The whole set of equipment is more than 30 thousand, with high cost performance
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Sowing can be done when the skin is broken and the ground is exposed, and ditching is carried out at a row spacing of 20-30cm, with a ditch depth of 1 cm and a seed consumption of 7.5-1 5kg per hour. Cover the soil. It takes about 10 days to appear. Seedling height is 3-4 cm, thinning, removing weakness and retaining strength, replanting. In spring and autumn, seedlings are planted at the spacing of 10- 15cm.
transplant
Bagging grafting method: Cut the scion 20 days before grafting, store it in wet sand, separate the cortex and xylem at the cut of the rootstock into bags, and then insert the scion until it is tightly inserted. Bud grafting, T-bud grafting or tubular bud grafting (socket) is adopted in spring and summer.
floor
In early spring, the mother plant is horizontally fixed on the ground, buried in the ditch, exposed at the top, compacted with soil, and separated from the mother plant after rooting. Plant in spring or autumn. According to the row spacing of 2m× 0.4m, the hole diameter is 0.5-0.7m, decomposed manure is applied at the bottom of the hole, and a thin layer of soil is spread on the hole. After planting, fill the surface soil, lift the plants up to the roots, and then fill the core soil, compact it and water it.
Level the land, remove sundries and dig deep. There are two ways:
1. Full-scale deep ploughing: Before deep ploughing, 4,000-5,000 kilograms of soil manure or farmyard manure should be sown per mu with a depth of 30-40 cm;
1. Tillage: Ditching shall be carried out according to the planting method, with a depth of 50 cm and a width of 60 cm, and the topsoil and core soil shall be set separately. 2,500-5,000 kilograms of soil miscellaneous fertilizer or farmyard manure are applied to each mu in the border, and the topsoil is returned to the field 10 cm, and mixed evenly. Digging time: it can be done before mulberry planting in11-65438+February. [5]
Planting management
1. Planting time: 65438+ February to March of the following year.
2. Planting density and form: per mu 1 0,000-10,200 mulberry seedlings. There are two forms of planting:
(1) Wide and narrow row planting: For the flat land with good water and fertilizer conditions, wide and narrow row planting is adopted and triangular transplanting is carried out in the air. It is required that the large row spacing is 6 feet, the small row spacing is 2 feet, and the plant spacing is 1- 1.5 feet.
(2) Equal row planting: terraces and gentle slopes with poor water and fertilizer conditions should be planted in equal rows, with row spacing of 4 feet and plant spacing of 1.2- 1.5 feet.
13. Variety and seedling treatment: The fertilization principle of annona squamosa is to scientifically fertilize according to the tree size and different growth stages, mainly applying organic fertilizer, combining organic fertilizer with inorganic fertilizer, and gradually moving closer to green agriculture. Generally, 1 year is applied three times, and 1 time is carried out before and after pruning in winter, combined with deep tillage and garden cleaning. The application is mainly organic fertilizer, deep digging and deep loosening, full application, all organic fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer 80%, nitrogen and potassium fertilizer 20% throughout the year; For the second time, in the young fruit period after flowering in Xia Guo (May-June), nitrogen fertilizer was 35%, phosphorus fertilizer 10% and potassium fertilizer was 20%. For the third time, at the young fruit stage in winter (September-June, 65438+1October), 35% nitrogen fertilizer, 35% phosphorus fertilizer 10% potassium fertilizer were applied. When applying, it should generally be dug and buried, and it is not appropriate to spread it. Trenching can be ditch-shaped, annular, semi-annular, radial, etc. And according to the situation of trees, topdressing outside the roots can also be carried out, which is also a limited way to supplement the nutrition of fruits and trees.
