With the changes of economy and politics, the technology of Yangzhou jade carving in Han Dynasty has further developed. After 1949, many cultural relics of the Han Dynasty were unearthed in Yangzhou. From the unearthed jade articles, we can know that Yangzhou jade articles in Han Dynasty developed from small pieces to medium pieces, from ordinary decorative jade bracelets and jade rings to ornamental jade butterflies, jade bi and evil spirits. 1980, three pieces of cultural relics were unearthed from No.1 Han Tomb in Tianshan Mountain, west of gaoyou lake, northwest of Yangzhou, namely Yu Yuan and Wang Biji, with different volumes. The large straight warp is 2 1.8 cm, and both sides are engraved with spiral patterns. It is a shallow jade carving with exquisite carving and elegant pattern. The diameter of the jade carving is 13.4 cm, and the carving pattern is also spiral. Its carving style is very local. This tomb is the tomb of Liu Xu, the son of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty. Liu Xu was once named King Guang and reigned for 64 years. The excavation of these jade articles fully provided the carving level and development of Yangzhou jade articles in Han Dynasty.
In the Tang Dynasty, Yangzhou, located at the intersection of the Thousand-Li Canal and the Yangtze River, became the throat artery of domestic north-south traffic, and naturally became one of the main foreign trade ports of China at that time. Its economy is prosperous and all walks of life are thriving. There is a record in history that "between the Yangtze River and Tuihe River, Guangling Town is rich in the world". Jade carving in Yangzhou in Tang Dynasty had a new development under the prosperity of handicraft industry at that time. On the one hand, aristocratic giants use it to decorate pavilions and show off their family background, so-called "carving jade households". On the other hand, the use of small pieces of jade as accessories has gradually become popular among the people, and Yangzhou jade and jade cutting skills have also been exchanged with other countries. In the 12th year of Tianbao (753), daming temple hated Jian Zhen's mission to Japan from Yangzhou, with as many as 185 people, including jade carvers, painters, sandalwood carvers and embroiderers. This shows that Yangzhou carved jade in Tang Dynasty.
By the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, Yangzhou jade articles had developed into exhibits, and the varieties of flowers, birds, stoves and bottles were becoming more and more abundant. Techniques such as hollowing out and round carving in jade cutting also began in the Song Dynasty. According to people, he once lived in Kangshan Jiang's house and saw the exquisite jade pagoda made in Yangzhou in the Song Dynasty. He described in the book "Spring Grass Hall Collection": "The exquisite jade pagoda made in the Song Dynasty is white, and the rice is absolutely flawless. Seven inches tall. As a seven-story building, it consists of six faces, each with a fence ... There are small chains tied to the six corners of the tower. It is by no means chaotic, and what you said is also fantastic. " From this vivid description, we can see that Yangzhou jade carving skills and chain-making skills have made great progress. By the Yuan Dynasty, Yangzhou jade was becoming more and more famous in addition to displaying objects. Artists at that time began to make "mountain carvings" with natural stones as materials.
At present, there is a mountain sculpture in Yangzhou Museum, which is said to be from the end of Yuan Dynasty. White jade is used as the material to express the theme of the story of "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest". The description of people and mountains is simple, but simple and complicated. It can be said that it is the pioneering work of Yangzhou Zi Shan sculpture. In the Ming Dynasty, Yangzhou jade began to form an elegant and beautiful style. The products of the middle Ming Dynasty collected by Yangzhou Museum, namely "Hexagon Lotus Jade Pot" and "Pan Guo Bai Yu Cup", are praised by people for their beautiful shapes and exquisite craftsmanship. By the end of the Ming Dynasty, the "Purple Mountain Carving" variety of Yangzhou jade had a new style, and the technological level was greatly improved, which prepared for the difficult technology of making large-scale Yushan in Yangzhou later.
Yangzhou jade carving technology developed to the middle of Qing Dynasty, and it can be said that all kinds of products were complete and the artistic level was unprecedentedly improved. Especially in the heyday of Qianlong period, Yangzhou became the main distribution center of jade materials and one of the main production centers of jade products in China. In addition to not having a jade bureau in Jianlong Temple, the salt administration of the two Huai Dynasties also undertook a large number of large-scale jade exhibitions in the Qing court and paid a large number of jade articles to the court every year. Such as the famous white jade ruyi, made of Hotan sheep fat jade, white and flawless, condensed as fat, exquisite and elegant in shape. It is designated as one of the "Eight Tributes of Yangzhou", and it is transported to the palace in large quantities every year, displayed in the inner courtyard of the palace or given to officials as a "royal gift".
