I. Historical development
The "Nadam" conference is a grand gathering of Mongolian, Ewenki, Daur and other ethnic minorities living in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. "Wood" is a transliteration of Mongolian, which means "entertainment" and "game". It is held every summer and autumn. During the meeting, farmers and herdsmen from all over the country rode horses and drove cars, and brought furs, herbs and other agricultural products. The crowd gathered in the conference square. And put up a white yurt on the green grass around the venue. Nadam is ancient and sacred in the hearts of Mongolian people. It has a long history. Genghis Khan was the first to record the activity of "Nadam". 1225 was carved on the cliff in Uighur Mongolian (ancient Mongolian).
In the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, archery, horse racing and wrestling were combined into one, forming a fixed form of men's triathlon and "Nadam" convention.
In the Qing Dynasty, "Nadam" gradually became an organized and purposeful entertainment activity convened by the government on a regular basis, and its scale, form and content were developed. At that time, Mongolian governors held a "Nadam" conference every six months, one year or three years with Sumu (quite a district), flags and leagues as units, and awarded prizes and titles to winners in different grades. But at that time, due to the black-box operation of princes and nobles, the "Nadam" meeting was often won by the wrestlers, competitors and archers of the monarch.
Second, the origin of the activity
The predecessor of Nadam is Mongolian "Aobao", which is a unique national sports, entertainment and sports event created and handed down by Mongolian people in their long nomadic life. Nadam has a long history. According to the inscription of Genghis Khan on the cliff, Nadam originated in the early days of the establishment of the Mongolian khanate. As early as A.D. 1206, when Genghis Khan was selected as the Great Khan of Mongolia, he held a "convention" (big gathering) from July to August every year to show solidarity and friendship and celebrate the bumper harvest. At first, only archery, horse racing or wrestling were held. In the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, archery, horse racing and wrestling became a fixed form. Later, Mongols also called these three sports the basic events of men's Nadam.
During the Yuan Dynasty, Nadam was widely spread in Mongolian grassland and gradually became a military movement. The rulers of the Yuan Dynasty stipulated that Mongolian men must have three basic skills: wrestling, horseback riding and archery. In the Qing Dynasty, Nadam gradually became an organized and purposeful entertainment activity convened by the government on a regular basis, which was held every six months, one year or three years in units of Sumu (equivalent to township), flags and leagues. This custom has been used to this day, and the Mongolian people hold Nadam every year. In the past, during the Nadam period, large-scale sacrificial activities were held, and lamas had to burn incense and light lamps, recite scriptures and praise Buddha, pray for the blessing of the gods, and solve problems. The contents of Nadam mainly include wrestling, horse racing, archery, Saburo, horse riding, playing Mongolian chess and other traditional ethnic events, and in some places there are sports competitions such as track and field, tug-of-war, volleyball and basketball. In addition, there are wonderful performances such as martial arts, polo, horseback riding, archery, horse chopping, Atletico walking, horse riding skills and motorcycles on Nadam. Horses participating in the Atletico Walking Race must undergo special training. Four feet can't leave the ground at the same time. They can only walk fast, but they can't run fast. As night falls, the melodious and passionate voice of Ma Touqin is floating on the grassland, young men and women are singing and dancing by the bonfire, and people are immersed in the joy of the festival.
Third, the main sports
1, wrestling
Wrestling is a favorite sport of Mongolians and an essential event in Nadam. In Mongolian, wrestling is called "Bokeou Belledhu" and the wrestler is called "Bokeqing". Mongolian wrestling has its unique clothing, rules and methods, so it is also called Mongolian wrestling.