Fruits can be covered with a layer of plastic film, hay or leaves, and then covered with soil. This method is suitable for scaffolding and mature gardens with many branches and vines. 13. Local soil burying method (covering the root neck with soil) In some areas where the absolute minimum temperature in winter is higher than-15℃, the plants are not taken off the shelf in winter, and a mound with a height of 30-50 cm is piled at the base of the plants to protect the root neck before freezing. This method is only applicable to varieties with strong cold resistance and places with the lowest temperature above-15℃. If grapes are grafted with cold-resistant rootstocks (such as Peking University and Beichun). ), it will be easier to bury them underground to keep out the cold. The depth of covering soil is generally thinner in loam and flat vineyards, and thicker in sandy soil and mountain vineyards. For some plants grafted and transplanted that year, although the lowest temperature in winter can't reach-17℃, the plants grow vigorously, fall leaves late and have many fruits, so they should be buried in time to prevent cold.
Grape root system is developed, which is fleshy root and stores a lot of nutrients, including water, vitamins, starch, sugar and other organic and inorganic components.
The function of grape root system is not only to fix the plant, but also to absorb water and nutrients from the soil and accumulate stored nutrients, which becomes the material basis for the regeneration and rejuvenation of aboveground parts.
Root characteristics of grapes
Root species
The composition and distribution of grape roots are slightly different due to different propagation methods.
Rooting line: a plant propagated by seeds, with vertical main roots and lateral roots at all levels. The taproot is developed, the root system is deep, there are obvious rhizomes and the branching angle is small.
Stem root system: Branched plants have no vertical straight roots and are mainly composed of lateral roots at all levels. There is no true rhizome, the lateral roots are developed, and the root branching angle is large.
Root distribution
Grape roots are generally distributed in soil with a depth of 20~60 cm, and the deepest part can reach about 2 meters, but the depth is directly related to fertilization depth, soil quality and variety. Because the growth of roots is water-oriented, fertilizer-oriented and geotropic, the deeper the fertilization, the deeper the roots will be, and vice versa.
Growth characteristics
Grape roots can grow all year round when the soil temperature is kept at 13 ~ 25℃ and the water content is suitable. Generally speaking, grapes have a rooting peak in spring, summer and autumn, and roots and new shoots grow alternately.
The first peak: before and after grape germination, when the soil temperature is low, the root system grows slowly by absorbing water and nutrients, reaches the growth peak after leaf spreading, and then gradually decreases, reaching the lowest point in the first half of flowering.
The second peak: after the grapes set, the demand for nutrients of the whole fruit tree reached the peak of the annual demand, so the corresponding root growth also reached the peak of the annual growth, and then gradually decreased to a low peak with the maturity of the grapes.
The third peak: after the grapes are picked, the vines start to grow again, and the corresponding roots gradually resume to grow, reaching a new peak, and then gradually decrease and enter the winter dormancy period.
Factors affecting the growth of grape root system
Grape root growth is related to temperature, light, moisture, nutrition, soil pH and organic matter content.
temperature
The optimum temperature for grape root activity is 2 1~24℃. When the soil temperature reaches 8~ 10℃, the roots begin to move and grow at 12~ 13℃. When the soil temperature reaches 20~25℃, the root system enters the vigorous growth period. When the soil temperature exceeds 25℃, the root system growth is inhibited, and it stops growing when it exceeds 28℃, and it quickly becomes cork with the continuous increase of temperature.
Grape roots are weak in cold resistance and stop growing at 10℃. Generally, the roots are slightly frozen at -4℃ to -5℃ and freeze to death at -6℃ for about two days. Different populations have different resistance to low temperature, and the order is:
East Asian population (Vitis amurensis):-15℃ ~-16℃;
North American population (Peking University):-12℃ ~-13℃;
Mixed species of Europe and America (Kyoho):-7℃ ~-8℃;
European species (red soil):-4℃ ~-5℃;
moisture
The soil moisture suitable for root growth is 60%~80% of the maximum field capacity. Soil moisture and nutrient status and their related physical and chemical characteristics play a decisive role in root growth.
Excessive soil drought: it is difficult for roots to absorb water and nutrients from the soil, photosynthesis is weakened, old leaves are easy to turn yellow and fall off, and even plants wither and die.
Soil waterlogging or high water content: causing soil hypoxia, forcing roots to supplement oxygen by leaves. Over time, the roots have difficulty breathing and lack oxygen to rot. At the same time, soil hypoxia affects microbial activities, making it difficult for roots to absorb nutrients, making trees gradually weak, and root growth tends to stop or wither or even die.
