Tianmaijiu
Sports training theory comes from and guides sports training practice. The century-old history of modern competitive sports has nurtured and promoted the development of sports training theory, forming a theoretical system including general training theory, event group training theory and special training theory. In 2 1 century, the theory of sports training will be extended to the theory of competitive sports on the one hand, and the cultivation of different competitive abilities, the control of training process and related social and cultural factors will be further studied, so that modern science and technology will be more comprehensively and forcefully involved.
Sports training is a science that studies the law of sports training, or rather, it is a science that studies the law of improving human competitive ability and sports performance, and it is an important branch of modern sports science system.
1 Theory and Practice of Sports Training
Like all scientific theories, sports training theory is produced and developed in practice. At the same time, it serves the needs of training practice and promotes the development of training practice.
For example, the well-known training cycle theory is a scientific theory on the structure and organizational system of training process summarized and refined by the training circles in the former Soviet Union according to the systematization and long-term training activities and the need to formulate annual training and multi-year training plans. For another example, since the end of 1950s, American coaches have further realized the basic role of strength quality in other sports qualities from sports training practice, and developed various strength training theories and methods such as constant speed training, centrifugal training and interval training, which have been widely used all over the world. On the basis of the development of middle and long-distance running training, Gerschler and inder of Germany summarized the training experience of world record creators Harbig (Germany), ZaTobeck (Czech Republic) and other outstanding middle and long-distance running athletes, and put forward and established the classical theory and practice system of interval training, which first influenced various periodic sports such as middle and long-distance running and swimming, and then had a great impact on more special training and promoted the rapid improvement of competitive performance.
Today, when the 20th century is about to say goodbye to us, with competitive sports becoming the focus of the world, the Olympic Games becoming a grand festival in the world, and the sports industry plays an important role in the world economy, people's pursuit of higher-level sports competition will inevitably greatly promote the rapid development of sports training theory and even competitive sports theory.
A Century Review of the Development of Sports Training
The development of sports training in the 20th century experienced three stages: germination, formation, deepening and expansion.
2. 1 Practical preparation and theoretical preparation for the construction of sports training subject
With the increasing influence of competitive sports in human social life, the organization and effect of sports training have been paid more and more attention. The development of various sports training practices has gradually spawned different special training theories. The theory of track and field special training, which focuses on basic human sports abilities such as running, jumping and throwing, has played an important role in enlightening and promoting the development of other sports special training theories. Then, on the basis of various special training theories, absorb the knowledge and nutrition of basic theoretical disciplines (such as sports physiology, sports anatomy, sports biomechanics, sports education, sports biochemistry, sports psychology, etc.) and establish general training theories. ).
Although as early as the 1920s, there were preliminary research results about general sports training theory (such as "Sports Training" written by Murphy 19 13 in the United States), it was not until the 1950s that the research on training gradually developed from summarizing individual practical experience to revealing the general laws of sports training. 1962111The International Symposium on Scientific Methods of Sports Training in Socialist Countries held in Moscow in October concentrated the results of related research. These include modern sports training system (Su, Ao), forward planning of sports training (Su, Nabatenikov), stages of sports training (Su, Matvei), research in sports training methods (Bulgarian, Peter Koshilev) and physical training in modern sports training (Romanian, Cozma). The physiological problems of sports training (Su, Falferi), the biochemical basis of sports training (Su, Jakovleff) and the concept, content and classification of athletes' psychological training (Jie, Vaneck) show the multidisciplinary relationship of sports training. It should be said that this meeting laid an important theoretical foundation for the establishment of sports training system theory.
2.2 The formation and deepening of the theoretical system of sports training
1964 years ago, the correspondence teaching material "Training Science" compiled by Dr. Harley of Leipzig Institute of Physical Education in GDR for 1 time systematically brought all kinds of problems related to training into a monograph, which marked the formation of systematic training theory. Later, some books on training theory were published in West Germany, Japan, the Soviet Union and China. For example, Martin of the Federal Republic of Germany's Basic Principles of Training (Up and Down) (1997 1980), Ye Fu of Matvei of the former Soviet Union's Principles of Sports Training (1977) and Platonov's Modern Sports Training (1980).
At the same time, experts are also continuing to conduct more in-depth research on some specialized fields of training theory, such as "Special Endurance of Athletes" (Nabatikova, former Soviet Union, 1974), "Technical Training" (German Gerouser, 1982) and "Research on Human Exercise Load" (China, Ann Chen Chao,
2.3 Proposition and establishment of event group training theory
On the basis of the scientific classification of 1983 major competitive events, Chinese scholar tian maijiu put forward the idea of establishing a new theoretical level between general training theory and specific training theory. 1990 published the paper "Event Group Training Theory and Its Application", and then published a research monograph (1998), expounding eight event groups divided according to different competitive abilities. This is an important contribution to the theoretical construction of sports training in China.
