Shandong Province, referred to as Lu for short, is located in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, at the eastern foot of Taihang Mountain, on the coast of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea, and the capital of Jinan. It governs Jinan, Qingdao and other 17 prefecture-level cities, Zhangqiu and other 3 1 county-level cities and 6 1 county. It covers an area of 6.5438+0.5 million square kilometers and has a total population of 9,079. There are coastal areas

More than 290 islands. The terrain is mainly plain hills, which can be divided into northwest Shandong plain, south-central Shandong hills, low hills in Jiaodong,

Jiaolai plain and other four parts. The main rivers are the Yellow River and the Grand Canal, and the lakes are Weishan Lake and Zhaoyang Lake. Most areas belong to warm temperate semi-humid monsoon climate. Mainly mineral and marine resources. There are large reserves of coal, oil and gold, and Shengli Oilfield is an important oil producing area. Coastal lakes are rich in sea salt resources and bird resources. Industry is more developed, in order to

Resources, machinery and electronics, chemicals, textiles, food, etc. Jinan machine tools, Qingdao railway locomotives and household appliances in machinery industry.

Electrical appliances, Yantai clocks and watches and other products are well-known throughout the country. Beer and peanut oil in food have advantages in domestic and foreign markets. it is me

In China's developed agricultural provinces, the output of major crops such as wheat, corn, peanuts and fruits ranks first in the country, and potatoes and cotton rank first.

Ranked in the forefront of the country. Temperate fruits, prawns, shellfish and kelp cultivated in shallow sea beaches are world-famous. Shandong, also known as Qilu, has a long history. It is the hometown of Confucius and Mencius, the founder of ancient Confucianism in China. There are many places to visit, such as mountains, springs, lakes and seas.

Tourism resources; Six cities, including Qufu, Liaocheng and Linzi, are national historical and cultural cities, including Taishan, Laoshan and Jiaodong Peninsula.

Binhai and other three places are national key scenic spots. There are 36 national key cultural relics protection units such as the Yellow River Estuary and Laoshan Mountain.

Long Island and other 22 national forest parks and 3 national nature reserves. During the liberation of Yimeng mountain area, there was the Battle of Menglianggu.

Site, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression Memorial Hall, a mountain villa in Zaozhuang City. Special seafood and temperate fruits, Dezhou braised chicken, Tsingtao beer,

Jimo Laojiu, Weifang Kite and Zibo Ceramics are famous all over the country, and Shandong cuisine is one of the eight major cuisines in China.

History:

Shandong, the geographical concept before the Jin Dynasty, generally refers to Xiaoshan, Huashan or the vast area of the Yellow River basin east of Taihang Mountain. golden

In the eighth year of Dai Dading (1 168), Shandong East Road and West Road were established as military zones, and Shandong became the official administrative division name. Mingshan

The East Chief Secretary (also known as the Governor) has jurisdiction over 6 prefectures 104 county, which roughly established the administrative region of Shandong Province today. Shandong in Qing dynasty

It basically followed the territory of Shandong in the Ming Dynasty and was called Shandong Province. Because of the Western Zhou Dynasty when the People's Republic of China was founded, there are Qi and Lu in Shandong today.

, Cao, Teng, Wei, Feng Yu Lu, so now Shandong is also called "Lu".

In the late Qing Dynasty, there were Jinan, Dongchang, Tai 'an, Yanzhou, Yizhou, Dengzhou, Laizhou, Qingzhou and Wuhan in Shandong.

Set up 10 government, Jining, Linqing and JIAOZHOU, and * * * governs 8 scattered states and 96 counties. In the early Republic of China, it was divided into

Jinan, Jining, Jiaodong and Dongdong 4 roads belong to 107 county. 1928 abandoned roads, all counties in the province. 1937 10 month,

The Japanese army invaded Shandong, and the Kuomintang provincial government went into exile. 1In July, 938, the Central Committee of the Sulu-Henan-Anhui Border Region issued a document on restoration.

