Abstract: Mountaineering refers to an activity of climbing from low-altitude terrain to high-altitude peaks under certain requirements. According to the types of mountaineering, mountaineering can be divided into mountaineering adventure (also known as alpine adventure), skill climbing, rock climbing and fitness climbing; According to the climbing methods, it can be divided into alpine climbing, Himalayan climbing and Alaska climbing. Next, let's look at the introduction! Mountaineering is one of the alpine adventure mountaineering sports. With the help of instruments and equipment, athletes have withstood the test of various harsh natural conditions, and the mountaineering activities aimed at climbing the peak (generally above the snow line). Alpine adventure mountaineering is a struggle between man and the natural environment, so it has higher requirements for climbers. First of all, climbers should have good physique and strong perseverance. In the process of mountain climbing, athletes often face many difficulties and unpredictable dangers, such as rolling stones, snow slopes and ice walls, severe cold and lack of oxygen in mountainous areas. Mountaineers must have tough endurance and high adaptability to various harsh natural conditions. Secondly, climbers should have certain scientific and technological knowledge, be able to queue up, March, camp and cook in various dangers by using various mountaineering techniques and equipment, be able to use communication, photography, meteorology, scientific research and other equipment, and also have common knowledge and skills such as map reading, astronomical observation, and identification of physiological indicators. In addition, mountaineers should have the ability to conduct comprehensive scientific investigations in combination with their majors. Some mountain areas for exploring mountaineering are often difficult for ordinary scientists to go deep into, and their activity ability is stronger than that of ordinary scientists, so they can independently or assist others to carry out scientific investigations in related disciplines in combination with their own majors.

Competitive mountaineering is a mountaineering activity that uses skilled climbing techniques and various technical equipment to climb cliffs or ice walls. Started at the end of 19. While many European mountaineers turned their mountaineering goals to Asian mountains, competitive mountaineering in western Europe centered on the Alps began to become active. European mountaineering circles divide all kinds of steep rock walls that are difficult to climb with the tide into six different difficulty levels, and carry out climbing competitions. In the 1970s, European climbers were not satisfied with the six-level difficulty, so the seventh-level difficulty appeared, and in the 1980s, the eighth-level super-high difficulty appeared. At present, there are two different styles of rock climbing techniques, one is the strength type represented by Soviet athletes and the other is the technical type represented by French athletes. Although the two types are almost equally divided, the technical type seems to be more magical. Therefore, some people call this sport "ballet on the mountain" and "rhythmic gymnastics on the rock wall"

Rock climbing is a competitive sport that climbs steep or artificial rock walls only by balancing hands, feet and body without using climbing tools. This sport originated in 1950s and 1960s, and 1974 was officially listed as an international competitive sport. In the same year, the International Rock Climbing Championship was held, and then it was held every two years. 199 1 1 In June, the Asian Rock Climbing Competition Committee was established and decided to hold the Asian Competitive Rock Climbing Championship every year. In June of the same year, 65438+February, the first climbing championship was held in Hong Kong. Rock climbing competition is divided into individual rock climbing, double rock climbing, group rock climbing and self-selected route rock climbing. Detailed+

Fitness mountaineering is called fitness mountaineering. Regular fitness mountaineering activities can improve lung ventilation and increase vital capacity, which is very beneficial to improve lung function; It can enhance the contractility of the heart, improve the endurance of muscles and the sensitivity of the nervous system, which is very beneficial to enhance physical fitness; It is also helpful to prevent and treat diseases. Patients with neurasthenia, chronic gastritis, hypertension, coronary heart disease and tracheitis can improve the therapeutic effect by taking medicine and cooperating with appropriate mountaineering exercise. It can also cultivate people's will and cultivate people's sentiments.

Mountain climbing Mountain climbing originated in the Alps, referred to as "A Pan". It is a mountaineering method that emphasizes self-reliance, uses as little equipment as possible, climbs quickly and boldly, and returns safely. This climbing method is often manifested as two or three partners with similar abilities, climbing a mountain quickly with the lightest equipment possible and without the supply of others in the middle. Fast, bold, difficult route and less equipment are the characteristics of mountain climbing, while fairness, autonomy and speed are the style and essence of mountain climbing.

Himalayan climbing corresponds to alpine climbing, also called siege climbing. It is a widely used climbing method for early climbers to complete extremely high-altitude peaks in Himalayan and Karakorum regions, emphasizing teamwork and steady progress. Often manifested as multi-person team climbing, laying road ropes, transporting materials to the camp many times, long climbing period, hiring mountain cooperation and assistance, etc. In Himalayan climbing, a base camp is often established to store more materials, a climbing plan is made, and alpine cooperation is hired to assist climbing. Before climbing, materials were delivered to the camp many times, and road ropes were laid on dangerous sections. Climbers perform their duties in the team, some are responsible for building roads, some are responsible for transporting materials, and some are responsible for climbing.

Alaskan alpine climbing emphasizes individual climbing and summit, while Himalayan climbing emphasizes teamwork and step by step. The combination of the two is Alaskan rock climbing. This climbing method is very common in Alaska, which requires climbers to be independent and treat the peaks fairly, but the route represented by McKinley Peak is long and difficult to supply by using fixed camps and ropes.