The opening report is a topic selection plan written by researchers on the basis of investigation and research. After the direction of topic selection is determined, it is submitted to the higher authorities for approval. This paper mainly expounds the basis, conditions and how to carry out this research. The opening report is an important link to improve the quality and level of topic selection, and it is also the only way for undergraduates to improve their scientific research ability.
Second, how can I write a good opening report?
1, through your own careful thinking and weighing, put forward a good direction of topic selection, which is the premise of writing a good opening report. Without a good beginning, the report is difficult to be passed.
2. Be familiar with the relevant research results of predecessors and engage in higher-level and more valuable research on the basis of others' research. Low-level repetitive research topics can't pass.
3. Only by mastering the theoretical knowledge related to the subject can the research work have a solid foundation, otherwise, it will be difficult to conduct in-depth research and have real creation.
4. Collect information from various aspects to make the report more scientific and perfect.
Third, the title of the topic should be accurate and standardized (see "Specification of Paper Title" below for details).
Fourth, fully demonstrate the purpose and significance of the research.
The purpose and significance of research is why we should study and study its value. This part of the content should be "real" rather than "virtual", which can generally be discussed from the perspective of actual needs, pointing out that this problem exists in reality and needs to be studied and solved. Don't shout slogans aimlessly. The main contents include: (1) the relevant background of the study: that is, what is the basis and enlightenment of this study. ⑵ Through empirical analysis, it points out why we should study this topic, the value of the study and the problems to be solved. See the following example:
Example: Research on the Construction of Quality Monitoring System for Graduation Thesis of Physical Education Major.
From 1999 to July 2008, 2988 articles related to college students' graduation thesis were published in China journals. Among them, there are more than 130 articles about the graduation thesis of physical education undergraduates. From the comparison of the number of papers in recent two years, it can be seen that the topic of "graduation thesis of college students" has attracted more and more attention. In these discussions, the supervision and management of college students' graduation thesis is basically the routine practice of colleges, departments and academic affairs offices in the past, and most of them are general. In this respect, what makes people shine at the moment is the discussion of "anonymous delivery of undergraduate graduation thesis" by four teachers from the School of Business Administration of China Youshi University after an experiment. Although there is no systematic summary of a set of experiences for reference, it is a valuable exploration after all.
It is worth mentioning that many experts in China suggest canceling undergraduate thesis. This cancellation theory does not attach importance to the integrity of college students' education. This is an unrealistic idea.
As far as the research on college students' graduation thesis abroad is concerned, from the literature we can read, it is basically to guide students to write graduation thesis, and this kind of guidance is almost the same as ours in the content of expression. Reprinted: Leisure has long existed. Leisure life is a field closely related to everyone's survival. Sports activities are an important part of leisure life, and the development of leisure sports has injected vitality into sports in the new century.
1 the connotation of leisure
What is leisure? In Ci Hai, leisure is interpreted as "a measure to restore soil fertility by not planting crops in farmland for a certain period of time." Obviously, this explanation is quite different from modern leisure activities. In English, the word "recreation" is often translated into leisure, which means: ① amateur recreation or entertainment; ② Relaxation and rest of body and mind. (Oxford Advanced English-Chinese Learning Dictionary) This meaning is close to people's general understanding. However, when investigating its etymology, it is found that its original text is recreate, which means re-creation, reproduction and recovery. In this sense, leisure activities are not ordinary recreation, entertainment and recuperation, but activities to restore physical and mental health and re-create life. Judging from the Chinese interpretation of the word "leisure", the ancients in China had an incisive explanation for this as early as thousands of years ago. "Hugh" rests on trees, emphasizing the harmony between man and nature; Leisure is quiet, pure and peaceful. "The combination of words and meanings shows the unique cultural connotation and value significance of leisure. Goof Frey Godbey, president of the National Leisure Research Institute of the United States, said: "Leisure is a relatively free life freed from the external pressure of the cultural environment and the material environment, which enables people to act in a way that they like and instinctively feel valuable, and provides a foundation for faith driven by inner love. "He believes that leisure is not only to find happiness, but also to find the meaning of life. Fundamentally speaking, leisure is to explore the meaning and happiness of life. Another foreign scholar thinks that leisure is a direct and brand-new life experience process, and the complete relaxation of body, society and spirit is reasonable leisure, which is by no means insignificant ... It can be seen that leisure is not only a leisure activity to restore physical and mental health, enrich and create life, but also a leisure activity aimed at perfecting and developing oneself.