By the end of the year, 12 counties had established anti-Japanese democratic governments according to the instructions of counties, districts and township governments. 1July, 939, in * * *

Shandong Branch divides Shandong into three districts and two special zones: one district is south of Ji Jiao Road, north of Longhai Road and east of Jinpu Road.

Pu Lu Xi is the second district, Jiaodong is the third district, and Huxi and Qinghe are special zones. 1August, 940, wartime work was carried out in Shandong province.

The Committee was established to govern 16 Commissioner's office and 88 counties. In September, 1943, Shandong wartime work implementation Committee.

It was renamed the Shandong Provincial Administrative Committee, with five director's offices and Commissioner's offices, directly under Binhai, and under the jurisdiction of * * * 18 specialized agencies and

92 county-level regimes. 1In August, 945, the Shandong Provincial Administrative Office was changed to the Shandong Provincial Government, with five administrative offices.

* * * governs 2 1 agency, 1 19 county.

Shandong is one of the birthplaces of Chinese civilization. At present, the earliest Shandong people-"Yiyuan people", can put the mountain.

The history of eastern China can be traced back to 400,000 to 500,000 years ago. In the early and middle Neolithic period, the northern new culture in tengxian was 7.

About a thousand years. The world-famous Dawenkou culture and Longshan culture at the end of primitive society were first discovered in Shandong.

. Since the Xia Dynasty, Shandong has entered the slave society. Before the establishment of Shang Dynasty, Shandong was the center of business activities.

Five times during the period of moving the capital, and three times in Shandong. After the establishment of Shang Dynasty, Shandong remained its ruling center. Western Zhou Dynasty

Implement the policy of "sealing the state", sealing the merchants of Lu to Qi, sealing them to Lu and sealing them to Cao, Teng and Wei. uniform

The country's "industry and commerce, the benefits of fish and salt, the people return more"; Lu integrated Zhou culture and oriental culture into a kind of "ceremony"

The status of the instrument. "

In 594 BC, the "first tax mu" of Lu indicated that the seeds of feudal relations of production had appeared in Lu. public

In 22 1 year BC, Qin destroyed six countries and established a unified feudal dynasty. Qi was the last vassal state to be wiped out. since then/from then on

Later, in the feudal society of more than two thousand years, although Shandong was sometimes occupied by separatist forces, on the whole,

It is an organic part of the feudal dynasty.

Shandong is famous for its developed agriculture and handicrafts. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the present Shandong area was called "gypsum soil".

Thousands of miles ",the agricultural economy is developed, and the grain produced is continuously traced back to the west of the Yellow River and transported to Guanzhong area. During the Western Han Dynasty, Shandong

The population of the whole region was/kloc-0.7 million, with 3.9 million households, accounting for 30% of the national population at that time, and the population density ranked first in the country. After ...

Although it was destroyed by wars in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, compared with other parts of the country, Shandong is still intact.

For the economic center. In the early years of Sui Dynasty, granaries were set up in all parts of Shandong, and the registered permanent residence accounts for 2 1% of the total number of households in China. Tang Dynasty Kaiyuan Tianbao

During the years, millions of stone millet were transported from Shandong to Guanzhong every year. During the Kaiyuan period, "the wealth in the sea is the price of rice bucket."

Thirteen, Qing and Qi fighting is the only way to San Qian. A silk, two hundred dollars. "In the late Tang Dynasty, despite the war, Shandong agriculture

Production is still developing. "The land is big and the warehouse is full." During the Song, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, Shandong suffered feudal exploitation, especially.

Heavy, and constantly suffering from foreign invasion and cruel rule, the economy is in a state of stagnation. There were 380,000 households in Shandong in the Yuan Dynasty, 1.

260,000 people, compared with the Jin Dynasty, the number of households decreased by about 75% and the population decreased by about 87%. In the early Ming dynasty, "most of them were uninhabited places", ruling

People have to take measures to encourage people to reclaim land. By the 26th year of Hongwu (1393), the cultivated land area in Shandong had reached.