2.4 Two schools of sports training theory research
The research of contemporary sports training theory can be clearly divided into two schools. One school is represented by Russia, Germany and China, and scholars pay attention to the rigor of theoretical research and the integrity of theoretical system. The other school is represented by the United States, and scholars pay more attention to the deepening of single-discipline research and the practicality of specific sports training methods. For example, Fox's Sports Physiology (1979) combines a lot of problems encountered in sports training practice; Many sports biochemists have found and provided many effective and powerful means to promote the improvement of athletes' competitive ability; The rules of isokinetic strength training established by Dr. Kang Sielmann, a swimming expert, have effectively promoted the improvement of competitive sports such as swimming.
3 2 1 the development prospect of sports training in the century
With the rapid development of competitive sports in 2 1 century, sports training will not only expand to a broader field, but also explore to a deeper level; It will better adapt to the integration and marketization of the global economy; It will also draw more abundant nutrition from other scientific disciplines.
3. 1 Sports training theory extends to competitive sports theory.
Sports training activities are an integral part of higher-level competitive sports activities. From the process of realizing the direct goal of "producing sports achievements", competitive sports activities include three basic links: athlete selection, sports training and sports competition. In addition, the macro-planning and management of competitive sports is an important guarantee to guide the smooth completion of competitive sports activities. These four sub-disciplines are independent and closely related to each other, and communicate with each other to a certain extent, which constitutes a complete competitive sports activity system. However, the description of the general principle of athlete selection by traditional sports training theory has long been far from meeting the urgent need of athlete selection. As an important competitive activity to directly express and evaluate the achievements of sports training, sports competition is rich in specific content and of great social value, which is not completely inclusive of the parts related to sports competition involved in the original sports training theory.
The Theory of Competitive Sports published by Ukrainian scholar Platonov in 1987 reflects the expanding consciousness of sports training theory. The title of this book is 1: Introduction to Competitive Sports; Article 2: Sports competition system and athletes' competition activities; Article 3: Sports training system; Chapter four: external factors such as planning, statistics, training and competition.
China scholars also actively participated in the development of this theory. Xie (1990), Liu (199 1), Zeng (1992), Liu Jianhe (1990).
3.2 The theoretical research of sports training has been further developed.
The deepening of theoretical research on sports training mainly focuses on the training content, the organization of training process and the social and cultural factors that affect training activities.
The research on athletes' competitive ability will be further deepened. Any athlete's competitive ability in any event is composed of his physical fitness, technology, sports intelligence and psychological ability. People's understanding and grasp of the function, composition and training methods of these four abilities are constantly strengthening and deepening, and the characteristics of athletes' competitive ability structure are constantly changing.
Looking back on the development history of sports training theory and its related disciplines, we can see that the research results on human physical fitness are the most abundant and the potential of athletes' physical fitness is relatively sufficient, but the theoretical research on athletes' technical, intellectual and psychological abilities is much weaker. This situation will inevitably affect the development of different types of sports.
In recent years, European and American countries have become increasingly active in the cultivation of athletes' coordination ability, the formation and development of sports skills, and the study of technical training laws and methods. In the United States, sports learning has become one of the main courses of higher physical education. In Germany, national academic conferences on technical training are held continuously; In China, Chen Xiaorong's theory of innovative techniques and tactics of competitive sports (1992) opened up a new research field. Tian maijiu and his doctoral students have made a series of studies on the structure of competitive ability. Liu Daqing's research (1997) points out that the relationship among the factors of elite athletes' competitive ability is unbalanced, and the dominant sub-ability has an important compensation function for the inferior sub-ability; Liang Cimin's Frontier Technology of Competitive Sports reveals some laws of the development of frontier sports technology. Yao Jiaxin (1998) explained the important enlightenment of China's ancient art of war strategy to the formulation and application of modern competitive tactics; Zhang Yingbo (1998) thinks that the degree of coordination between spatial factors and time factors in sports training greatly affects the scope, quality, speed and opportunity of athletes' competitive ability state transfer; Others, such as Quan Deqing, devote themselves to revealing the development law of children's coordination ability (1998). These studies will continue to deepen after the arrival of the new century and have due influence in the international arena.
The research and development of sports intelligence and psychological ability need pioneering research and practical work in sports training, pedagogy and psychology.
The new focus of sports training process research in 2 1 century still focuses on the effective control of sports training process. It mainly focuses on the following aspects: applying scientific diagnosis methods and means, timely evaluation and feedback, and making necessary adjustments to the training plan.
In the annual training process, people will show great enthusiasm for further studying the training rules of athletes in the best competitive stage and competitive maintenance stage, strengthen the research on the training characteristics of athletes in the peak competitive period, and further explore how to retain excellent athletes for a long time.