At present, most of the large jade articles in the Qing Dynasty, weighing 10 and 1000 kg, collected by the Palace Museum in Beijing, are made by Yangzhou jade carving artists. It can be seen that Yangzhou's jade carving skills and artistic level, production scale and operation ability, as well as the number of skilled craftsmen are unprecedented in the Qing Dynasty. The solemn, simple and vigorous features of these large-scale jade articles are in sharp contrast with the elegant and beautiful features of small and medium-sized jade articles in Yangzhou, which has a great influence on the artistic style of Yangzhou jade articles in the future.
In 1950s, Yangzhou jade carving industry began to revive and became the main producing area of jade in modern China. No matter from the variety category or technical strength, it is among the best in the same industry in China, and has won many national quality awards such as gold, silver, cup and treasure. At present, Yangzhou has 3 masters of arts and crafts in China, 0/5 masters and celebrities in Jiangsu, and 72 professional technicians such as senior artists. For decades, Yangzhou jade products have emerged in an endless stream, and outstanding works have emerged in an endless stream, retaining the mellow and quaint style of traditional jade products and being famous for its elegance and exquisiteness. Yangzhou is undoubtedly an outstanding representative of modern China jade products.
Today's Yangzhou jade fully inherits and develops the traditional fine skills. Artists have designed and produced a large number of jade articles with beautiful shapes and exquisite craftsmanship, and their artistic level still ranks in the forefront of the world, and their products enjoy a high reputation in the international market. Jade articles in Yangzhou can be divided into six categories: furnace bottles, figures, flowers and birds, animals, antiques and mountain carvings, with complete varieties and diverse colors. The white jade pagoda furnace made in the early 1970 s was a blockbuster in the national jade appraisal. It was exhibited at counters in Tokyo and Nagoya on 198 1, which was highly appreciated by people from all walks of life in Japan. White jade five-element tower, carved in 1986, with seven floors and eight sides, is105cm high and 32cm wide. It is a rare masterpiece among jade pagodas in past dynasties to connect four pagodas from four directions with eight jade chains and 440 circle chains. In the same year, Juzhen Tuyu Mountain, with a height of 1.20 cm and a width of 90 cm and a weight of 1 1,000 kg, is a secluded paradise with the theme of famous stone carvings, which integrates Leshan Giant Buddha, Dazu Giant Buddha, Longmen Giant Buddha and Yungang Stone Buddha. The exhibition caused a sensation, and the capital press released news in succession, giving high praise. According to Hong Kong Daily, this Jasper Mountain "is the only jade treasure seen in the past 200 years after the Great Jade Water Control Map made by China during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, which fully embodies the new level of jade carving skills in China". 1989 "Happy Birthday" sapphire made by thin tire technology and 1990 "Mountain Carving" Bai Yushan "Giant Thousand Buddhas" both won national gold cups. The above five jades have been appraised as treasures by the state, and now they are collected in the Treasure Hall of China Arts and Crafts Museum.
For a long time, people regarded jade as a treasure. Jade crystal is moist, solid and meticulous. After grinding into products, it is bright and beautiful, and can be stored for a long time. It can be handed down from generation to generation and is a work of art with high economic value. Jade carving technology in China has a long history, which is about 6,000 years according to research. As early as the Neolithic Age, our ancestors had identified "beautiful stones" from mixed stones and jade to make utensils.
During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, jade carving gradually acquired considerable skills, and the cutting, exploration and pondering in the production process began to be possessed. People have learned to use beautiful colors to enhance the aesthetic feeling of utensils. The use of jade has gradually expanded, and it has been cut into ritual vessels, utensils, musical instruments and various decorations, which are enshrined in temples or worn on people for sacrifice, courtship and alliance. Even when the two armies are at war, they also take jade as a pledge when they agree to make peace. The so-called "turning war into jade". In the slave society of China, jade has become a symbol of the noble status of kings and nobles. As a symbol of power and wealth, it has formed the ethos that "a gentleman must wear jade". This trend is particularly common in feudal society. Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, cut the largest jade material at that time into six pieces and carved it into a seal, which was called the jade seal. Since then, the feudal dynasties have used jade as a seal as one of the symbols of the highest power of the country. At the same time, the ancients also regarded jade as a symbol of nobility, purity, goodwill and auspiciousness.