72.4 million mu, 2.4 times that of the Northern Song Dynasty, ranking third in the country. During the Kangxi period of the Qing dynasty, it increased to more than 90 million mu.

The iron smelting industry in Shandong originated very early. In the early Spring and Autumn Period, the State of Qi had used iron farm tools. In the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Wudi was in the whole country.

There are 48 iron officials, and there are 18 in Shandong. Yanzhou was the mining and metallurgy center in Tang Dynasty, and Laiwu had 13 iron smelter and 18 copper smelter.

. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Laiwu's iron and steel metallurgy scale was further expanded, and together with Jiangsu Li Guojian, Laiwu became two major iron and steel metallurgical centers in JD.COM. In the early Ming Dynasty,

Shandong's annual output of iron is 310.5 thousand Jin, ranking third in the country. Shandong province is also rich in other minerals, such as Helai.

Gold production, the gold production of Dengzhou and Laizhou accounted for 90% of the whole country during Yuanfeng period. Jinan, Qingzhou and Laizhou in the early Ming Dynasty.

At the age of 320 thousand kilograms of lead. In the Qing Dynasty, Shandong coal mines were extensively mined, the most famous of which was Yixian coal mine, which was transported to the north during the Ganjia period.

Shi Jing, Fengtian, often has a million stones.

Shandong's textile handicraft industry is world-famous. During the Warring States period, the State of Qi was known as "wearing a crown, clothes wear the world". Linzi,

Dingtao and Kangfu (now Jining) were the three major textile centers in Han Dynasty. The textiles produced are large in quantity, good in quality and endless.

Export to the western regions and other places through the "Silk Road". So at that time, Shandong was one of the main sources of the Silk Road.

One. Mirror-patterned silk in Yanzhou in Tang Dynasty and fairy-patterned silk in Qingzhou are famous textiles in China. Weaving was established in Qingzhou in Song Dynasty.

Jinyuan specializes in weaving high-grade textiles. When I was in Song Shenzong, I bought silks and silks in Shandong, reaching about 300,000 pieces every year.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Jinan, Jining, Linqing and other cities all had relatively developed textile handicrafts, and in some places there were belts.

Handicraft workshops with the budding nature of capitalism.

1840 after the first opium war, Shandong's economy embarked on a semi-colonial and semi-feudal road. Due to the outside world

The economic plunder of capitalism in China led to the abnormal development of Shandong economy in modern times. Rural feudal land ownership still exists.

However, stubbornly preserved, the phenomenon of land concentration is widespread. Farmers and craftsmen exploited by feudal forces,

It was also invaded by foreign capitalism. The dumping of foreign goods in Shandong has bankrupted a large number of craftsmen and small traders.

Unemployment. Farmers are getting poorer and poorer, and the natural economy is gradually disintegrating. With the emergence and development of capitalism in China, Shandong

Modern industry has also appeared. Jinan has a machinery bureau engaged in military production; Zaozhuang, Zichuan and Pingdu all have coal.

Mining production such as lead and gold; Yantai has Changyu Brewery Company, Silk Reeling Factory, Egg Powder Factory and other light industries.

During the First World War and the early postwar period, European and American imperialists were busy with the war and relaxed their economy to China.

After the invasion, Shandong's national industry was once developed. In the 1930s, it reached the highest level before the founding of the People's Republic of China.

1937 After the July 7th Incident, Shandong became the occupied area of Japanese imperialism, and they mainly plundered Shandong.

"Two whites and two blacks", namely salt, cotton, coal and iron. They adopted "military control" over the remaining industries in the war.

Management "and" Sino-Japanese joint venture "and other means to seize, forcing most private industries into a desperate situation. In the countryside, they caught

Land, recruit labor, and implement the "three light policies" in the anti-Japanese base areas. According to1945,65438+February is endless.

General statistics (lack of figures of liberated areas, newly liberated areas in central Shandong and southern Shandong and some organs at that time), during the eight-year anti-Japanese war.

