Basic knowledge of sports 1. Sports knowledge

Physical examination detects and measures the morphological structure and functional development level of human body.

Its contents include: (1) sports history and disease history; (2) Determination of morphological indexes; (3) physiological function test; (4) Determination of body composition; (5) Special examination (laboratory test, X-ray, electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram, electromyography, echocardiography, muscle needle biopsy, etc.). Physical examination is not only a major task for sports medical workers, but also an important task for sports teachers, coaches and sports researchers.

Because only through the physical examination, we can first get all kinds of accurate information about the physical characteristics, development degree, health status and functional level of the tested object, and organize and implement physical exercise and sports training in a targeted, scientific and reasonable way according to these information, so as to ensure the enhancement of human physique and promote the improvement of health level and sports technology level. In addition, physical examination is of great significance to the establishment of school students' physical files, the selection of athletes and the prevention and treatment of various human diseases.

Basic items of general physical examination 1. General physical examination and vital signs (1) Prepare and check the instruments (2) Introduce yourself (explain your position and name, and have a brief conversation to harmonize the relationship between doctors and patients) (3) Observe the general development, nutrition, facial expression and consciousness (4) Wash your hands when the examinee is present (5) Measure your body temperature (axillary temperature, 10 minutes) (3) Observe your body temperature. Check its symmetry. (8) Count the respiratory rate for at least 30 seconds. (9) Measure the blood pressure of the right upper limb twice. (2) Observe the head shape and the hair distribution of the head and neck (10). Abnormal movements (1 1) Touch the skull (12) Check the eyebrows (13) Check the near vision of the left and right eyes (near visual acuity chart) (14) Check the conjunctiva of eyelid, bulbar conjunctiva and sclera (/kloc-0 Check the upper eyelid, bulbar conjunctiva and sclera (17), check the motor function of facial nerve (frowning and closing eyes) (18), check the eye movement (check six directions) (19), check the direct light reflection of the pupil (20), and check the indirect light reflection of the pupil (2 1 9) Or Guanyin) (26) Observe the external nose (27) Touch the external nose (28) Observe the nasal vestibule and nasal septum (29) Check the ventilation state of the left and right nasal passages respectively (30) Check the maxillary sinus, and pay attention to swelling, tenderness and knocking pain. (3 1) Check the frontal sinus, and pay attention to swelling, tenderness and knocking pain. Pay attention to tenderness (33) check lips, teeth, palate, tongue quality and tongue coating (34) check buccal mucosa, teeth, gums and floor of mouth (35) check oropharynx and tonsils (36) check hypoglossal nerve (tongue extension) (37) check facial nerve motor function (bared teeth, bulging cheeks or whistling) (33) or hold your hand against your mouth) (36). Check neck shape and skin, jugular vein filling and carotid pulse (42) Check neck flexion and left-right movement (43) Check accessory nerve (shrug shoulders and resist head movement) (44) Touch anterior ear lymph nodes (45) Touch posterior ear lymph nodes (46) Touch posterior occipital lymph nodes (47) Touch submandibular lymph nodes (48) Touch submandibular lymph nodes (49) Touch neck. Supraclavicular lymph nodes (52) palpate thyroid cartilage (53) palpate thyroid isthmus (54) palpate lateral thyroid lobe (55) palpate left and right common carotid arteries (56) palpate trachea position (57) and auscultate neck (thyroid gland, blood vessels) murmur 3 respectively. Expose the chest (58) and observe the shape, symmetry and blood vessels of the chest. ) (6 1) Touch the right side * * * (four quadrants and ***) (62) Touch the left axillary lymph nodes (63) Touch the right axillary lymph nodes (64) Touch the chest wall elasticity and tenderness (65) Check the bilateral respiratory movements (upper, middle and lower, bilateral contrast) (65) Bilateral contrast. Bilateral contrast) (70) Bilateral lung apex auscultation (7 1) Bilateral chest auscultation and lateral chest auscultation (top-down, outside-in, bilateral contrast) (72) Bilateral voice examination * * Tangential observation (74) Apical pulse palpation (two-step method) (75) Precardial palpation (76) Left heart relative palpation. (10 fricative sound) (8 1) Auscultation in the second auscultation area of aortic valve (heart sound, murmur, fricative sound) (82) Auscultation in tricuspid valve area (heart sound, murmur, fricative sound) should be done with film chest film first. If appropriate, use a bell-shaped bra as a supplement. 4. Back (83) Instruct the client to sit up (84), fully expose the back (85), and observe the spine. Chest shape and respiratory movement (86) Check chest movement and its symmetry (87) Check bilateral tactile tremor (88) Check whether there is pleural friction (89) Ask subjects to cross upper limbs (90) and tap bilateral posterior chest (9 1) and tap bilateral lower lung boundary (92) and tap bilateral lower lung boundary activity (scapular line) (93) side. 5. Abdomen (100) Expose abdomen correctly (1066) Breathe quietly (102), observe the shape, symmetry, skin, navel and abdominal breathing of abdomen (103), and auscultate bowel sounds at least/kloc-0.

