The English name of stimulant is Doping. From Dutch, it refers to drinks containing grape skins and alcohol. Zulu people in ancient Africa used this preparation to improve their combat effectiveness. Stimulants were used to describe drugs illegally used in horse racing in the early 20th century. Later, the word gradually evolved to refer to all drugs used to improve sports performance. At present, the Chinese translation of "stimulant" is usually used in China, because when the concept of stimulant was introduced to China in the 20th century, the drugs contained in stimulant were all drugs that stimulated and excited human or animal bodies, so the word was translated into stimulant.
With more and more kinds of stimulants, some substances that are not exciting to human body are also included in the scope of stimulants, such as steroids, diuretics, β -blockers and erythropoietin. Drugs that stimulate human or animal bodies have gradually become a minority of stimulants, but the name of stimulants has been used to this day and has become the general name of all prohibited substances and methods.
The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) gave a more accurate definition of doping in its 2003 edition of Anti-Doping Regulations: If the substance is a masking agent or meets the following two conditions: (1) It is possible to improve or be able to improve the athletic ability; (2) It may cause potential or actual harm to health; (3) The use of this substance is against sportsmanship. Then this substance is a stimulant.
Second, the types and side effects of stimulants
According to the list of prohibited drugs published by WADA 2007, there are more than 265,438+065,438+00 kinds of prohibited drugs. This 1 1 class is: 1. Protein Assimilator, 2. Peptide hormones and related substances, 3.β2- agonists, 4. Antiestrogen drugs, 5. Diuretics and other masking agents, 6. Stimulants, 7. Anesthetic, 8. Cannabis (Phenol) The following is a brief introduction to commonly used stimulants and their related side effects:
1, protein assimilation preparation is the most frequently used stimulant, and it is also the stimulant with the most positive cases so far. Athletes use this kind of drugs mainly to enhance muscle strength and improve sports performance, but long-term use of this kind of drugs will have serious side effects and even lead to death. For men, it will bring the following side effects: (1) increase or decrease of sexual desire, muscle spasm, female breast enlargement and scrotal pain; ⑵ testicular atrophy, its own testosterone production decreased; ⑶ Abnormal liver function, hepatic purpura and liver tumor; ⑷ Decrease high density lipoprotein and increase triglyceride and low density lipoprotein in blood; 5] make ligaments and tendons lose elasticity and appear rash; [6] A few people have psychotic symptoms, irritability and violence. For women, there are usually the following side effects: (1) thicker vocal cords, (2) larger clitoris, smaller breasts and amenorrhea; (3) Increased facial hair and baldness; (4) Thickening of skin; 5] Excessive aggression.
2. Peptide hormones and related substances are also widely used as stimulants. Erythropoietin can increase the concentration of red blood cells in the blood, so it can improve the oxygen carrying capacity of athletes' blood, so it is used by endurance athletes. However, the use of erythropoietin will increase blood viscosity; Blood in muscles and other tissues is difficult to renew; Stroke; Muscle hypoxia or even necrosis; The incidence of heart disease increases and even leads to heart failure. It can also lead to encephalopathy; Seizure; Thrombosis; Muscle infection, etc. At present, it has been confirmed that many athletes have died due to the use of erythropoietin. Another famous peptide hormone is called growth hormone (hGH), which can promote the growth of muscles and bones and is often used by strength athletes. Frequent use of hGH can lead to gigantism, rude appearance, rough skin, thickened jaw, acromegaly and so on. It can also lead to diabetes, arthritis, myopathy, peripheral neuropathy, heart disease and so on.
3.β2- agonists can enhance people's mental and physical strength by acting on the nervous system. These drugs can cause palpitation, arrhythmia, hypertension, facial flushing, headache, dizziness, tinnitus, fatigue, rash, nausea or stomach upset, and may also cause dysuria. When used in excess, these drugs will have the effect of protein anabolic steroids, so they will also have side effects similar to those of using protein anabolic steroids.