Losses: 668 143 people died, 393,259 able-bodied men were arrested, livestock 1079792 1 head was taken, and grain 1 178486 Jin was harvested.

2542844 farm tools and1151186 houses were burned. The planting area of wheat 1 1 crop in Shandong is 194 1 year.

Before the war, the output was reduced by 16%, and the output of wheat, corn, rice, cotton and tobacco was reduced by more than 50%, which caused great damage to agriculture.

. Rural handicrafts declined further. The whole economy is on the verge of collapse. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, due to the corruption of the Kuomintang regime

Corruption, the economy of Shandong Kuomintang-controlled area fell into total collapse.

Under the leadership of China, with the establishment of people's political power at all levels, the new democratic economy

The economy has grown stronger. Establish fiscal, taxation, financial and trade institutions, issue currency in the liberated areas, and eliminate the enemy and puppet currencies.

Struggle, develop import and export trade, and prosper the market in the liberated areas. The development of new-democratic economy is to resist Japan.

The overall victory of the war and the subsequent war of liberation laid a solid material foundation.

Shandong is one of the cradles and centers of ancient culture in China. There are many jays here.

Thinkers, scientists, politicians, militarists, writers and artists. In terms of academic thought, there is Confucius.

Mencius, Yan Zi, Ceng Zi, Mozi, Xunzi, Zhuangzi, Zheng Xuan, Zhong Changtong, etc. In the political and military aspects, there is a tube.

Zhong, Yan Ying, Sima Rang, Sun Wu, Wuqi, Sun Bin, Zhuge Liang, Qi Jiguang, etc. In history, there are left

Tyumen, Huahua, Cui Hong, Ma? Wait; There are Kong Rong, RoyceWong, Xu Gan, Zuo Si and Bao in literature.

According to, Liu Xie, Yu Wang? Li Qingzhao, Xin Qiji, Zhang, Feng Weimin, Li Kaixian, Pu Songling,

What about Kong He? Wait; In art, there are Wang Xizhi, Yan Zhenqing, Li Cheng, Zhang Zeduan, Gao et al. Zaike

In learning technology, there are Lu Ban, Gan De, Liu Hong, He Chengtian, wang pu, Yan Shengzhi, Jia Sixie, Wang Zhen and Yan Su.

; In medicine, there are Bian Que, Chunyu Kun and Wang Shuhe. Their thoughts, theories, wisdom and academic achievements,

It constitutes an important part of China's traditional culture and has a wide and far-reaching influence on the development of China culture.

Shandong people are rich in revolutionary traditions. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, there was a slave uprising led by a branch. "There are 9,000 slaves,

Run around the world. "In the long feudal society, the Shandong people repeatedly armed uprising, dealt a heavy blow to the feudal system.

Governance. The famous ones are the Red Eyebrow Uprising in the last years of Xin Mang, the Yellow Scarf Uprising in Qingzhou in the last years of Eastern Han Dynasty, and the Changbai Uprising led by Wang Bo in the last years of Sui Dynasty.

The mountain uprisings and peasant uprisings led by Dou Jiande, Meng Haigong, Du Fu, Liu Heita and others soon developed nationwide.

Roll up the storm of peasant revolution. The Huang Chao Uprising at the end of the Tang Dynasty overthrew the rule of the Tang Dynasty. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, there were farmers in Sung River.

Uprising. Uprising took place in Tang Saier and Xu Hongru in the Ming Dynasty. Before the middle of Qing Dynasty, there was an uprising led by Qi and Wang Lun. Modern Times

There was an army uprising and a struggle against the Nian Army, and Shandong was also the birthplace of the Boxer Rebellion.

During the May 4th Movement (19 19), the people of Shandong launched a massive anti-imperialist patriotic movement. May Fourth Movement

After the movement, Shandong established the early * * * production group. At 192 1, Wang Jinmei and Deng Enming participated in China.

