Theoretical Source of China's Medical Development

Huangdi Neijing is a theoretical classic of China's early medicine. Referred to as Neijing. It was first recorded in Six Hearts.

"Seven Laws" and Bangu's Hanshu Yiwenzhi were originally 18 volumes. Zhang Zhongjing, a medical sage, "wrote with plain questions, nine volumes and eighty-one."

Difficult ... Treatise on Typhoid Miscellaneous Diseases, Jin Huangfu Mi wrote "Acupuncture and Moxibustion A and B Classics" and said, "Acupuncture and Moxibustion Classics has nine volumes, and Pingwen has nine volumes.

298 volumes, that is, the "nine-volume edition" of Neijing was called Lingshu in the Tang Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, Songshi presented his family collection.

Ling Shu Jing was published.

Therefore, Jiujuan, Needle Sutra and Lingshu are actually more than one book. After the Song Dynasty, Su Wen,

Lingshu became two major parts of Huangdi Neijing.

Neijing was named Huangdi, but it was not a real work of Huangdi. Huainanzi once pointed out:

Secular people respect the past more than the present. Therefore, the Taoist must entrust Shennong and Huangdi.

Neijing is not the work of Huangdi, but when did it become a book? Who did it? In this regard,

Opinions have been divided since ancient times, but they have not been able to acquire the knowledge of * * *. For example, Sima Guang pointed out that Su Wen is the real book of the Yellow Emperor.

I'm afraid not. He believes that "between Zhou and Han Dynasties, doctors trusted Zhong Er". Looking at scholars of all ages, in Neijing,

In the era of writing books, there are the following viewpoints, such as those written during the Warring States Period and from the end of the Warring States Period to the Qin and Han Dynasties.

Who wrote the book of the Western Han Dynasty or who published it later is still one of the most heated issues among scholars. in this

In the debate, one thing is recognized by everyone, that is, Lu Fu, a medical scientist in the Ming Dynasty, said: "Look at their will."

Hot words. What he wrote was not written by one person. "

Records of Hanshu Yiwenzhi include Huangdi Neijing and Huangdi Neijing, as well as Bian Que's internal and external classics. How to divide it?

The Book of Changes has internal and external hexagrams, The Spring and Autumn Annals has internal and external chapters, and Zhuangzi has internal and external chapters.

Han Feizi has internal and external reserves. Therefore, it can be seen that the division of medicine into Huangdi Neijing and Waijing is only the second place, not what it is.

Deep meaning. Now the Huangdi Neijing has long been lost, but it still exists.

After Huangdi Neijing was written, in the process of copying and spreading, there were not only scattered contents, but also mixed and supplemented.

The content of this book has also increased in the annotation arrangement of past dynasties. So, what is the original text? What is a rumor? What is a miscellaneous collection?

The chaotic situation is difficult to distinguish, which makes it difficult for researchers to distinguish and distinguish, and sometimes there are disputes. Huangdi Neijing

It is widely circulated, and now it is divided into Su Wen and Ling Shu.

Su Wen: In the 6th century, Quan Yuan made a comprehensive annotation for the first time. At that time, the seventh volume was lost early, so there were only eight volumes. Christian era

In 762, Wang Bing made a second note entitled Huangdi Neijing, with 24 volumes, 8 1 article, of which 72-73 articles were missing.

Wang Zeng added seven "old collections". 1 1 century, the Northern Song Dynasty Correction Medical Book Bureau added a collation note to Wang's note and renamed it.

"Re-spreading Su Jingwen in Huang Zhu" has become the blueprint and basis for studying the printing and engraving of past dynasties after the Song Dynasty, and there are 10 publishers.

Tota.

Lingshu: It is called Jiujuan in the History of Han Art and Literature, and it was named Needle Sutra around the 6th century AD.

Biographies with different titles such as Jiushang, Jiuling and Lingshu. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were many notes on acupuncture classics.

This species was circulated and listed as a medical textbook in the medical laws of Sui and Tang Dynasties, Japan and South Korea, but it failed to be circulated to later generations. such as

As mentioned earlier, after the publication of the engraved version of Ling Shu (1 135), it became the only engraved version of Nine Volumes, although

There are differences between 12 and 24 volumes, but there is no difference in the content of the article.

There are 200 notes, excerpts, language translations, foreign language notes and translations of Su Wen and Ling Shu.

There are many other kinds, several of which have great influence. Each journal has more than 40 engraved lines.

Huangdi Neijing is very rich in content, while Su Wen emphasizes the principles of human physiology, pathology and disease treatment.

And the basic theory of man and nature; Lingshu focuses on human anatomy, zang-fu organs, meridians and acupoints acupuncture.

The similarity between the two is the theoretical discussion of related problems, which does not involve or basically does not involve the specific prescription of disease treatment.

And technology. Therefore, it has become the theoretical source of China's medical development, and it is the theory of disease and health discussed by doctors in past dynasties.

On the basis, although there are different and controversial medical theories, there are few deviations, almost all of which are based on Neijing.

The standard of theory. This is the reason why modern people must first learn Neijing when learning Chinese medicine. Because, if not,

If you master the essence of Neijing, you will know, diagnose and treat various clinical diseases of traditional Chinese medicine.

Drug prescriptions, etc. , can't understand and implement.

Scientific achievements of Huangdi Neijing: As mentioned above, Huangdi Neijing was not written in a short time, nor was it written in.