Tree nutrition
The growth of grape root system is related to the nutrient supply of the tree, and the balance of leaf-fruit ratio or light load is beneficial to rooting; The heavy load consumes a lot of nutrients, which is not conducive to rooting.
If the high yield meets the weak tree stage, the yield must be reduced first, and then the nutrition should be supplemented appropriately. At the same time, the sea elf biostimulant should be applied to promote the root growth and balance the nutrient absorption.
Fertilize soil or land
The roots of any plant have a procreation tendency. Generally speaking, fertilization on grapes is beneficial to rooting. However, if we do not pay attention to fertilization methods, it will not only promote the growth of roots, but also damage the roots.
Excessive fertilizer concentration: physiological water in the tree oozes out to the periphery of the root system to balance the physiological concentration inside and outside the root system. If too much physiological water seeps out, the tree will wither or die due to physiological dehydration, which is often called "fat burning root".
Fertilization: It is easy to cause the root system to float. The soil surface layer at 20cm is rich in microorganisms and various pathogenic bacteria, and the probability of root infection will greatly increase after the root system floats. At the same time, the ability of cold tolerance, drought tolerance and waterlogging tolerance of roots decreases, which affects the tree vigor, causes the quality of fruit trees to decline and is easy to crack.
Timing of fertilization: At the peak of grape root growth, timely fertilization can promote root growth and enhance tree potential. It is worth noting that after spring germination, the soil temperature is low and the root activity is poor, so it is not suitable for a large number of topdressing. A small amount of available nitrogen fertilizer can cooperate with sea elf biostimulant to restore root activity. At the same time, spraying sea elf (foliar type) on the leaves after unfolding can quickly supplement the nutrition of trees and improve the photosynthesis of leaves.
soil acidification
Soil acid damage is characterized by stiff plants, slow root growth, slow leaf emergence, small and few leaves, increased soil-borne diseases and easy occurrence of nematodes.
Root growth is poor in acidic environment, including black root, rotten root, dead root and no white root.
After soil acidification, the absorption efficiency of grapes to nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, boron and other nutrients becomes low. Cause nutrient loss or waste, and still lack fertilizer after fertilization.
It is easy to cause soil hardening, resulting in less air and more gaps in the soil, which is not conducive to root growth and nutrient absorption.
The number of beneficial bacteria and organisms is reduced, which is easy to breed pathogenic bacteria and nematodes.
To reduce acid damage, it is necessary to control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and reduce the use of other acid fertilizers, such as calcium superphosphate, phosphogypsum and immature organic fertilizer. In view of soil acidification, grapes can use sea elf biostimulant containing mineral humic acid and seaweed extract in the growing period to balance soil pH value and improve soil microenvironment.
organic matter
Soil with high organic matter content and good aggregate structure has good permeability, high fertility and vigorous microbial activity, which is most conducive to root activity and growth.
For the soil with heavy clay, less organic matter and poor permeability, organic fertilizer should be added to improve it, combined with biological bacterial fertilizer and sea elf biological stimulator, and ditch drainage should be carried out to promote root growth. [ 16]
Fresh storage
Modern storage mostly adopts controlled atmosphere refrigeration, and the equipment is more complicated. At present, simple storage methods are mainly used in rural areas, such as cellar storage, cylinder storage, sulfur dioxide fumigation storage, micro-cold storage and so on.
(1) The experience of storing grapes in northern China is harmful. Generally, a cellar is built on the hillside or the source bank, with 4-6 layers of wooden scaffolding, and L layers of grape ears are gently placed on each layer. The specific methods of cellar management are as follows: ① Pre-cooling grapes in the shade for 2 days after harvest, and the pre-cooling temperature must be controlled below 65438 00℃ to fully radiate the heat in the field. Then carefully put the grapes on the shelf in the cellar. ② Control the temperature and humidity in the cellar. Due to the high outdoor temperature in the early stage of cellar, ventilation measures can be taken to keep the temperature below 65438 00℃. After winter, when the temperature drops, it can be kept at 0- 1℃ during the day and closed at night. The relative humidity should be 80%-90%, and when the humidity is insufficient, water can be sprayed on the ground to moisturize. When the outside temperature drops below 10℃, the cellar door should be closed. (3) Strengthen inspection, and timely eliminate rotten grains of diseased ears.
