed". This embodies the simple materialist viewpoint and dialectical thought of the ancients. Tai Ji Chuan's boxing theory is interpreted by martial artists according to their long-term practice, which organically combines ancient dialectical thought with the movement law of boxing movements. Such as moving and static, leaping and leaping, bending and stretching, weakness and firmness, straight repair and bending, closing and opening, relaxation and restraint and promotion, are all different manifestations of the principle of unity of opposites of Yin and Yang.
Xingyiquan, which began in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, takes split, collapse, drill, cannon and horizontal five fists as the basic boxing methods and is explained by the philosophy of "five elements" to show the changes of boxing methods.
The boxing "Eight Diagrams Palm" named directly after "Eight Diagrams" originated in the late Qing Dynasty, but it was also the product of martial artists combining the offensive and defensive moves in boxing with the ancient "Eight Diagrams" theory. The eight diagrams palm rotates in eight directions along the circle, which is directly in the shape of "eight diagrams". However, in the ever-changing profound artistic conception of engaging in Buddhism, we can see that it is based on the Book of Changes, and regards the infinite change of gossip as regular, and it is a development and change view with numerical order replacement and movement change.
Changquan, represented by Tea Boxing, Flower Boxing and Shaolin Boxing, is also integrated into ancient philosophy. For example, Shaolin boxing pays attention to "combining rigidity with softness, combining rigidity with softness"; Hua Quan emphasized the opposing factors of "Yin and Yang and Qi"; Tea boxing advocates "combining rigidity with softness" and so on, which are the unity of opposites and mutual transformation under certain conditions.
China's ancient philosophy was formed and developed in the form of religion, so the Yin-Yang theory, the Five Elements theory and the Eight Diagrams theory with simple materialism and spontaneous dialectical thoughts all tried to explain the origin of everything by the opposition of Yin and Yang and various natural objects, but they were still imprisoned in the system of religious concepts. This makes Wushu influenced in its own development process and cast a mysterious veil. Therefore, idealism and metaphysics can be seen in many martial arts works to varying degrees.
Generally speaking, China Wushu, as a means of human self-improvement, and philosophy, a means of national spirit improvement in China, have jointly constructed the China Cultural Mansion. As the highest product of spirit, philosophy plays a guiding role in any physical and spiritual perfection of human beings and has considerable influence.
? Wushu and China Religion
Strictly speaking, China's religion is a complex, a complex of various cultural concepts, ethical concepts and social concepts. As an ideology, religion has also played a certain role in the development of Wushu.
From a historical perspective, martial arts and religion are inextricably linked. Shaolin Boxing is one of the oldest boxing styles in China, which is closely related to Buddhism. Shaolin Temple, famous at home and abroad, was famous for its martial arts during the Sui and Tang Dynasties when Buddhism was at its peak. The emergence and development of "Neijiaquan" has a lot to do with Taoist immortal magic theory and its attempt in "health preservation". Later, boxing movements were combined with Taoism's "guidance" and "breathing" to create Tai Ji Chuan, "Bagua Palm" and other soft-oriented boxing. In addition, the ethical concepts put forward by Wushu practitioners, such as "respecting teachers and attaching importance to Taoism, putting filial piety first", "Ten Commandments" and "Five Don't preach", directly reflect the Confucian thoughts of "Three Cardinals" and "Five Certificates".
It is precisely because of the special relationship between martial arts and religion that under the influence of sectarian portal, there has been a phenomenon of striving for "truth" and "true biography" under the guise of attaching "fairy" and "Buddha". This situation hinders the healthy development of Wushu.
We can prove the relationship between martial arts and religion from many aspects of Du Hui's life. Wushu is the traditional sports culture in China, and religion, as a form of social children's knowledge, has had different degrees of influence on the development of Wushu in different historical periods, both positive and negative. A detailed investigation of their relationship will help to clarify some historical facts, break the mysterious concept of Wushu in some people's minds and make Wushu develop in a healthy direction.
Wushu and traditional Chinese medicine
Wushu and traditional medicine belong to the category of human culture, have the same philosophical and methodological basis, and have been enriched and developed in the same cultural field. Traditional medicine is based on the philosophy of materialistic vitality theory, and its fundamental characteristics and advantages are the overall comprehensive view and the dialectical view of yin and yang, and then it is put forward that "essence, qi and spirit" are the "three treasures" of the human body, which are integrated and interdependent. Wushu completely absorbs these theories of traditional medicine into its own theoretical system, and gradually forms the unity of form and spirit, both internal and external. The idea and way of keeping in good health by nourishing temperament internally and exercising muscles externally. In addition, martial arts and orthopedics of traditional medicine are also closely related. Not only TCM theories guide health preservation and martial arts, such as acupoints, pulse-cutting, broken bones and folk remedies in traditional medicine, but also some martial arts techniques enrich the treatment techniques of traumatology in TCM, such as "one-finger Zen massage" and "slapping therapy" in traumatology. The combination of Wushu and TCM not only created eight unique technical achievements such as China's health preserving, Kung Fu massage, martial arts traumatology, traumatology acupuncture, sports medicine, acrobatic therapy, deviation therapy and special Kung Fu, but also produced a large number of related academic works. Moreover, this combination of history will inevitably promote their future development and become the theme song for the benefit of the world and mankind.