Leisure is the product of the development of human society and an important symbol of social progress. The improvement of human social productivity promotes the increase of leisure time, thus making leisure play a more prominent role in people's social life. Yu Guangyuan, a famous scholar in China, pointed out in the article "On the Universal Leisure Society": "Leisure is one of the fundamental purposes of the development of productive forces, and the length of leisure time and the progress of human civilization develop in parallel ... From now on, if the labor time that does not belong to leisure can be further reduced with the development of social productive forces, the status of leisure can be further improved, which is the only way for the rapid economic development in the future."
Leisure is a creative process. Marx said: "Free time, disposable time itself is wealth." In this sense, leisure is the process of creating spiritual wealth and material wealth. It is a way of life and attitude to fully enjoy and cherish leisure life. In leisure life, people create cultural atmosphere, transmit cultural information and construct cultural artistic conception through the behavior, thoughts and emotions of human groups, so as to realize the all-round and complete development of individual body, mind and will.
Leisure is a social and cultural activity.
Leisure has various forms, wide contents and rich colors. From food, clothing, housing, chess and calligraphy, to poetry and songs, sightseeing ... and so on. The ancients said, "Leisure can make you Ming Sheng, make friends and drink. What is the joy of the world? " It should be pointed out that sports leisure activities are not "entertainment" activities to kill free time, let alone have nothing to do with "entertainment" activities. From the perspective of anthropology, history and sociology, leisure belongs to a certain cultural category and has rich cultural significance. Culture needs spreading and inheriting. Therefore, human leisure behavior is not an innate instinct, but also the result of human learning and education. Moreover, it is endowed with form and content by cultural things, thus embodying the vitality of culture.
Few people used to associate leisure with culture. Because cultural activities are elegant and tasteful activities, most leisure activities are considered vulgar and inferior. It is considered vulgar because leisure activities have the nature of "playing". And "playing" has always been regarded as a low-level activity. This one-sided understanding has something to do with people's ignorance of culture. Yu Guangyuan 1983, a famous scholar in China, pointed out when he returned from Europe and passed through Macau. Our country attaches great importance to sports competitions, but the research on competitions and games outside sports is not enough. He believes that "play" is an indispensable element in life, should be educated and noble, and should develop a "play" culture. 1When he gave a lecture in Guangzhou in July, 1994, he further pointed out that playing is one of people's basic needs. We should have a culture of playing, learn the skills of playing, master the skills of playing and develop the art of playing. This incisive exposition of leisure and culture embodies the importance of culture in leisure. Culture is a complex of different forms of characteristics created by human beings, including objects, knowledge, beliefs, arts, morality, laws, customs and other abilities and habits acquired from society. Culture is bred in people's lives. People's lifestyle is not only an important part of culture, but also a process of creating culture. In a sense, culture is the crystallization of human life style and wisdom and an organic whole of human life. As an integral part of life, leisure activities are naturally understood as a part of culture. As a cultural activity, one of the functions of leisure is "enjoyment". One of the reasons why the art of Peking Opera has survived to this day is that it can bring people enjoyment. And leisure activities pay attention to enjoyment. From this perspective, the cultural atmosphere of leisure activities is particularly strong. Enjoying life is the cultural theme of leisure activities, and developing leisure culture is an important measure to improve life quality.
3 Sports activities are an important part of leisure.
Sports is a special social and cultural activity, mainly a natural activity of the whole body. It has many characteristics and functions such as games, entertainment, fitness, exploration and so on. Physical activity requires the direct participation of the human body, which can temper health, strength, aesthetics, temperament, personality, wisdom and other factors most closely related to the body.