⑵ When the number of grapes stored is small or the grapes are stored in the courtyard, the storage method can be adopted. In the north, household urns are commonly used or stored by themselves. Before storage, wash the jar, dry it, and then put in the grapes. The method of filling the ear is as follows:
1. Young trees should be pruned according to the principle of "giving priority to lightness, paying equal attention to modeling and results, and promoting early yield increase". (1) 2-4-year-old young trees, under the premise of arranging backbone branches, the key point of pruning is to clean up a layer of tightly squeezed branches and straighten the tree shape. According to the planting density, the small crown sparse layer shape (less than 80 plants per mu) and free spinning cocoon shape (more than 80 plants per mu) can be popularized. Small crown and sparse layer shape: select 3-4 main branches in the first layer, clean up the dense branches that affect the growth of the main branches after selection, and clean up 1-2 branches every year, and strive to clean them up in 2 years. Free-spinning reeling shape: 3-4 small main branches are selected every year, and the spacing between the main branches is about 20 cm, and the branches that are too dense are properly loosened. (2) 5-8-year-old young trees have entered the fruiting stage, and the key point of pruning is to clean up the dense branches between layers, improve the lighting conditions of the trees, and make the fruiting parts gradually transition to the backbone branches. Clean up 2-3 crowded places every year, and strive to clean them up in 3 years. After several years of adjustment and cleaning, five main branches, 1-2 auxiliary branches and 10- 13 main branches were preserved in the sparse layer of small crown.
2. Pruning of adult trees The purpose of pruning of adult trees is to "improve the illumination, improve the quality of branches, stabilize the quality and increase the yield", and the key point of pruning is to remove two layers of excessively dense large auxiliary branches, large lateral branches and large branches in batches, so that the large branches remaining in two or more layers extend outward as much as possible in a whip shape, and the total number of branches accounts for less than 20% of the total number of branches of the whole tree, which is beneficial to the illumination in the inner room of the first floor. If the crown of the tree is on the high side, it is necessary to gradually bow your head and be happy by the strength of the tree, and the height of the tree should be controlled below 3.5 meters; If the crown has crossed, the densely packed branches should be drained or transformed into small branches, and the branches should be shortened to slow down the outside and promote the inside, or the direction and angle of the main branches should be changed by changing the main branches, so that the crown distance should be kept at about 1 m to improve the lighting conditions of the population and individuals.
Second, cut off the diseased branches and insect branches. According to the survey, many diseases and insect pests that harm apples overwinter on the branches. For the diseases and pests that overwinter in trees, combining with winter shears, all branches of diseases and pests are cut off, burned or buried deeply, which can obviously reduce the harm in the coming year.
Third, the rough old bark in the gap between the rough old bark and trunk of fruit trees, there are often a large number of overwintering bacteria and pests. Scraping rough old bark, burning or burying it deeply has a good control effect on many kinds of pests and diseases, and sometimes even completely eliminates some pests.
Apple is a beauty product, which can not only lose weight, but also make the skin smooth and tender. Apple is a low-calorie food, every 1.
Pectin: It belongs to soluble fiber, which promotes cholesterol metabolism, lowers cholesterol level and promotes fat excretion.
Trace elements: potassium dilates blood vessels, which is beneficial to patients with hypertension; Zinc deficiency will lead to disorder of blood sugar metabolism and decline of sexual function.
Can regulate the stomach: fiber helps to excrete; It also has astringent effect on diarrhea.
Apple peel+a few slices of ginger boiled water: it can stop vomiting.
It can reduce the coldness of pears and strengthen moistening the lungs and stomach.
Autumn lung moistening syrup: apple/pear+1 lily+Dendrobium 15g+ apricot 9...[7]
value
Apple has a mild taste and is rich in carbohydrates, vitamins and trace elements, including sugars, organic acids, pectin, protein, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, iron and vitamins, which can obviously eliminate psychological depression. Clinical application has proved that the mood of patients with depression is greatly improved, and their spirits are relaxed and happy. After smelling the fragrance of apples, their depression is eliminated.
