But in fact, Cuju is not only played during the Qingming period, but also a traditional national sport that has been popular in several dynasties in China.
Then, in which dynasty did Cuju, known as "ancient football", prevail? Let's get to know each other.
Cuju has a long history in China. It is said that it began in the Yellow Emperor and was originally used for military training. The bow is made of leather, round and filled with hair. It is recorded in the Silk Book of the Warring States that after the Yellow Emperor killed Chiyou, he "filled his belly with a bow, which made people hold it and rewarded many people".
Cuju first appeared in Historical Records, Biography of Bian Que and Cang Gong, and then appeared many times in Hanshu. Historical materials such as Qi Ce in the Warring States Policy and Biography of Su Qin in Historical Records show that Cuju, the capital of Qi State, has developed into a popular folk entertainment form during the Warring States Period. Cuju has really ushered in rapid development and wide popularization. Dynasties, in the Han Dynasty and the Tang and Song Dynasties.
Cuju in Han and Three Kingdoms Period;
During the Han and Three Kingdoms periods, cuju developed rapidly. First of all, recreational cuju can be inherited. There are records that "the prosperous road rushes forward, and the poor lane steps on the bow" and "bow the horse to serve the world and learn cuju at home".
Secondly, the performance of cuju appeared. Performing Cuju is a performance of ball control skills with feet, knees, shoulders and head combined with drum music. Judging from the cuju performance depicted on the stone reliefs in the Han Dynasty, one person 1 bow, one person with two bows, and two people play cuju when playing drums. There are some technical movements, such as kicking, knee jacking, Qi Fei of both legs, stopping the bow with one foot, leaping back hook, etc. Some people call it "Cuju Dance", which is an important program in hundreds of plays.
Third, there is competitive cuju. This kind of cuju is generally equipped with a bow court, which is rectangular and generally runs east-west. It is equipped with a main hall to sit in the south and north, surrounded by walls, and is called "Cheng Ju".
Fourthly, Cuju began to be used in military training. Cuju not only symbolizes the "military situation" and has the function of training soldiers, but also is used to enrich military life and keep soldiers in good physical strength and mood. In the Han Dynasty, Ban Gu listed ancient football as a skill category of military strategists, and said: "The victory of attack and defense is also." Yan Shigu in the Tang Dynasty wrote: "Cuju and Chen Li are attached to the art of war."
Cuju in Tang and Song Dynasties;
If Han Dynasty is the climax of Cuju culture development, then Tang and Song Dynasties are the second climax of Cuju culture development. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, the main way of cuju was single-goal competition, which evolved from double-goal competition. In a special venue-Cheng Ju, the goal compartments correspond to each other. Players from both sides attack each other, and the winner is the one who scores more goals.
This kind of competition is mainly used for performances of court banquets and diplomatic etiquette competitions. In the indirect competition, there is a goal in the middle, and there is an "eye of the wind" more than two feet high in the middle of the goal, and both sides are on one side. If the ball doesn't land, the winner can let it go through the eye of the wind.
During the Tang and Song Dynasties, cuju activities became more popular. In the Song Dynasty, people from the inner court of the palace to civilian families liked cuju. Song Taizu Cuju Map painted by Qian Xuan in Yuan Dynasty depicts Song Taizu, Zhao Kuangyin playing football with Zhao Huan, Zhao Pu and others. In Yujie and Hengjie, citizens often play cuju, and there are also cuju activities among women. Many bronze mirrors in the Song Dynasty have decorative patterns of men and women playing football, and the pottery pillows in the Song Dynasty also depict the scene of folk girls playing football.
In addition, the goal-free kicking method is gradually standardized. This kind of kicking is called beating for nothing. From one-man field to ten-man field. "One-man field" is performed by the participants in turn, which is called "well wheel". In addition to playing football, you can catch the ball in the head, shoulders, hips, chest, abdomen, knees and other parts. Call "fly" to make the ball rise and fall, and call "roll" to make the ball fluctuate on the body.
Playing for nothing depends on the number of performances and skill level. When two or more people arrive at 10, they are called two-person field, flower branch, shooting stars and chasing the moon, small sharp, big sharp, out of the water, crossing the sea by the Eight Immortals, kicking the flower heart and the whole court respectively, and each has its own rules to kick the line. Touching the ball with the upper body is called the upper intercept, touching the ball above the knee is called the middle intercept, and kicking the ball with the calf is called the lower intercept. There are many kinds of kicking methods, so Cuju says "a hundred kicks and a hundred solutions".
Fifth, there are cuju organization and social rules. In order to safeguard their own interests and promote mutual assistance, at least in the Southern Song Dynasty, Cuju artists in the Song Dynasty organized their own groups, called Yun Qi Club, also known as Round Club. This is a specialized Cuju organization, which is responsible for organizing and promoting the competitions of Cuju activities.
Conclusion: Song people talked about the value of cuju, praising "the success of cuju is beyond words, digesting fitness and sleeping peacefully." Originally, I followed the fairy method, and this wonderful girl is not easy to pass on. "He added," A skillful craftsman can sew different flowers round, but he is smart, light and healthy. This will not only refresh the son's spirit, but also lure Wang Jiayi. During the Han Dynasty and the Tang and Song Dynasties, Cuju developed rapidly and became popular in ancient China. People compete to participate in it, thinking that it can not only make people healthy and happy, but also help them understand etiquette. People's attitude towards cuju also reflects the development and change of cuju concept.