Sports have a positive impact on people's body and mind, which is of great significance to people's leisure life in the past, present and future. "Sports first play its role in the form of physical entertainment. However, sports is not a simple leisure and pleasant rest. The key is to seek the positive recovery of human nature and ensure the integrity of human beings. " "Free time liberated from work, if it is spontaneous entertainment, will inevitably produce what kind of activities to do, or a random idea. However, this kind of free time is the result of people's long-term efforts and must not be wasted casually. For leisure time, sports, a kind of physical entertainment, can be recommended as the most primitive activity. In this way, sports is the most ideal way of activity in the form of entertainment. " (History of Sports Thought, 34 pages, sports volume writing group of the encyclopedia of the State Sports Commission)
In the long evolution of human society, sports has experienced the development process from primitive sports, ancient sports, modern sports to modern sports. No matter which stage of exercise, leisure and exercise are always closely linked. In ancient Greece, the Athenians were typical of living a leisurely life. They deal with official business before noon and enjoy leisure in wrestling and gymnasium in the afternoon. At that time, the gym was a public facility for ordinary citizens, with a playground, a promenade and a discussion venue. In the afternoon, everyone gathered here to spend their leisure time through sports or discussion. In China, kicking scabbard (football), rowing dragon boat (dragon boat race), throwing pots, swinging, playing chess and bowing (polo) are all sports activities that China people like in their leisure life. "Cockfighting cuju, take the explanation book, sumo stage four or five, stage four or five, thousands of people like bee ants, each taking one side." Explain the position of sports in people's leisure activities. In the Middle Ages, although many sports activities were banned, some informal sports competitions such as fencing and equestrian were often held in people's leisure time such as holidays, which became the main way for people to spend their leisure time.
Renaissance, Reformation, Enlightenment and bourgeois industrial revolution promoted the emergence and development of modern sports. As one of the three pillars of modern sports, the prosperity and development of outdoor sports in Britain is inseparable from the leisure life of the British. Outdoor sports games are essential for leisure activities such as holidays, church anniversaries, and regular market trade days. Hunting, shooting, fishing, mountain climbing, track and field, football, swimming, boating, golf and hockey have become popular contents. In order to increase entertainment interest and improve appreciation, some sports activities have more formal rules, some informal sports organizations have been born, and many activities have become the "mother" of modern track and field, ball games and water sports. It can be said that outdoor sports in Britain have laid a good foundation for the formation and development of modern sports and promoted the development of modern leisure life.
Modern society is a highly developed society in economy, politics, culture and science and technology. The prosperity and development of sports is an important symbol of modern society. With the rapid increase of all kinds of sports books, the popularity of television and computers, the Internet has entered thousands of households, and the amount of sports information is increasing. Sports is spreading in people's lives at an unprecedented speed and its influence is increasing. "Exercise activation" has become a trend. The increase of leisure time, the improvement of leisure facilities and the change of ideas have laid the foundation for people to enjoy the fun of sports activities better. Events that used to be "aristocratic sports", such as golf, are gradually entering the homes of ordinary people. The data shows that 20 million people in the United States participate in this sport every year, and there are also10 million fans in Japan. In Australia, there is a stadium for every 10,000 people. "Just less than One Happy and Fifty years ago, many sports and fitness activities, such as golf, tennis, sailing, sightseeing, roller skating and cycling, were almost all sports of the rich. For example, in 1880, a bicycle sold for 100 to 125 dollars. At that time, such a sum of money was already a lot of wealth. " Now, "any ordinary person is enough to participate." (Leisure in Your Life, 170, Yunnan People's Publishing House). With the globalization of sports and the increasingly close international cultural exchanges, some sports have spread rapidly in society, such as sports dance and aerobics. In China, some foreign sports have been welcomed by people, and beach volleyball and squash have become the new content of people's leisure life. Some new sports activities have mushroomed. For example, in the early 1990s, the United States, New Zealand, France, Britain and other countries started a kind of "diving" (bungee jumping), and hundreds of thousands of people in these countries engaged in this sport every year. Surfing, skateboarding, rock climbing, gliding, whitewater kayaking, jet skiing, roller skating and fancy cycling, which are called "extreme sports", have also spread at a rapid speed in society and become popular leisure activities.