In the organization and control of the annual training process, the research focuses on flexibly arranging the long training period and selectively controlling the number and intensity of excellent athletes, which is a major problem faced by competitive athletes in the global economic marketization.
3.3 Pay attention to the sociological factors that affect training and competition.
As a sports activity that needs strong social support and can have a great impact on society, the organization and development of competitive sports are strongly encouraged and restricted by sociological factors. And with the improvement of competitive sports level, this kind of incentive and restriction will be more intense and profound. Therefore, the research on the sociological factors affecting sports training and competition will inevitably deepen and strengthen day by day. European and American countries have paid great attention to this field, and in many major international academic conferences, the discussion content is generally focused on sociological issues. For example, the related papers reported at the Scientific Conference of the Eighth Olympic Games from 65438 to 0992 include: international exchange and understanding between competitive sports and elite athletes (Finland); Children and competitive sports experience (USA); Sports hegemony and the change of Japanese lifestyle (Japan); The influence of excellent sports performance consciousness on the development of national sports (Canada); Olympic Games: automatic control and controlled system (Russia), etc.
At present, our society is in a major turning point of reform and opening up, so it is more urgent and necessary to strengthen the research in this field. The problems to be studied urgently are: (1) the influence of market economy on sports training and competitive activities; (2) How to adapt the organizational system and operation mechanism of sports training and competition to the new situation of continuous development and deepening reform and opening up; (3) The influence of "only child" family structure on sports training and competition activities; (4) Coordinated development of competitive sports and national fitness sports; (5) The cultural background of the development of competitive sports in China; (6) Olympic Movement and Competitive Sports in China, China Olympic Movement and China Society, etc.
3.4 Modern science and technology are involved in the field of sports training in all directions and in the whole process.
The combination of modern sports competition and modern science and technology is getting closer and closer. It is often said that behind the gold medal war is the science and technology war. Although this judgment is not rigorous, it vividly expresses the important influence of modern science and technology on the development of competitive sports. It can be said with certainty that the winner on the international stage in 2 1 century will inevitably rely more on the all-round and whole-process intervention of modern science and technology. The comprehensive intervention of modern science and technology in competitive sports, including sports training, is not only reflected in all aspects of the movement of things, but also in the whole process of the movement of things.
The multidisciplinary connection between competitive sports and sports training provides a realistic possibility for the extensive involvement of modern science and technology. Whether it is strategic science, decision-making science, humanities and social science, or natural science, medicine, mechanics, chemistry, mathematics, computer science; Whether it is high-precision electron microscope, rapid feedback blood lactate tester, rapid development of nanotechnology and genetic science, Delphi expert survey or anxiety level scale in different environments, it has a wide range of application values in sports training and even competitive sports. All kinds of scientific disciplines, scientific theories, scientific ideas, scientific methods and instruments can find their own positions and play their respective roles here. As the direct task of sports training activities, the improvement of athletes' physical, technical and psychological competitive ability depends on the help and support of modern science and technology to a great extent.
The achievements of modern science and technology are widely used in every link of the whole process of sports training, that is, the diagnosis of athletes' state, the establishment of training objectives, the formulation of training plans, the organization and implementation of training activities, the inspection and evaluation of training effects, and the feedback control of training conditions until the training objectives are finally realized. Not only for the organization, implementation and monitoring of exercise load, which is an important influencing factor of exercise training, but also for the recovery process after load; Not only for all kinds of training methods and means in the training class, but also for all kinds of powerful means after the training class; Modern science and technology not only involves the process of sports training itself, but also involves other important links in competitive sports activities, namely, athlete selection, sports competition and competitive sports management. Take material selection as an example: In recent years, great achievements have been made in the research and organization of scientific material selection, such as the extensive use of multidisciplinary knowledge and genetic knowledge, identification of development degree, physiological and biochemical tests, psychological tests and other research methods, and the establishment of scientific material selection networks in many provinces and cities across the country. Through these works, the scientific level of material selection is obviously improved, which provides an important premise for improving the success rate of sports training.
2 1 century is a century of knowledge and information, and sports training in 2 1 century will surely usher in new rapid development together with sports training practice!
4 main references 【 Welcome to China Paper Network (www.zclw.net)! ]
[1] Beijing Institute of Physical Education, edited by Beijing Institute of Physical Education. International symposium on scientific methods of sports training. 1962
[2] Tianmai Jiu. Sports training in 2000. Newsletter of China Sports Training Association, 1984.
[3] Guo Jiaxing. A new discipline in the field of sports science-sports training. Journal of Beijing Institute of Physical Education, 1982(2)
[4] Doctor, Berlin Training Center, Germany, zip code 1969.
[5] Tian Maijiu. Development and prospect of sports training theory in China. Sports Science, 1988(3)
[6] tian maijiu et al. Research status and development trend of contemporary sports training theory. Journal of Beijing Institute of Physical Education, 1993.