As the old saying goes: "A gentleman is better than jade, gentle and courteous, and benevolent people have different opinions;" Use millet carefully and know it; Cheap but not embarrassing, righteous; Hanging like a pendant, courtesy also; The world is expensive and the road is also. " Through the ages, many beautiful languages in literary works are often related to jade, which is not accidental. China's jades are world-renowned for their exquisite craftsmanship and beautiful shapes, and are called "the best in oriental art". As the product of material civilization and spiritual civilization, they have been bringing truth, goodness and beauty to the world for thousands of years. Yangzhou, a famous historical and cultural city, is one of the important jade producing areas in China with a long history of jade carving technology. In the Xia Dynasty, there was a jade-making process in Yangzhou.
[Types of jade]
Hetian jade
It is distributed in Hotan-Khotan shache-Tashkurgan, Qiemo County, Xinjiang, and on the northern slope of Kunlun Mountain, stretching for 1500 km. * * * There are nine producing areas. Hetian jade is mainly composed of tremolite-actinolite, and contains a small amount of tremolite, serpentine, graphite, magnets and other minerals, forming different colors such as white, turquoise, black and yellow. Most of them are monochromatic jade, and a few have variegated colors. Jade is translucent, greasy and shiny after polishing, and its hardness is 5.5 to 6.4 degrees. Hetian jade is sandwiched between rocks at an altitude of 3500 meters to 5000 meters. After a long period of differentiation and peeling, it is broken into pieces of different sizes, collapsed on the hillside, and then washed by rain and flowed into the river. When the river dries up in autumn, the jade pieces collected in the river bed are called seed jade, and those mined in the rock layer are called mountain materials. The earliest Hetian jade has been found from Fu Hao's tomb in Yin Ruins. After the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Hetian jade gradually became the main jade talents, all collecting materials, and it was not until the Qing Dynasty that the mining of mountain materials began. Dayu, made in Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty, was used to control the water in Yushan Mountain. The sapphire weighed more than 10,700 Jin, which was collected from Maitreya Mountain.
Yellow river Tianyu
The economic value of Hetian jade is evaluated according to the purity of color and texture, and its main varieties are:
① White jade: It contains tremolite more than 95%, is white in color, pure in texture, delicate and shiny, and is an excellent variety of Hetian jade. During the prosperous period of jade-making in Han, Song and Qing dynasties, great attention was paid to the selection of materials, and high-quality white jade was often carved into "heavy objects".
(2) Sheep fat white jade: the top grade of white jade, pure and delicate in texture, containing 99% tremolite, white in color, equivalent to the weight of coagulated jade, and several times more economical than white jade. Han Dynasty, Song Dynasty and Qing Dynasty all admired sheep fat white jade.
③ Qingtian jade: There is no obvious difference from white jade in texture, but the jade is white with a faint turquoise color. It is the third-class jade in Hetian jade, and its economic value is slightly lower than that of white jade.
④ Sapphire: Light blue, turquoise and gray are all called sapphires, with uniform color and fine texture, 89% tremolite and 6% actinolite, with oily luster and abundant reserves. It is the main variety of jade collected or mined in past dynasties.
⑤ Topaz: It is basically white jade, which has been infiltrated by iron oxide in surface water for a long time, forming a yellow tone in cracks. According to the color change, it is named as: dense wax yellow, chestnut color, okra yellow, yellow flower yellow, egg yolk, etc. The wax yellow and chestnut yellow with strong colors are extremely rare, and their value can be comparable to that of sheep fat white jade. In the Qing dynasty, topaz was homophonic with "yellow", which was extremely rare, and its economic value once exceeded that of white jade with sheep fat.
⑥ Sugar jade: Iron oxide permeates tremolite or red leather shell with different shades, with deep red as "sugar jade" and "tiger skin jade" and white with pink as "powder jade". Sugar jade is often called bi-color jade in white jade or plain jade, which can be used to make "pretty jade". Snuff bottles made of sugar jade leather carving seeds can also proliferate, which is called "gold and silver wrapping". ⑦ Ink jade: The components of graphite and magnets in tremolite are black, and ink jade is mostly gray or gray with black stripes, which is called "dark clouds, light ink, golden sable whiskers, beauty temples, etc." . Pure lacquer ink with dense black spots is more valuable than other jet varieties. Jet has waxy luster and uneven color, which is not suitable for carving patterns. It is mostly used to make utensils inlaid with gold and silver thread.