Moreover, sports and other leisure activities are more closely linked. For example, the proportion of sports consumption in people's leisure consumption activities is gradually increasing. Some data show that in developed countries, people usually spend 30-40% on sports consumption in their daily lives. According to other data, when Americans take part in leisure sports, 1995 spent as much as $350 billion on supplies and equipment. If it is converted into employment opportunities, * * * will create 8.75 million jobs with a $40,000 job. Sports tourism has become a new field of tourism, and mountaineering, hiking, cycling, sailing, diving, skydiving, gliding and skiing have become important weights for attracting tourists to various tourist destinations. Sports-themed travel has become a fashion. According to the survey of the American Travel Industry Association, 50% of the adult travel groups in the United States, that is,147 million people, have participated in "adventure" travel, and the programs of such "adventure" activities include camping, hiking and cycling.
Leisure sports is one of the development trends of sports in the future.
Leisure sports is a sports activity with the main purpose of entertaining body and mind and developing self. Leisure sports emphasize returning to nature, relaxing body and mind, and emphasizing the fun of activities. Leisure sports are eclectic in form and rich in content, ranging from traditional sports such as ball games and track and field, to emerging sports such as rock climbing, bungee jumping and gliding, to hiking, cycling and jogging in people's daily life. The characteristics of leisure sports are simple and easy, and the requirements for technology and venue facilities are not high; Suitable for all ages, suitable for a wide range of activities; Freedom emphasizes the freedom and fun of activities. Based on this, leisure sports are gradually loved by people. Some people have investigated the present situation of workers' sports activities in Shanghai and found that workers like football, but badminton is their favorite. The reason is that badminton venues are limited, so competitions can be held in open spaces, parks, squares and other public facilities, and activities are mostly aimed at family members and colleagues, free of charge anytime and anywhere. Some people call it "open space badminton", which is a typical leisure sports activity they like to see and hear. In Germany, hiking is people's favorite leisure sports activity, and hiking with relatives, friends, family and colleagues has become an essential part of people's holiday life.
With the improvement of social mechanization, electrification and automation, the popularization of modern means of transportation and the development of information technology, the opportunities and time for people to engage in all kinds of manual labor are greatly reduced, and the pressure brought by social competition and environmental changes is increasing. People are increasingly seeking to improve their health, relieve stress and spend their leisure time through exercise. Leisure sports will be one of the development trends of sports in the future, and it will occupy a leading position in people's leisure life in the future. 2 1 century will be an era of leisure. People will make more use of leisure to satisfy their hobbies that occupy a central position in their personal lives, and less regard leisure as a pastime and recovery after work.
It is an indisputable fact that the overall level of college students' graduation thesis has declined in recent years, especially those majoring in physical education. The phenomenon that students' papers are shoddy is very common, and some of them are "copy and paste" of several articles. Plagiarism is not an individual phenomenon. In this regard, in the face of students' employment pressure, schools and thesis instructors are very helpless. Writing graduation thesis is an important educational link to examine the application level of students' comprehensive ability and cultivate their scientific research ability. Article 3 of the Interim Measures for Implementing the Regulations on Academic Degrees in People's Republic of China (PRC) also stipulates that college students should write their graduation thesis. Studying the graduation thesis of college students and finding a solution to the overall decline of graduation thesis is of great significance to improving the quality and scientific research ability of college students and the quality of university education.
Writing graduation thesis is the last teaching link of physical education major. Graduation thesis is a precious treasure left by students, and it is also the last written assignment given to the school by college students. The process of graduation thesis guidance is a process of mutual learning, which is an excellent opportunity for teachers to test the teaching effect, improve teaching methods and improve teaching quality.
However, at present, there is a lack of an effective method in the whole process of guidance, writing, management and supervision of students' graduation thesis. There are no clear standards, assessment indicators and effective monitoring measures from topic selection, data collection, research, writing, revision, finalization, paper grading to paper defense. The management of instructors is basically laissez-faire, which only stays on the subjective assumptions of instructors and lacks scientific judgment and monitoring means.
So far, many colleges and universities have not found a good solution to the problem of the decline of the graduation thesis level of college students. I believe that some college leaders, many educational administrators and teachers are studying the problem of graduation thesis writing and thinking about new ideas to solve the problem. We declare this topic, concentrate the wisdom of many people, study this problem, and try to find a solution from the teaching process and teaching management process. This is undoubtedly valuable for improving the quality of graduation thesis.