Wrestlers should wear wrestling clothes "Zhao Dege". Its vest is made of cowhide, deerskin and camel skin, and the leather vest is inlaid with bags, also known as foam nails, made of copper or silver, which is convenient for the other party to grasp. The most striking thing is that the center of the wrestler's leather vest is decorated with exquisite patterns, such as dragon, bird, Hua Teng and monster, which gives people a sense of dignity and luxury. The trousers worn by wrestlers are made of white silk or various silk materials, which are wide and pleated. The knees in front of the trousers are embroidered with unique patterns, which are peacock feathers, fire shapes and auspicious patterns with bright background. It has riding boots on its feet and a wide belt or silk belt around its waist. The neck of a famous wrestler is decorated with stripes of various colors-"Jiangga", which is a sign that the wrestler won the prize in the competition.
Mongolian wrestling has its own characteristics: according to Mongolian traditional customs, wrestlers are not limited by region and weight, and the elimination system is adopted to decide the outcome. The number of wrestlers participating in the competition must be a power of 2, such as 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 5 12, 1024, etc. Before the competition, an elder of the competition was pushed to arrange and pair the athletes. After the Mongolian long tune "Song of the Wrestler" was sung for three times, the wrestler waved his arms and danced eagle dance, saluted the rostrum, turned clockwise, and then the referee gave the order. After the two sides shook hands, the game began.
There are many wrestling skills. Thirteen basic skills such as grasping, pulling, pulling, pushing and pressing can evolve into more than 100 movements. You can grab each other's shoulders, hug each other's waist and attack them under their armpits. You can catch wrestling clothes, belts, belts and so on. The biggest feature of Mongolian wrestling is that it is not allowed to hold legs. Its rules also prohibit hitting the face; Don't suddenly pull people down from behind and touch their eyes and ears; Don't pull your hair, kick your stomach or anywhere above your knees.
"The ups and downs of the official sea" says: "Those who cloth pants, Zhuan Xu wrestle, winning or losing depends on the servant's land". A wrestler landing anywhere above the knee is negative.
2. Horse racing
Mongolian plateau is rich in famous Mongolian horses, which run well and have strong endurance. Since ancient times, Mongolians have had special feelings for horses. Mongolians grew up on horseback and are proud of having a fast horse that can run well. Training fierce horses, riding well and shooting well are the stunts of Mongolian herders. Usually, whether they are good at horse training, horse racing, archery and wrestling is regarded as the standard to identify an excellent herder.
Horse racing is one of the three skills of Mongolian men. Participants are sometimes all teenagers, sometimes regardless of age, and the mass is wide. Horse racing events include: 1, fast Marseille, mainly faster than horses. Generally, it is a straight race, and the route is generally 20, 30 or 40 kilometers. The first to reach the finish line is victory; 2. Walking in Marseille is mainly due to the steady and light pace of the horse; 3. Jumping Marseille is a unique horse racing performance in Mongolia.
Mongolian horse racing is one of the traditional Mongolian sports and entertainment activities. Horse racing, archery and wrestling used to be called men's triathlon. Mongolian horse racing is mostly held in Nadam today. By then, on the Inner Mongolia prairie, herders from hundreds or even hundreds of miles away will come to the party by car to participate in horse racing. The racecourse is full of colorful flags, gongs and drums, and it is very lively.
Mongolian horse racing is open to all men, women and children. From dozens to hundreds of people, go into battle together and race in a straight line, with distances ranging from 40, 60, 80 and Li. In order to reduce the load of horses, no matter how old or young, most of them don't wear saddles, boots and socks, but only wear gorgeous colorful clothes and dance with long ribbons, which is particularly heroic.
3. Archery
Archery is one of the traditional "men's triathlon" events in Mongolia and one of the earliest activities in Nadam. More than 800 years ago, Mongolians were divided into many different tribes, and their economic life could be roughly divided into nomadic economy and hunting economy. After Genghis Khan unified Mongolia, although the hunting economic tribes gradually turned to nomadic economy, the bow-drawing and archery skills accumulated in the hunting process for many years were preserved to prevent foreign enemies from invading and wild animals from attacking the herds. Poor herders without livestock still rely on bows and arrows to kill animals for a living.