⑧ Jasper: produced in Junggar jade mine, also known as Tianshan Jasper. It is grayish green, dark green and dark green, with pure dark green as the top grade. There are black spots, black spots or jade tendons, and the quality is one grade worse. Jasper contains tremolite more than 85%, which is delicate, translucent and oily, and belongs to mid-range jade.
dushan jade
Dushan jade is produced in Dushan, Nanyang, Henan Province, also known as "Nanyang Jade" or "Henan Jade".
As early as 6,000 years ago, the ancients had mined dushan jade, and there were many dushan jade products in the jade unearthed from Muhao's tomb in Yinxu, Anyang. Dushan was called "Yushan" in the Western Han Dynasty.
turquoise
Turquoise, also known as "turquoise", is a kind of blue jade. It is a kind of jade that people in the southwestern United States and Muslims all over the world especially like. Turquoise symbolizes victory and success, and is designated as the birthstone of 65438+February in world customs. The crystal of turquoise is small, waxy and opaque. Most of them are sky blue, dark blue, green blue and green white, and white stripes, spots or dark brown iron wires are often distributed on the blocks with uniform colors. High-quality turquoise is mainly used for making rings, earrings, chest pendants or carving Buddha statues, fairies, landscapes, flowers and other works.
Other jade materials
In addition to the above-mentioned "four famous jade", there are many other jade materials in China, but most of them belong to middle and low grade jade materials.
agate
The word agate comes from Buddhist scriptures and is named after its color "color like agate". Agate is widely distributed in China, almost all provinces and regions. The main producing areas are Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Hubei, Xinjiang and Jiangsu. Fuxin, Liaoning has the reputation of "the hometown of agate".
Pure agate is white because it often contains pigment ions or other impurities, but it has red, gray, brown, blue and green colors. Red and white are more common and dazzling, and the ribbon is extremely beautiful. Agate generally has a banded pattern. If there is no banded pattern, it is called chalcedony, and the bar is lower than agate.
Agate and chalcedony mainly have the following varieties:
A) Onyx: It has fine linear parallel stripes, and red onyx is the most precious variety.
B) water bile agate: Natural agate is hollow and contains "water gall", which is called "water bile agate". The number of water gall can be divided into "one gall" and "two gall", which is a bold and transparent precious jade material.
C) Agate: It is called "agate" because it flashes red luster in the girdle.
D) East red agate: Japanese red agate.
E) Chrysotile asbestos: pink green, no stripes.
F) Chalcedony: red, without stripes.
G) Tourmaline: it is red, yellowish brown and grayish green, and it is impure chalcedony, which can be divided into "red tourmaline" and "green tourmaline" according to color.
plum blossom jade
Produced in Ruyang County, Henan Province, also known as "Ruzhou Jade". After polishing, it presents beautiful plum blossom patterns or other patterns, hence the name. Jade is dense, with three colors: black, brown-red and gray-green. Black is the best, and colorful plum-blossom jade with red, green and white patterns on the black background is the best.
Qinghai jade
Produced in Qinghai, hence the name. Beautiful appearance, the color is white or light gray with green stripes, and the jade is delicate and translucent. Because its appearance is similar to jade, some unscrupulous businessmen regard it as jade.
Lapis lazuli/lapis lazuli
Celestite is an aluminosilicate mineral containing sodium and calcium. The color is dark blue, sky blue or purple blue, and the jade is opaque, with glass luster and hardness of 5-6. Lapis lazuli is often made into Buddha statues, beads, snuff bottles, bottle protectors and ornaments on clocks and watches because of its solemn color, and the good colors are also used as ring faces. Lapis lazuli is the top grade, with bright color and pure quality, containing a small amount of pyrite and Venus.