Excerpted from "Research on the Construction of Quality Monitoring System for Graduation Thesis of Physical Education Major" by Xiao Wei et al.
Fifth, seriously consider the research content.
The content of the study is what aspects of the subject should be studied, which should be concise and not procrastinating.
Example: research content: (source as above)
1, make a set of graduation thesis guidance work plan:
Including the establishment of standardized graduation thesis work organization and management, operating procedures, defense rules, performance evaluation standards and assessment requirements; Formulate perfect rules and regulations; Do a good job in the mid-term examination of the thesis, find problems and solve them in time to ensure the gradual improvement of the quality of the graduation thesis.
2. Construct the quality monitoring system of graduation thesis.
Regarding the writing of college students' graduation thesis, every school has formulated relevant documents, and there are relevant regulations in the documents. This topic takes "supervision mechanism" as the research content, and studies the supervision of graduation thesis writing from the teaching link to the teaching management link.
3. Establish and improve the counselor qualification examination system.
Tutor plays a vital role in the writing of students' graduation thesis. In addition to teachers' professional ethics, instructors must also have strong scientific research ability and guidance ability, and be able to grasp the academic frontier trends. It is also one of our research contents to formulate quantitative indicators in this regard as a reference for reviewing the qualifications of tutors.
4. Absorb the experience of foreign graduation thesis guidance and management.
By other's faults, wise men correct their own. Although American undergraduates don't write graduation thesis (Professor Tu Yanguo from the School of Education Science of Central China Normal University said), many foreign universities, such as those in Britain, still have graduation thesis writing requirements for college students. Drawing lessons from the experience of foreign graduation thesis writing is conducive to improving our teaching guidance and teaching management.
Sixth, clearly establish the research objectives.
The research goal, that is, the specific purpose to be achieved at the end of the project, must be clearly written. Only when the goal is clear and specific can we know what the specific work direction is.
The following are the research objectives written in the experimental scheme of Subject Teaching and Quality Education: 1. Through experimental research, the characteristics and laws of implementing quality education in primary and secondary schools are summarized. 2. Put forward opinions on the implementation of quality education in subject teaching in primary and secondary schools; 3. To formulate the objectives and evaluation plans for carrying out quality education in all subjects of primary and secondary schools; 4. Initially form the basic theory of subject teaching in primary and secondary schools under the quality education mechanism; 5. Improve the quality of students in experimental schools in an all-round way, and promote the quality of education in experimental schools by a large margin; 6. Promote the improvement of teachers' quality in experimental schools and cultivate high-level scientific research teams.
Seven, the correct choice of research methods.
Specific research methods can be selected from the following methods: observation method, investigation method, experiment method, experience summary method, case method, comparative research method, literature method, logical analysis method and so on. When determining the research method, it is necessary to make it clear what to do and how to do it. If the survey method is needed, the purpose, task, object, scope, survey method, questionnaire design or source should be explained. It is best to attach a survey plan. Advocate the use of comprehensive research methods.
Eight, reasonable distribution of research progress.
The progress of project research is also the arrangement of project research in time and order. The steps of research should fully consider the relationship and difficulty of research content. Generally, we should start with the basic problems and proceed in stages. There must be regulations on when each stage begins and ends. The main steps and time schedule of the study include: what stages are the whole study divided into; The starting and ending time of each stage; Research objectives and tasks to be completed in each stage; Main research steps in each stage, etc.
Example:
The first stage (2008. 1-9): 1 the research group carries out division of labor; 2. Carry out literature research. 3 Make a research plan
The second stage (2008.10—2009.7):1,questionnaire survey and interview, to carry out the investigation on the current situation of school physical education and establish relevant sports concepts. 2. Conduct field research.
The third stage (2009.8-2009. 10): the feedback and re-practice stage of the research.
The fourth stage (2009. 10—2009. 12): the research of the project entered the summary stage, collecting all the research data of the project, sorting out and analyzing the data, and writing the general research report.