Malic acid in apples has whitening effect. Many people worry that the acidity of apples will corrode their teeth. Apples with cheese can limit the acidity in apples. Eating apples can also effectively help clean teeth.
Tao is also slightly better.
1, anti-aging: Red pitaya has high anthocyanin content. Anthocyanin is an effective antioxidant, which has antioxidant, anti-free radical and anti-aging effects, and also has the functions of inhibiting brain cell degeneration and preventing dementia.
Generally, grafting can be carried out in all seasons except the low temperature period in winter. Because winter and spring are cold and humid for a long time, the wound is not only difficult to heal, but also expands, endangering the plant. Therefore, the best grafting time is March-June, 65438+1October, which has sufficient healing growth period and is conducive to the next year's results.
3. Drug treatment before grafting
The knife used for grafting should be disinfected with alcohol or white wine to prevent bacterial infection. Conditional availability. Dipping the base of scion with sodium naphthylacetate solution can not only promote the formation of callus, but also improve the survival rate. [3]
4. Grafting method
A. Docking method
Cross-cut the triangular prism in Lady Enforcers at an appropriate height with a sharp knife, then cut the three edges at an angle of 30-40 degrees, pierce the vascular bundle in the middle of the rootstock with sterilized immortal thorns, connect the cut scion to the other end of the thorns, and sow or cut with thorns for propagation.
Persian chrysanthemum breeds with seeds. Generally, it is sown in early spring and blooms in May-June. From August to September, the climate is hot, rainy and short of flowers. After the cool autumn, it continued to bloom until the first frost. If you sow in July and August, it will bloom in June at 5438+ 10, and the plants will be short and tidy. The seeds of the universe have the ability to sow themselves. Once planted, a large number of self-sown seedlings will be born in the future. With a little protection, they can bloom as usual. Seeding can be done in the open field in mid-April, and seedlings can be unearthed in about 6 ~ 7 days if the temperature is suitable.
Cutting propagation is feasible in the growing period. The strong branches with 65,438 0.5 cm left under the node are cut into sandy loam, and can take root in 5 ~ 6 days under suitable shade and humidity.
Spring sowing in April, rapid germination, 7- 10 days after sowing. It can also be propagated by cutting and take root in 15- 18 after cutting.
Transplanting 4-5 seedlings with true leaves, coring, or sowing directly after thinning. If basal fertilizer is applied to the planting area, there is no need to apply fertilizer during the growing period. The soil is too rich, the branches and leaves are white and long, and the flowering is reduced. It is not easy to blossom and bear fruit during high temperature in July and August. Seeds are easy to fall off when they are ripe, so they should be harvested in the morning. Cosmos is a short-day plant. Spring seedlings often have fewer leaves and fewer flowers, while summer seedlings are short and neat, and bloom constantly.
Cosmos is strong, likes sunshine, bears drought, and has low requirements for soil, but it can't accumulate water. If planted in fertile soil, it is easy to cause the branches and leaves to grow white and affect the flowering quality.
Transplant the seedlings when they are 5 cm high, plant them when they have 7-8 leaves, or sow them directly. If basal fertilizer is applied to the planting area, there is no need to apply fertilizer during the growing period. The soil is too rich, the branches and leaves are white and long, and the flowering is reduced. Or smear the decomposed urine with 5 times of water every 10 day during the growth period. Watering for 2 ~ 3 times in dry weather can grow and bloom well. It is not easy to blossom and bear fruit during high temperature in July and August. Seeds are easy to fall off when they are ripe, so they should be harvested in the morning. Cosmos is a short-day plant. Spring seedlings tend to have fewer leaves and fewer flowers, while summer seedlings are short and tidy, and they bloom constantly. It grows rapidly and can be enucleated many times to increase branches.
Cosmos plants are tall, so when planted in the windward side, columns should be set to prevent lodging and breaking. Generally, more dwarf plants are cultivated, that is, when the seedling height is 20 ~ 30cm, the top is removed, and then the new terminal buds are removed several times in succession to dwarf the plants; At the same time, it also increases the number of flowers. A small amount of base fertilizer should be applied to the nursery. Seed collection is suitable for picking achenes when they are slightly dark, so as not to be scattered after maturity.