Ross Shi Ying
Hibiscus stone, also known as "Rose in Time", "Rose in Time" and "Southern Hunan Jade", is a pink translucent to transparent timely block with glass luster or greasy luster and hardness of 7. China's hibiscus stone is produced in Xinjiang, Yunnan, Inner Mongolia and other places, and high-quality hibiscus stone is produced in Brazil. Hibiscus stone is mainly used to carve necklaces, chicken hearts and trinkets. The color of hibiscus stone is better, and the darker the peach color, the better. For example, the light peach color close to white has low value.
Ma Laiyu
Produced in Malaysia, it is a kind of quartzite dyed with green dye, with glass luster and hardness of 7. The appearance is green and the transparency is high. Malaysia is rich in raw materials and low in value, which is suitable for making some low-grade ornaments.
Donglingshi
Produced in India, it is a green chromite quartzite, slightly transparent-translucent. Emerald is very beautiful, and the green scales are scattered like stars. It is a high-quality variety of quartzite jade, which is mainly used to make beaded necklaces and other accessories.
Miyu
Produced in Mixian County, Henan Province, hence the name. Also known as Henan jade. Translucent in color, with green in white, used as jade materials mostly for dyeing, mainly apple green and orange red, with green stunning as the best, mostly used for making jewelry or ornaments, belonging to low-grade jade materials.
Guicui
Produced in Guizhou, hence the name. Also known as Guizhou jade. The color is light green, with glass luster, but it is not pure and contains many impurities. It looks like inferior jade, belonging to low-grade jade.
Jingbaiyu
Produced in the suburbs of Beijing, hence the name. Fine texture, even pure white, smooth and shiny, and the jade carving made of it is crystal clear, which is a popular jade species.
Mubianshi
It is named because it looks like wood. Jade is dense and hard. Hardness 7. There are yellow, tan, brownish purple, blue, turquoise, blue-gray and so on. Among them, yellow with cat's eye effect is called eagle eye stone, brown and blue are called zebra tiger eye stone, and eagle eye stone has the highest value. High-quality eagle eye stone, beautiful blue, mainly used to make bracelets, rings and so on. Tiger eye stone with cat's eye effect is mainly used to make bracelet beads and necklace beads, and there are also egg-shaped torus made of big raw materials, but because the cat's eye is relatively rigid, its value is not high.
lantian jade
Produced in Lantian, hence the name. Lantian jade is one of the main famous jade in ancient times. Lantian jade has fine texture, hardness of about 4, and good processability. Its colors are mainly beige and apple green. Widely used in making jade pillows, fitness balls, tea sets, wine sets, etc. It is a popular low-grade jade material.
Lingbi jade
Produced in Lingbi County, Anhui Province, hence the name. It is one of the traditional famous jade in the history of China. There are many varieties, the most famous of which are Honganhui snail, Huianhui snail and Biyun stone. The hardness is 3-4, and the hardness is relatively low. After polishing, it is smooth and suitable for making handicrafts such as flowers, figures and animals.
Baiyunyu
Produced in Baiyun Obo, Inner Mongolia, hence the name; Also known as Baiyun Oboyu, also known as Baiyun Oboyu. Fine texture and good processability. High-quality Baiyun jade shows gorgeous "golden thread" or "golden star" effect in gray-green lining, which is suitable for making stationery and other handicrafts such as inkstone and pen container.
Baiheyu
Produced in Hefeng County, Hubei Province, also known as "Wuhuashi". Fine texture, beautiful patterns after processing, clear patterns, such as round, conical, long and so on. The colors are fruit green, milky white, rose red, etc. And made into handicrafts with high artistic value.
malachite
It is named because it looks like the emerald green of peacock's tail feathers. Glass luster, slightly transparent. It is a low-grade jade material with high quality, which can be used to make necklaces, ring faces, chicken hearts and other ornaments. But there are also a few with bright colors and strange structures, which are expensive and quite expensive.
Wulanchui
Produced in Wulan County, Qinghai Province, it is named after its green color. Colors are grayish green, dark green and emerald green. Wulanchui with thick white background and green spots has higher value. Hardness 6-7, oily luster, slightly transparent to translucent. It is often used to process jade bracelets, rings, cabbages and other small ornaments. Because of its poor luster and poor processability, it belongs to low-grade jade material.
[Types of jade]
Yu Li
Li Yu is a jade used for religious sacrifices and national ceremonies in ancient times. According to Zhou Li, there are six kinds of ritual jade: jade, jade, jade, jade, jade, jade, jade.