One person. Therefore, it is a systematic summary of the development of its previous generation of medicine by many medical scientists in the pre-Qin period, and it is a very

Rich medical experience is highly summarized, which has laid the theoretical foundation for the development of traditional Chinese medicine and reached a historical high level.

Ping, with many scientific achievements and very correct foresight. Or because of this, Neijing still exists today.

Its powerful vitality.

Now only the main points of his scientific achievements are described as follows:

Publicly declare a break with witchcraft. During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, China's medicine was still based on the concept of ghosts and gods, which was not only a disease.

In order to seek the factors of ghosts and gods, there are many witchcraft treatments. In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, this understanding gradually came into being.

Tremor, whether the diagnosis and treatment of diseases is a ghost factor has been hotly debated in theory and practice. Folk doctor Bian Que

In this far-reaching struggle, the authors of Neijing explicitly opposed the theory of ghosts and gods. Historical Records and Biographies of Bian Que Lungong

Bian Que's six incurable diseases in medical practice are clearly described, one of which is "trusting witches instead of doctors". The author of Neijing is in

"Su Wen's Five Zangs" emphasizes: "Those who are confined to ghosts and gods cannot talk; People who are so evil that they can't talk to each other.

What a coincidence "intention profoundly clarified their positions and views on the road and direction of medical development, as well as their views.

This point has been followed by doctors of all ages, thus ensuring that China medicine has basically been developing along the materialistic view of disease.

Research achievements in human anatomy and physiology. To understand human diseases, we must first understand human beings themselves. The works of Neijing

The researchers probably directly participated in the anatomical study of the human body, dissecting the body surface and internal organs on the spot. spirit

Shu Jingshui: "If a person is eight feet, his flesh is here, which can be measured from the outside, and his death can be dissected."

Its hidden firmness and brittleness, the size of its internal organs, the number of valleys, the length of its pulse, and the turbidity of its blood ... all have a large number. "Such as digestive tract.

Anatomically, Lingshu has introduced the geometry of lips, the geometry of the distance from lips to teeth, the weight of tongue shape, the distance from teeth to pharynx and the shape of epiglottis in detail.

Keywords mass, oral capacity, esophageal length, stomach capacity and body size, cardia and pylorus, small intestine length, how to bend,

Volume, the rise and fall of large intestine, volume and weight, the shape of anus, etc. , as well as size, length, capacity,

Morphology and interrelation are basically consistent with modern human anatomy. Another example is about the function of digestive system, blood circulation week.

Although the functions of body and urogenital system are generally understood, there are many scientific conclusions.

For example, the relationship between blood and pulse not only divides blood vessels into meridians (great vessels), collaterals (branches of great vessels) and

Sun pulse (small blood vessels), and clearly pointed out that blood vessels are substances that run the human body to produce nutrition and essence through diet and digestion.

Yes, with special emphasis on this kind of operation in the human body, there is no end. In fact, they are interested in the human body.

The blood circulation system puts forward scientific foresight.

Excellent medical technology. Neijing is a theoretical monograph, but some of it also involves medical technology. take for example

The book not only describes the water bath therapy and enema technique, but also correctly discusses thromboangiitis obliterans-gangrene.

Surgical removal of toes, etc. In Neijing, a hollow needle has been designed to puncture and release ascites.

This is a successful attempt to improve the treatment level of ascites and relieve the pain of patients. Although acupuncture and ascites release did not

It can create a radical cure for ascites, but as a medical technology, it will continue to be developed and applied in the future.

Today, although the equipment conditions and technology have made great progress, the principle is completely consistent. can

What is more commendable is that Neijing also describes the technical requirements for the manufacture of barrel needles, pointing out: "Therefore, we must treat needles with care."

Finally. "The technical essentials of needle insertion have also reached steps and methods basically similar to those of modern times.

Advocate disease prevention and emphasize early treatment. Traditional Chinese medicine has attached great importance to promoting human health to prevent diseases since ancient times.

The principle of thinking and pursuing it began in Neijing. For example, we should avoid repeatedly emphasizing "virtual evil and thief wind" (referring to pathogenic factors).

When ". For another example, it is emphasized that a brilliant medical scientist should treat a disease that is not sick, not a disease that is already sick. If you wait

Giving medication before the disease develops is like crossing a well and making weapons after the war has started.

Is it too late?

He also said: A brilliant medical scientist must "save buds" when treating diseases. And criticized medical scientists.

After a long illness, it is easy to draw the conclusion of "incurable disease" and point out:

"Although the disease is long, it can be finished (treatable), and those who can't be cured can't get it." Its ideas are all

Very advanced.

Although there are many contents in Neijing that need to be studied and discussed, its scientific contents and active exploration ideas are as follows

For more than two thousand years, it has been the source of vigorous vitality.

Neijing not only created the development of China medicine for more than two thousand years, but also was continuously studied and applied by medical scientists.

The effective record of solving medical theory and technology has been studied and applied by doctors in Korea, Japan and Southeast Asia.

Ideological guidance has a history of more than 1000 years. At the same time, Neijing has long been regarded as a sinologist, private collector and China scholar in Europe and America.

It is widely collected and circulated by many libraries, some of which have been abridged or translated into English, French and German. exist

Today, with the rapid development of contemporary science, Neijing has received more attention from human beings.