Cultivation:
The variety needs short sunshine treatment at seedling stage to bloom normally, and the suitable sowing date should be mastered. Suitable for direct seeding or seedling raising in the wild; Sowing and covering soil is about 1cm, and seedling emergence is about 5- 10 days; Immediately transplant 5-6 true leaves of seedlings with a spacing of 30-50 cm. During the growth period, remove the core, promote branching, control it too high, and avoid lodging in the later period. The requirements for soil are not strict, but it cannot accumulate water, is not cold-resistant, and avoids extreme heat. Fertile soil
Propagation: sowing or cutting propagation. Cutting can also be used in summer.
Sow in late March to early April, and sow in the open seedbed. The ground temperature can germinate at the lower temperature of 15℃, but if it is sown early, it will grow into a giant plant with a height of 2 meters, which is easy to fall down due to the typhoon or the weight of the plant. There are also early-flowering varieties, which bloom 50-70 days after sowing, so sowing should be divided into early flowers and autumn flowers.
Management: like warm and humid sunshine, slightly resistant to early frost, and not strict with soil requirements. Seedlings should be transplanted when the height is 5 cm, and planted when the leaves are 7-8. The requirements for fertilizer and water are not strict, and 5 times of decomposed urine is applied every 10 day during the growing period. High school varieties need upright posts before flowering to prevent wind disaster lodging. It grows rapidly and can be enucleated many times to increase branches. Red spider is easy to occur in hot weather, so it should be prevented as soon as possible. If planted in late July to early August, it will bloom in 50-60 days, and the plants will be short and tidy, which is suitable for National Day. When the seeds are mature, the inflorescences with large flowers and bright colors can be cut off and dried for seed storage.
In order to cultivate dwarf and lodging-resistant cosmos, the following countermeasures should be taken: ① sow in late July.
(2) After spring sowing, when it grows to 40-50 cm, pick the heart and let the axillary buds blossom.
③ Erect short bamboo pillars as soon as possible.
Pests and diseases: countermeasures must be taken to deal with molds, aphids and tetranychus. Spraying benomyl on mold and Ortholland granules on pests.
How to prevent cosmos from lodging
Cosmos is tall and sparse, with large and beautiful flowers, but it often lodging, and the scenery is great. The following measures can be taken to prevent cosmos from lodging:
① Sow in July and August. During this period, cosmos planted in 10 can blossom, and
These plants are short and neat.
2 choose the heart. In the growing period of cosmos, it is necessary to pick the heart many times, on the one hand, it can dwarf the whole plant, on the other hand, it can promote germination and branching to increase the number of flowers. ③ Apply less fertilizer and water. Too much fertilizer and water can easily cause plants to grow white and lodging, and flowers are scarce.
Harvest and preservation
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Harvest of cut flowers: the harvest place is the pedicel of cosmos. Buds can be harvested when they are semi-open to full bloom, and the operation is best carried out when the temperature is low in the morning. Products should be put into barrels immediately and precooled as soon as possible.
Classification: the collected flowers should be classified on the premise of typical characteristics of varieties, no damage, no pollution and good visual effect: the length of first-class cut flowers is about 60 cm; The length of the second cut flower is about 50 cm; The length of tertiary cut flowers is about 40 cm. The difference in the length of cut flowers of the same grade shall not exceed the standard 2 cm.
Packaging: 10 pedunculated inflorescences of the same grade and variety are bound and fixed, and packed into lined corrugated boxes marked with product names and with air holes.
Fresh-keeping management: the cut flowers of cosmos are not resistant to storage and transportation, and they are temporary cut flowers. Usually use it now, do not need long-term storage, and use it as soon as possible after harvest.
Shelf life: According to the above methods, the peduncle of cosmos can usually be stored for 1 ~ 2 days without affecting the decorative effect.
control of insect
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Its main pests and diseases are often caused by leaf spot and powdery mildew. You can spray wine with 500 times of 50% topcloth wettable powder. Insect pests are caused by aphids and scarabs, and spraying 10% insecticide EC 2500 times. Red spider is easy to occur in hot weather, so it should be prevented as soon as possible.