① Emerald jade
Emerald jade is a kind of flat round jade with a hole in the middle. When offering sacrifices, the ancients thought that this kind of vessel could communicate with the ancestors' gods. Besides being used as a sacrifice, it can also be used for decoration, auspiciousness, burial and so on. Jade Jade appeared in the Neolithic Age, represented by Liangzhu culture. The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period have been quite beautiful. Jade carvings in the Han Dynasty are becoming more and more exquisite, and jade funerary objects are often unearthed in Han tombs.
② Jade Cong
Jade cong is a kind of cylindrical tubular jade with an outer circle and an inner circle. Yan's description of the earth and the sky is based on the ancient Tianyuan cosmology. It is made into a square to worship the earth god, which is a tool to worship the earth. In addition, it is also used for auspiciousness and burial. Jade Cong appeared in the Neolithic Age, Liangzhu culture was the most developed, and some of them were engraved with animal cotton patterns, which was the glorious period of Jade Cong. After the Han dynasty, jade cong were all short columns with one inside and one outside, which were used as decoration and funeral utensils without decoration. From the Song Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, antique jade cong appeared in large numbers and became a decorative or decorative jade article.
③ Fish turtle
Yugui is a rectangular jade with a triangular or straight upper end. In ancient times, Yugui was used to worship the God of Orientation and to distinguish ranks as Jeff. Yugui and Zhang Yu were the most popular in the Warring States Period, and they were produced in every dynasty from Song Dynasty to Ming and Qing Dynasties.
④ Zhang Yu.
Zhang Yu is a flat rectangular object with an inclined blade at one end in a semi-GUI shape. Zhang Yu first appeared in Longshan culture and prevailed in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Zhang, like Gui, was once the hierarchical object of the Li Dynasty, but it became scarce after the Spring and Autumn Period.
⑤ Huang Yu
Huang Yu is an arc-shaped jade. It was called "Semi-Jade Huang" in the Han Dynasty, but the jade Huang unearthed in general is only one-third the size of a jade wall, and there are small holes at both ends of the curved arc, which is often cited by the tomb owner and may be used for wearing, so it is called "Huang Pei".
⑥ Yuhu
Jade pot is a kind of jade with or similar to tiger pattern, which is common from Yin Shang Dynasty to Han Dynasty.
Bury jade
Buried jade is a kind of jade specially used for burial. The ancients believed that jade could protect the body. Buried jade refers to this kind of buried jade specially made to protect the body, mainly including jade clothes, jade retort, jade grip, nine-hole jade plug and so on.
① Jade clothes
Jade clothes, also known as "jade box" and "jade quality", are made of metal silk thread through jade pieces. According to legend, the body can be preserved from decay, which can be divided into jade clothes, silver jade clothes and copper jade clothes.
② Jade retort
Yuzi, also known as "Hanyu", is a kind of jade buried in the mouth of the dead. Jade retort has different shapes in past dynasties, such as jade cicada, jade silkworm, jade fish and jade tube. Jade retort in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period includes jade pig, jade dog, jade cow and jade fish. About any small jade piece can be used as a mouth. After the Han Dynasty, a large number of jade cicadas were used as bamboo slips, and some jade cicadas were also used as bamboo slips in the tombs of the early Ming Dynasty.
③ Jade grip
Also known as "holding jade", it is buried jade held in the hands of the deceased. The common jade handle in Han dynasty is pig-shaped "jade dolphin", and other jade articles such as yellow jade are sometimes used as jade handles.
④ Jiuqiao Jade Plug
Refers to the nine-orifice jade plug that fills the dead, including ears, eyes, nostrils, mouth, front yin, back yin and so on. In order to protect the body and prevent the leakage of essence.
jade pendant
Yu Pei refers to all kinds of jades worn on people, which are characterized by small individuals and most of them have holes. There are many kinds of jade, such as jade Jue, jade bracelet, jade wool gang, jade brand, jade belt hook and so on. Some are worn in groups, and some are hung separately.