2. Sports tips

As an important part of human culture, the origin and development of sports are gradually formed and developed with the development of human society.

According to the research of historians and archaeologists, as early as primitive times, human beings passed on walking, running, jumping, throwing, climbing and climbing as the most basic skills and abilities in productive labor and daily life to the next generation. This is the bud of human teaching and sports activities.

The development of sports is closely related to the development of education, military affairs, science and technology, and people's religious activities and leisure activities. It must be pointed out that in the whole historical development process, sports are restricted and served by certain political and economic conditions.

The development of sports has roughly experienced the following three periods: the embryonic period of primitive sports; Consciously engaged in sports period; The formation and perfection period of sports system. After these three periods, the modern sports system gradually formed; The development of competitive sports is the main driving force to promote the development of modern sports.

3. Sports knowledge

Sports is a purposeful, conscious and organized social activity in the process of human social development, which follows the laws of human physical and mental development according to the needs of production and life, and takes physical exercise as the basic means to enhance physical fitness, improve sports technical level, carry out ideological and moral education and enrich social and cultural life. It is a special scientific field gradually established and developed with the development of human society.

The concept of sports has broad sense and narrow sense. 1. A broad concept of sports (also known as sports).

It refers to a conscious and organized social activity that takes physical exercise as the basic means to enhance people's physique, promote the all-round development of education, enrich social and cultural life and promote the construction of spiritual civilization. It is a part of the whole social culture, and its development is restricted by the politics and economy of a certain society and serves it.

2. The narrow concept of sports (also called sports). It is an educational process to develop the body, strengthen the physique, impart physical exercise knowledge and skills, and cultivate moral and will quality; It is the process of cultivating and shaping the human body; Is an important part of education; It is an important aspect of cultivating people with all-round development.

3. Competitive sports is also called "competitive sports". It refers to the scientific and systematic training and competition in order to beat opponents, achieve excellent sports results, and maximize the potential of individuals and groups in physical, physical, psychological and sports abilities.

Including sports training and sports competition. It is characterized by: 1) fully mobilizing and exerting the potential of athletes in physical strength, intelligence and psychology; 2) Strong antagonism and competitiveness; 3) The contestants are full of physical strength and superb skills; 4) Competing according to internationally recognized uniform rules; 5) entertainment.

Competitive sports in today's world are the product of social history. As early as 700 BC in ancient Greece, there were running, throwing, wrestling and other events, and there have been hundreds of them so far.

Common sports are track and field, gymnastics, basketball, volleyball, football, table tennis, badminton, weightlifting, swimming and cycling. Various countries and regions also have their own special national traditional projects, such as China Wushu, rattan ball in Southeast Asia, Cabadie and so on.

Its development is closely related to politics, economy, culture, education and science and technology of countries and regions. 4. Leisure sports refers to sports activities that are conducted in leisure time or at a specific time for the purpose of entertaining the body and mind.

It has the characteristics of amateur, recreational and entertaining. The content generally includes ball games, activity games, tourism, chess and cards and traditional national sports activities.

According to the organization of activities, it can be divided into individuals, families and collectives; According to the activity conditions, it can be divided into indoor and outdoor; According to competitiveness, it can be divided into competitive and non-competitive; According to the mode of operation, it can be divided into commercial and non-commercial; According to the way to participate in activities, it can be divided into ornamental activities and sports activities. Carrying out recreational sports activities is conducive to physical and mental health, cultivating sentiment and cultivating noble character.

5. Mass sports is also called "social sports" and "mass sports". It is the general name of sports activities widely carried out in the society for the purpose of entertaining the body and mind, strengthening the body, preventing and treating diseases and cultivating sports reserve talents.