Powdery mildew: Symptoms occur in leaves, tender stems, buds, buds and other parts. The disease is characterized by obvious gray powdery mildew layer (conidia and mycelium of pathogenic bacteria). The growth and development of damaged plants are hindered, the leaves are twisted, and they cannot bloom or the flowers are deformed. When the disease is serious, the leaves dry up and the plants die.
Pathogenic powdery mildew of Polygonum. ] belongs to the subfamily Ascomycetes. Mycelium is born on both sides of leaves, conidia are columnar, ascomycetes are aggregated to near aggregation, dark brown, oblate, accessory filaments are unbranched or irregularly branched, curved, ascomycetes are long or short oval, and ascomycetes are ovoid or oval.
The asexual stage of pathogen is powdery mildew (powdery mildew. ). The pathogen overwinters on the diseased buds and branches of the host with mycelium, and produces a large number of conidia in the second year, which invades the host to absorb nutrients after germination.
Except ...
(4) Before the grafted seedlings germinate in early spring, the upper rootstock should be cut off at 65438±0cm above the grafted seedlings. Alternatively, the upper rootstock can be cut off at 1 time, that is, a living stake with a length of about 15-20 cm is left above the grafted bud as a support for binding the new buds, and all the new buds can be cut off after lignification, but the rootstock can be cut off for the second time.
grafted seedling
(1) The grafting operation is faster. The longer Daoxiao Noodles is exposed to the air, the easier Daoxiao Noodles will be oxidized and discolored, which will affect meristem division and the lower the survival rate.
(2) The joint between the rootstock and the ear should be tied tightly, so that the rootstock is closely connected with the cambium of the ear to promote survival.
(3) Keeping a certain temperature at the joint after transplantation is one of the keys to form healing tissue.
In addition, intertillage weeding, fertilization, irrigation and pest control should be carried out in time.
Red bean is an annual erect or twining herb. The height is 30-90 cm, and the plants are sparse. Pinnate compound leaves with 3 leaflets; Stipules shield-shaped, arrow-shaped, 0.9- 1.7 cm long; Leaflets ovate to rhomboid-ovate, 5- 10 cm long and 5-8 cm wide, with wide triangular or nearly round apex, lateral oblique, entire or shallow trilobal, with slightly sparse hairs on both sides.
Flowers yellow, about 5 or 6 peanuts at the top of short total pedicel; Pedicel is very short; Bracteoles lanceolate, 6-8 mm long; Calyx campanulate, 3-4 mm long; Corolla about 9 mm long, flag oblate or nearly kidney-shaped, often slightly skewed, with a concave top. Wing flap is wider than keel flap, and the stem and spike are shorter. The top of the keel flap is bent for nearly half a circle, one of which has a corner bulge in the middle and lower part and a stalk at the base. Ovary linear, style curved, hairy near apex.
Pods are cylindrical, 5-8 cm long and 5-6 mm wide, spreading or recurved, glabrous; Seeds are usually dark red or other colors, rectangular, 5-6 mm long and 4-5 mm wide, truncated at both ends or nearly round, and the hilum is not depressed. It blooms in summer and bears -65438+ 10 in September.
Red beans like temperature, light and waterlogging. The whole growth period should be above 10℃, and the effective accumulated temperature should be 20-25℃. Generally, germination and emergence begin above 8- 12℃. Red beans are sensitive to light. Early sowing prolongs the growth period and does not mature early. Therefore, the introduction from high latitude to low latitude will be premature, while the introduction from low latitude to high latitude will prolong the maturity. The growth length of red beans varies from variety to variety. The shortest growth period can be 60-90 days; The growth period is 80- 120 days. Red beans need water most before and after flowering, and it is easy to drop flowers and pods when they encounter high temperature and drought during flowering and pod setting. Too wet, plants tend to lodging. In the stage of grain bulging and maturity, sunny days are beneficial to photosynthesis and increase grain weight. Red beans grow best in loose soil rich in humus. Red beans planted in the sand are red and shiny. Red beans planted in loam, deep red and dark red. Adzuki bean has strong adaptability to soil and can grow in slightly acidic and slightly alkaline soil. [5]
Sowing mode
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Adzuki bean is an annual leguminous crop, so it is advisable to choose gramineous crops such as wheat, corn and sorghum in the previous crop to avoid multiple cropping with leguminous crops, so as to avoid infection with pests and diseases and reduce production. It should rotate in the same way as soybeans.