Yujun
It's a human earring. It's shaped like jade, but it has a gap. Neolithic jade slips were mostly plain and simple, while Shang dynasty jade slips were generally dragon-shaped with opposite heads. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, jade slips were carved with oblique knives, such as dragons, birds and birds. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, many jade slips were unearthed, which were small in shape and 2-5 cm in outer diameter. After the Warring States period, jade Jue was no longer popular.
jade bracelet
Jade bracelet has been one of the most basic wrist ornaments since ancient times. They were unearthed in Neolithic tombs. The jade bracelet in Dawenkou culture has a round outside and a round inside. In the Spring and Autumn Period, they were oblate. In the Tang Dynasty, they were inlaid with gold. The jade bracelet in the Song Dynasty is round, with a flat inside and a round outside, and there is no light. Jade bracelets in Ming and Qing dynasties were mainly decorated with beads, ropes and bamboo knots.
Tamara
It is a slightly curved cone, which was originally carried with you. The tools used to untie knots later became decorations, representing the symbol of adulthood. From the Neolithic Age to the Han Dynasty, it lasted for several generations and did not exist after the Han Dynasty.
Hosta
Jade, commonly known as "finger pulling", is cylindrical and can be used to cover the thumb. Originally used to hook strings in archery, it was specially worn later. First seen in Shang Dynasty, it gradually became an ornament in Han Dynasty and lost its practical function. From Song Dynasty to Qing Dynasty, Yu Pei appeared in imitation of Han Dynasty, which was slightly different in shape and decoration.
Yugangmao
Also known as jade, it is a cuboid with a hole on it, which can be hung on a rope, and the surface is engraved with auspicious words, which can exorcise evil spirits. This is an ancient amulet. It was popular in the Han Dynasty, generally about 2 cm long and 1 cm wide. Later generations have imitations, and the styles of the Han Dynasty are quite different.
Jade belt board
Jade belt is a kind of belt inlaid with several or even dozens of flat jade plates, which is a symbol of ancient official products. Jade belts are square, rectangular and peach-shaped. Jade belts with various patterns on the surface began in the Northern Zhou Dynasty and remained in use until the Ming Dynasty, when the jade belt system was abolished in the Qing Dynasty.
Yupai
Square or rectangular, the surface of the device is embossed or hollowed out to carve various patterns and characters, and there are rope holes. Jade brand was very popular in Ming dynasty. There are many imitations of the Ming Dynasty in the Qing Dynasty, and there are also forgeries engraved with the word "Zigang".
Jade belt hook
Jade belt hook is an object used to hook the belt, which is generally composed of hook head, hook body and hook buckle. The hook head is used for hooking, and the hook buckle plays a fixing role. There are many shapes, such as faucet, duck head, horse head and so on. , the body is pipa-shaped, spiny. The luxurious ones are also inlaid with all kinds of precious stones, and there are fine products in all dynasties.
Snow-covered mountains
The image of Yulong keeps pace with the times. The Jade Dragon in Hongshan Culture in Neolithic Age is in the shape of "C", which is simple, beautiful and distinctive. Since then, Yulong has taken on a colorful look. Each generation has its own distinctive characteristics.
Jade animal
Jade animals, as real animals in nature, are both round and flaky, with diverse shapes and realistic postures. Jade animals are generally used as ornaments, and some can be used as decorations. Jade animals mainly include jade tiger, jade elephant, jade bear, jade horse, jade deer, jade cow, jade pig, jade eagle, jade fish, jade turtle and so on. , is the most common jade in past dynasties.
Yu renpei
Jade people are works that directly reflect people's image, including the whole body, chest circumference, head and face, etc. Generally, they are flat, which can be used as accessories or large-scale furnishings, and have the functions of offering sacrifices and exorcising evil spirits. In the Neolithic age, the appearance of jade people was obviously childish. After Shang Dynasty, there were various jade figures, including standing, kneeling, whole body, head, human, female, round carving, piece carving, etc. Each era had different image characteristics.
Yu Jianshi
Jade sword ornaments are decorative jade pieces used on swords. The ornament on the sword head is called the jade sword head, and the ornament between the hilt and the sword body is called the jade sword lattice. Jade sword ornaments prevailed in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Qin and Han Dynasties.
jade hairpin
Hosta is generally conical and consists of a hairpin head and a hairpin handle. It was used by ancient men and women to arrange their hair and fix the crown on it.
Other jades
In addition, there are ceremonial jade articles popular in the pre-Qin period, such as Yufu, Yuqi, Yuyue, Yuge and Yudao, which are used to show power and increase authority and safeguard the dignity of rulers. There are also practical jade articles, such as jade cups, jade bowls, jade seals and jade stationery.