Mongolian archery competition is divided into three types: close shooting, riding shooting and long-range shooting, with 25 steps, 50 steps and 100 steps. At close range, the shooter stands well, and after the referee gives the order, he shoots the arrow at the target, and the best one wins; When riding and shooting, the shooter rides on the horse and sends an arrow in the running of the horse. The best person won. In the competition, regardless of gender and age, all participants bring their own horses and bows and arrows. The style of bow and arrow, the tension of bow, the length and weight of arrow are not limited. The rules of the game are three rounds of nine arrows, that is, each person is only allowed to shoot three arrows in each round, and the top three are determined by the number of arrows in the target.
Fourth, the holding time
Nadam (every July 1 1 to June 13), which means "entertainment" or "game" in Mongolian, has also been designated as the National Day of Nadam in Mongolia (the founding day is165438+1October 26th. During the festival, there are traditional Mongolian sports, song and dance performances and so on. State leaders will personally go to the scene and invite many foreign guests to watch. Nadam is also a time for Mongols to entertain themselves. This season is the season with the most beautiful grassland scenery, the fattest cattle and sheep, and mellow koumiss. It is also the best season for local residents to choose a holiday, and it is also the most concentrated season for foreign tourists.
The meaning of verb (verb's abbreviation) trusteeship
Nowadays, in addition to the men's triathlon, Nadam has also added new contents such as polo, equestrian, track and field, ball games and Ulan Qi Mu performance, and held a material exchange meeting to commend advanced athletes. In Nadam, the herdsmen in Fiona Fang, a pastoral area, wore festive costumes for hundreds of miles and came to visit in an endless stream, riding horses, riding cars and pushing carts. During Nadam, there were many tents and extensive material exchange meetings were organized to promote production. Various forms of cultural activities are also held in the evening. Nadam held by Xilin Gol League has become an important activity for national fitness and mass entertainment. Nadam has a history of nearly 800 years and has been spreading and developing in Xilin Gol grassland. It is deeply loved by people of all ethnic groups and has become an important carrier of Mongolian cultural traditions. The activities in Nadam are the display of strength and beauty, the contest of physical strength and wisdom, the contest of speed and endurance, which fully shows the comprehensive quality of people living on the grassland.
Nadam is a traditional folk cultural activity with extensive mass and entertainment, which has extensive and profound cultural connotation and reflects the values and aesthetics of the Mongolian people. To explore, rescue and protect Nadam is of great value to enrich and perfect the sports history of China and even the world. Because the country attaches great importance to the protection of intangible cultural heritage, on May 20th, 2006, this folk custom was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list. Nadam of Xilin Gol League is the most representative.
Development of intransitive verbs
Today, Nadam not only conducts men's triathlon, but also adds new contents such as polo, equestrian, track and field, ball games and Ulan Qi Mu performance, and holds material exchange meetings to commend advanced athletes. In Nadam, the herdsmen in Fiona Fang, a pastoral area, wore festive costumes for hundreds of miles and came to visit in an endless stream, riding horses, riding cars and pushing carts. During Nadam, there were many tents and extensive material exchange meetings were organized to promote production. Various forms of cultural activities are also held in the evening. Nadam held by Xilin Gol League has become an important activity for national fitness and mass entertainment. Nadam has a history of nearly 800 years and has been spreading and developing in Xilin Gol grassland. It is deeply loved by people of all ethnic groups and has become an important carrier of Mongolian cultural traditions. The activities in Nadam are the display of strength and beauty, the contest of physical strength and wisdom, the contest of speed and endurance, which fully shows the comprehensive quality of people living on the grassland. Nadam is a traditional folk cultural activity with extensive mass and entertainment, which has extensive and profound cultural connotation and reflects the values and aesthetics of the Mongolian people. To explore, rescue and protect Nadam is of great value to enrich and perfect the sports history of China and even the world. Because the country attaches great importance to the protection of intangible cultural heritage, on May 20th, 2006, this folk custom was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list.
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