3. The investment cost of nuclear power plants is too high, and the financial risks of power companies are high.
, generally including high-speed rotating flywheel, closed shell and bearing system, power conversion and control system, etc. [3]
Give full play to the basic role of the market in allocating resources. Projects included in the national energy planning are all open to private capital except those explicitly prohibited by laws and regulations. Encourage private capital to participate in energy resources exploration and development, oil and gas pipeline network construction and power construction, encourage private capital to develop coal processing and transformation and petroleum refining industries, and continue to support private capital to fully enter new energy and renewable energy industries.
Third, strengthen the management of the energy industry. Pay attention to the strategic planning and macro-control of energy development, and comprehensively use planning, policies, standards and other means to implement industry management.
Fourth, the layout is reasonable and resources such as crude oil are actively reserved. Some measures may need to be laid out in advance, and the oil transportation channels including Iran and Tancheng chestnuts should be divided into two types: oil chestnuts and hairy chestnuts. Tancheng chestnut is the best, with large grains (about 40 grains per catty), shiny color, fluffy meat, sweet taste, big glutinous and so on. After two seed selections, Tancheng 207, Tancheng 023, Panlong Chestnut and other excellent single-plant varieties have been selected successively, and they have been confirmed as regional development varieties through provincial acceptance, and have been promoted both inside and outside the province. Tancheng Chestnut participated in the 1983 National Exhibition of Achievements in the Construction of Export Commodity Production Bases and won the honorary certificate of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation. Since 1990s, the export volume of Tancheng chestnut has been expanding, selling well in Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong and other countries and regions. Japanese businessmen named Tancheng as Judas chestnut, and Tancheng chestnut enjoys a high reputation in the international market.
Xinyang chestnut
Xinyang City, Henan Province is located on the geographical dividing line between north and south of China. Its superior natural conditions are suitable for the growth and reproduction of various crops, animals and plants, and there are many kinds of agricultural and sideline products with large output. Among them, Xinyang chestnut has the longest history. It is said that there are traces of chestnut in the plates unearthed in Taiguan Chuwangcheng, Xinyang County. The annual output of chestnut in Xinyang area is several million Jin, which has the characteristics of big head, tender meat, thin skin, sweet taste, bright color and full granules. Chestnuts produced in Luoshan and Shangcheng counties are small in size, thin in skin and thick in flesh, unique in flavor and not easy to be infected. Randomly select chestnuts produced in the target area, establish a perfect monitoring system, and promote the sustainable development of standardized chestnut production in the project area. Shaodian Town, a pollution-free agricultural product, was praised as "the first chestnut town in China Plain" by experts from China Academy of Forestry.
Shaodian chestnut can be divided into oil chestnut and hairy chestnut. Among them, Shaodian Big Oil Chestnut is the best, with large grains (about 40 grains per catty), shiny color, loose meat, sweet taste and big glutinous. After twice seed selection, Xinyi Jiuzeng, Sijihong and Panlong chestnuts were selected successively, which were confirmed as regional development varieties by provincial acceptance and popularized inside and outside the province. Shaoguan Chestnut participated in the 1983 National Exhibition of Achievements in the Construction of Export Commodity Production Bases and won the honorary certificate of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation. Over the past ten years, the export volume of Shaodian chestnut has been expanding, selling well in Japan, South Korea and Singapore, which has improved China's energy emergency capability.
Sixth, cooperation and guarantee to form a diversified international energy foreign aid supply system. Diversified energy supply system is very important, and the increment of fossil energy in China is limited. It is necessary to realize the application system of coal, water, oil, shale gas and other energy sources at the same time. Zaineng