Including staff sports, farmers sports, community sports, elderly sports, women sports, disabled sports and so on. The main forms are exercise groups, sports teams, counseling stations, sports homes, sports activity centers, sports clubs, chess clubs, and individual free physical exercise.

To carry out mass sports activities should follow the principles of people, places, times, amateur, voluntary, small, diverse and civilized. Carrying out mass sports activities extensively is an important way to give full play to the social function of sports, improve the quality of the people and complete sports tasks.

4. What are the common sports knowledge?

1, go to a regular gym to exercise.

Choose a professional and experienced coach. Before you start the planned exercise, you should have the corresponding physical test and physical fitness test.

Let the coach tailor the training plan according to the individual situation. It is the most direct and best way to prevent sports injuries to exercise regularly according to the relevant requirements of the gym and the suggestions put forward by the coach.

2. Make a perfect and regular plan. Take fat reduction as an example: generally speaking, strength equipment training is arranged twice a week to improve the oxygen binding ability of fat; Secondly, arrange intensive cardiopulmonary exercise twice a week to increase the health index.

Exercise for more than 30 minutes, the heart rate is controlled at about 70%-80% of the maximum heart rate, which can consume more fat. The maximum heart rate is 220 minus your age.

For example, the maximum heart rate of a 20-year-old man is 220-20=200, and the heart rate per minute during exercise should be around 200*70%= 140 or 200*80%= 160, so that more fat can be consumed. Of course, simple cardio-pulmonary exercises twice a week, such as fitness classes, will make your fitness process more interesting.

Finally, I suggest you do exercise for half an hour, just walking or riding a bike. 3. The diet before and after exercise depends on personal situation.

Generally speaking, after a meal, it takes a while for the body to organize digestion, and it is not advisable to exercise immediately, at least half an hour later. After fitness, the body is eager to replenish energy within 20 minutes, which is also the best time to absorb. If you are an athlete, eating within 20 minutes after fitness will over-recover; But if you want to lose weight, you must eat 30 minutes after the fitness.

We strongly recommend that you must drink water when doing aerobic exercise. Generally, a more scientific method is to add 250 ml of water after practicing 15 minutes, and you can use urination to test whether the water intake of the body is sufficient.

If the urine is colorless, it means there is no shortage of water. For exercises within 1 hour, water is the best tonic, but for exercises beyond 1 hour, you should not only drink water, but also supplement some sports drinks at the same time.

In addition, drinking water is beneficial to perspiration and is a good way to lower body temperature. Therefore, we should abandon the old concept of banning water during exercise. Tips for bodybuilders to guard themselves: 1. Never touch your face, especially your eyes, when exercising.

2. You can prepare 1 bottle of 75% alcohol. When you don't have time to take a bath after exercise, wipe your palm thoroughly with alcohol to achieve the purpose of disinfection. It should be noted that the amount of alcohol should be enough to make your hands wet.

Don't stand barefoot on the floor of the locker room. 4. If the recent period is a frequent period of colds or infectious diseases, you should avoid going to the gym to exercise.

5. Sports common sense materials

Generally divided into sports, discipline and events.

There are 28 sports, including track and field, rowing, badminton, softball, basketball, football, boxing, kayaking, cycling, fencing, gymnastics, weightlifting, handball, hockey, judo, wrestling, water sports, modern pentathlon, baseball, equestrian, taekwondo, tennis, table tennis, shooting, archery and triathlon. Some of these events have no disciplines, and the most disciplines are water events, including swimming, synchronized swimming, water polo and diving.

Although there are no events, there are 46 events, including 24 men's events and 22 women's events, which are the most gold medals in the Olympic Games. Followed by swimming, although there is no subject, there are 32 events, male and female 16.

6. Sports knowledge

Traditional sports in China is an important part of sports in China and a valuable cultural heritage of the Chinese nation.

Many excellent national traditional sports not only have strong fitness value, but also have high artistic value and rich entertainment and educational functions. After the founding of New China, * * * paid special attention to the development of traditional sports of ethnic minorities, and excavated and sorted out more than 1000 sports.