4. Diuretics and other masking agents. In weight-graded events, athletes often use diuretics to lose weight quickly before weighing, or use diuretics to dilute urine to cover up prohibited substances in urine during doping control. These substances can cause hypokalemia and potassium deficiency; Metabolic disorder of fat and sugar; Changes of muscle blood flow; Side effects such as myopathy, fatigue, boredom, drowsiness, muscle spasm and pain, and feeling confused.
5. Stimulants are the oldest stimulants, and most of the early stimulants belong to this type. Its main function is to stimulate and excite the central nervous system, improve the stress state of the body and enhance the strength, speed and endurance of the human body to a certain extent. These drugs have strong effects, and even if they are used once, they may bring the following serious side effects: fidgeting, dizziness, tremor, excitement, insomnia, panic, seizures, delirium, paranoia, hallucinations, convulsions, coma and even death. In the history of sports, many famous athletes died of such drugs.
6. Glucocorticoid can excite athletes' central nervous system and improve athletes' attention in competition; Increase the number of red blood cells in the blood; Enhance the contractility of myocardium and skeletal muscle. Enable athletes to improve their performance in strength and endurance events. The side effects of these drugs are: increasing blood sugar, diuresis, inducing psychosis and epilepsy, myasthenia, decreased lung function and inducing respiratory failure, osteoporosis and peptic ulcer. Long-term use can form a specific "full moon face" and "buffalo back".
Third, how to avoid taking stimulants by mistake?
1. First of all, we should avoid taking it by mistake, be alert ideologically, and think of stimulants when any substance enters the body. Prevent momentary negligence from causing lifelong regret.
2. Secondly, abandon any opportunism and fluky psychology ideologically. Reject material and spiritual temptations, adhere to the Olympic spirit, improve achievements with scientific training, and win glory for our country.
3. Athletes and related personnel must try their best to understand and master the current effective regulations on doping, doping inspection and drug use declaration.
4. When athletes suffer from physical injuries, they must seek medical attention in time. Be careful when taking medicine. You should take the initiative to explain your identity as an athlete to the doctor and ask the doctor about the drugs used. If doctors don't know about stimulants, they should introduce the relevant regulations to doctors. If conditions permit, try to be accompanied by the team doctor. If necessary, please refer to the reference manual of commonly used drugs for athletes.
5, regardless of Chinese medicine or western medicine, the drugs used must be confirmed by doctors or experts that they do not contain illegal drugs. Athletes should not buy their own medicine easily. Some drugs on the market may contain ingredients that are not indicated on the label. Even traditional Chinese medicine may contain prohibited ingredients, such as morphine, ephedrine, strychnine and other prohibited substances.
6. Use nutrition with caution. Athletes usually use nutritional supplements. Some nutritional supplements are artificially added with prohibited substances; There are also some Chinese herbal medicines used in nutritional supplements that contain stimulants, which may cause eating by mistake. Such incidents have happened many times. For example, in 2003, in Balko Company, a large-scale incident of doping nutritional supplements occurred. In recent years, more than 1000 kinds of nutritional products have been detected by doping control laboratories in China, among which more than 10% contains prohibited substances. Therefore, it is necessary to use nutritional supplements that are confirmed by relevant departments to contain no prohibited substances.
7. In order to ensure the normal treatment of athletes, relevant personnel must be familiar with the related matters of TUE. When it is necessary to use prohibited substances for treatment, it should be carefully declared according to the specified requirements, and the relevant information of TUE should be properly kept.
8. Athletes must fill in all drugs and health care products recently used in detail and accurately as required, including those that have applied for TUE. In case of mistaken service, you can trace back to the source and strive for a lighter punishment.
9. Pay attention to diet. A few small restaurants may use condiments containing prohibited substances, or use foods containing prohibited substances obtained through abnormal channels. So try to avoid going out in private and eating in informal small restaurants. In addition, avoid eating food donated by others and from unknown sources, and put an end to eating food that may pollute prohibited substances. There have also been incidents of taking stimulants abroad because of eating food donated by competitors.
10, away from drug abuse places. In a closed space, when others smoke drugs such as marijuana or heroin, smoke may be passively inhaled by others present and excreted through urine, and prohibited substances may be detected during urine test.