For example, Mongolians are known as "men's triathlon" in wrestling, horse racing and archery. * * * Kick and tug of war; Tibetan yak race; Miao people ride and row dragon boats; Zhuang nationality has changed from young men and women expressing love to "throwing hydrangeas" in confrontational competitions; Korean springboard; Manchu skating; Riding a wooden horse of the Dong nationality (on high feet); Yao plays the top; Gaoshan people fly kites; The Kirgiz's Chasing Girls; Brown rattan balls and so on. Dragon Boat Race, Kite, Yangko, Go, Qigong, Tai Ji Chuan, etc. It is a traditional sport that both Han and ethnic minorities love.

7. Sports tips.

1. During and after strenuous exercise, the salt in the body is excreted with a lot of sweat. Drinking too much water will reduce the osmotic pressure of blood, destroy the metabolic balance of water and salt in the body, affect the normal physiological function of human body, and even cause muscle spasm.

Because in the process of exercise, it is necessary to increase the frequency of heartbeat and breathing to increase blood and oxygen to meet the needs of exercise. Drinking plenty of water will make the stomach full, hinder the diaphragm activity and affect breathing; The increase of blood circulation increases the burden on the heart, which is not only bad for exercise, but also harmful to the heart.

In addition, drinking more water will reduce the concentration of gastric acid and affect food digestion. Drinking water after strenuous exercise for a long time is easy to get stomach trouble.

2, it is not appropriate to exercise after meals. After eating, more blood needs to flow to the gastrointestinal tract to help food digestion and nutrient absorption. If you take part in sports at this time, it will lead to blood flowing to the limbs, hinder the digestion of the gastrointestinal tract, and lead to diseases over time. The blood pressure of the infirm will also drop after eating, which is called postprandial hypotension, and it is easy to drop when going out.

Long-term exercise after meals is easy to get appendicitis. Don't do swimming and other sports after drinking.

3. Exercising in inappropriate places will bring harm. Because the basic function of exercise is to breathe in a lot of fresh oxygen from the outside to meet health needs, you must choose a good place before exercise, and parks, beaches and open-air stadiums are the best. 4. Don't exercise when you are in a bad mood. Exercise is not only physical exercise, but also psychological exercise.

When you are angry and sad, don't vent on the playground. Sports medicine experts explain that people's emotions directly affect the physiological functions of the body. Emotional changes occur in the deep brain and spread to the whole body, leaving traces on organs such as the heart, which will affect the health of human functions.

5. There are many methods to choose the best amount of exercise, such as index evaluation, heart rate evaluation, Cooper evaluation, fixed evaluation, fatigue evaluation, simple evaluation and stage evaluation. Because everyone's actual situation is very different, the difference of quiet heart rate is 15-30%, or even more, so choosing the best amount of exercise depends on your age, gender, professional characteristics, physical condition, health level, sports foundation, living environment and goals and tasks.

6. Benefits of Finishing Exercise Finishing refers to a series of relaxation exercises and recovery measures after exercise, with the purpose of eliminating fatigue, restoring physical fitness and improving exercise effect. Ending activities can relax tense muscles. During exercise, a large number of muscle capillaries are open and muscles are highly tense.

If you stay still immediately after strenuous exercise, the blood accumulated in the muscles will not flow back to the heart in time, and the muscles will be stiff and fatigue will not be easily eliminated. On the contrary, do some finishing activities after exercise to slow down the speed of exercise, or squeeze muscles and acupoints by * * * *, so that muscles can be fully relaxed and rested.

7. Nutritional supplement and recovery after exercise. Athletes often have to train every day, even twice a day when they are near the competition. They often need to play two or three games in a row to participate in the competition, including preliminaries, semi-finals and finals, such as track and field, swimming, or playing continuously every day for just a few days, such as basketball. At this time, the nutritional supplement after exercise becomes very important, which has an absolute influence on the effect of the next exercise or the result of the competition. For athletes, the recovery after exercise should not be natural, but should actively supplement the energy and nutrition consumed by exercise to prepare for the upcoming competition or training.

8. Nutritional supplement after exercise focuses on three aspects: one is to supplement the water and electrolyte lost due to sweating; Second, replenish glycogen consumed during exercise; Third, repair injured muscles and tissues; 9. Not taking a bath immediately after exercise will lead to insufficient blood supply to the heart and brain, dizziness and weakness, excessive accumulation of lactic acid and body aches. Basic information name: sports facts English: sports facts version: V2.2 Download: 13 times size: 135KB time: 20 12-07-20 Category: chat reading language: English system: Android 1.5+.

8.20 Basic knowledge of sports and health

Basic knowledge of physical education and health. Explanation of terms: 1. Physical education and health course: it is a compulsory course with physical exercise as the main means, physical education and health knowledge, skills and methods as the main learning content, and with the main purpose of improving the health of high school students. It is an important part of the school curriculum system and an essential way to implement quality education and cultivate talents with all-round development in morality, intelligence, physique and beauty.

2. Health: refers to the good state of an individual in all aspects of physical, psychological and social adaptation, not just the absence of disease and weakness. A person can only be considered as a truly healthy person if he maintains a good state in physical, psychological and social adaptation.

Physical education is the main means to promote health. 3. Emerging sports: refers to sports that are popular in the world, but are newly developed in China or deeply loved by teenagers, and are suitable for schools.

4. Exercise: refers to the physiological load completed by the human body in physical exercise. 4. Constitution: refers to the morphological structure of the human body, including the growth and development level of the human body, the overall index and proportion of the body, and the body shape.

5. Physical fitness: refers to the functional ability of human organs in muscle activities, including physical fitness and basic physical activity ability. 6. Horizontal goal: refers to students' expected learning results at different stages in various learning fields.

7. Exercise load: including load and load intensity. The load is generally expressed by the number of times, time, distance and weight of practice; Load intensity is generally expressed by the speed, density and difficulty of practice, which influence and restrict each other.

8. Lifelong physical education refers to a person's lifelong physical exercise and physical education. 9. Motor skills: refers to the ability to effectively complete special movements in sports, including the ability to coordinate work between different muscle groups under the adjustment of the nervous system.

As a sports skill in the field of study, students are required to learn, master and apply basic sports knowledge and skills, form certain application expertise, and lay a good foundation for lifelong sports. 10. Physical education teaching is a unified activity of teaching and learning. It is an organized educational process in which students actively learn and master the basic knowledge, basic techniques and skills of physical health care, exercise, strengthen their physique, promote health, develop their sports ability and cultivate their ideological and moral qualities under the purposeful and planned guidance of teachers. It is one of the basic ways to achieve the school's physical education goals.

1 1. Physical quality: refers to the various functional abilities of the human body in sports activities. Including strength, speed, endurance, agility, flexibility and so on.

12. complete method: refers to the method of teaching a whole set of movements or a single movement without any part. It is often used in the teaching of relatively simple movements or movements with tight structure and difficult decomposition. 16, physical education and health classroom routine: it is a series of basic requirements for teachers and students in order to make classroom teaching have strict organization and normal order and ensure the normal teaching of physical education and health.

It generally includes three parts: before class and after class. 30. Classroom routines: rules and regulations that teachers and students must abide by in the classroom.

Include routine activities before, dure and after class. 14, social adaptation: refers to the process in which individuals adjust their behavior habits or attitudes in order to adapt to the social living environment.

As a learning field, this field requires students to cultivate a good spirit of cooperation and competition, form a harmonious interpersonal relationship, and learn how to acquire sports and health knowledge in modern society. 15, physical education: an educational activity aimed at developing physical fitness and exercising.

16. Action image: an action image reproduced in the mind on the basis of past action perception. 18. Physical health: refers to a state of good physical fitness, normal function and full of energy.

19. aerobic endurance: refers to the ability to do aerobic work for a long time. 20. Physical education teaching mode: refers to the relatively stable structure and procedures of physical education teaching activities established under the guidance of certain teaching ideas or theories.

2 1, the three elements of happiness: simplicity, unconditionally and from the heart. 22. Biological age: refers to the actual age of an individual in biological aspects such as anatomical structure and physiological function, and reflects the speed of each person's growth and development.

Call it sports training. 23. Sports index: the average number of pulses per minute in class divided by the number of pulses per minute in quiet time.

24. Induction exercise: a transitional exercise to correctly master sports skills in sports activities. 25. Sports training: All the preparatory processes for training athletes are sports training.

27. Movement track: refers to the movement route of the body and some parts of the body during physical exercise. 28. Constitution: refers to the quality of the human body, which is a relatively stable feature based on the combination of human morphological structure, physiological function and psychological factors.

29. Oxygen demand: In order to maintain certain physiological activities and provide enough energy, the body needs to oxidize some energy substances, which is the necessary oxygen. 3 1, physical education teaching method: refers to the methods of physical education teaching, training and exercise.