The first national congress of the production party became one of the earliest provinces in China. The first revolutionary civil war and the first time

During the Second Revolutionary Civil War, under the leadership of China, the people of Shandong were in Yanggu, Gaotang, Boxing and Profit.

Armed riots were held in viceroy, Rizhao, Cangshan and Kunyu Mountain to oppose the oppression and exploitation of old and new warlords and imperialism.

Support the revolutionary war. After the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the people of Shandong launched the Hebei-Lubian, Northwest Shandong, Tianfu Mountain and Hei successively.

Anti-Japanese armed uprisings such as Tieshan, Niutou Town, Culai Mountain, Taixi, Lunan and Huxi created Jiaodong, Bohai and Binhai.

By the end of May of 1945, the people's armed forces in the five liberated areas of Shanghai, Luzhong and Lunan had grown to 2 13000.

The militia was 4 1 10,000, and more than 439,000 Japanese and puppet troops were annihilated during the eight-year war of resistance. After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, the Shandong people again

Cooperate with the China People's Liberation Army to smash the key attacks of the Kuomintang army in southern Shandong, Laiwu, Meng Lianggu,

Wei county, Jinan and other famous battles. As of June 1948, 1 1, Shandong soldiers and civilians fought in the war of liberation 10970 times.

569,574 people were wiped out. 1June, 949, the whole territory of Shandong was liberated.

1949 In March, the Shandong Provincial Government was renamed as the Shandong Provincial People's Government, which governs 14 city (including Jinan, Qingdao and Xuzhou).

4 provincial cities), 140 counties, 2 offices and 2 special zones. In 1950 and 16 areas, it was merged into.

Tengxian, Linyi, Tai 'an, Yishui, Dezhou, Huimin, Zibo, Changwei, Jiaozhou, Laiyang, Wendeng 1 1 Special Zone.

1952, plain province was abolished, and 29 counties belonging to Liaocheng, Heze and Huxi were assigned to Shandong. Yuanhebei

Linqing County, Guantao County, Encheng County, Xiajin County and Wucheng County of Shandong Province are under the jurisdiction of Shandong Province. And Dongguang, Wuqiao, Ningjin in Shandong,

Qingyun, Yanshan and Nanpi counties belong to Hebei; Xuzhou, Xinhailian, Feng, Pei, Huashan, Tongbei and Ganyu

, Pi, Donghai and other counties were placed under Jiangsu.

1June, 953, tengxian area was renamed Jining area. In July, Huxi area and Yishui area were abolished, and

Counties and cities belong to Jining, Heze and Linyi respectively. 1954 65438+February, Zibo industrial and mining area was abolished and Zibo city was established.

. 1958 Laiyang area was renamed Yantai area. 1960, Yixian county was abolished and Zaozhuang city was established. 1963, River

Dongming County, South Province, was assigned to Shandong. 1964, Fan County was assigned to Henan. 1965, Guantao was assigned to Hebei and Hebei Ning.

Jinxian County and Qingyun County were placed under Shandong Province. 1967, the region was renamed as the region, and the whole province * * * governs Dezhou, Huimin, Changwei and Yantai.

Taiwan Province, Linyi, Taian, Jining, Heze, Liaocheng, Jinan, Qingdao, Zibo, Zaozhuang,

5 county-level cities, 107 counties.

1981may, changwei area was renamed Weifang area. In June, 1982, 1 1, Dongying City was established. 1983

, the revocation of Yantai, Weifang and Jining areas, and the establishment of prefecture-level Yantai, Weifang and Jining cities. 198

In 5 years, Tai 'an area was abolished and a prefecture-level Tai 'an city was established. From 65438 to 0987, Weihai was upgraded to a prefecture level city. 1989 days

According to the city, promoted to prefecture-level cities. 1992, Huimin District was renamed Binzhou District, and Laiwu City was upgraded to a prefecture-level city. 199

In 4 years, Linyi District and Dezhou District were abolished and Linyi City and Dezhou City were established. 1997, Liaocheng was revoked.

Area, the establishment of prefecture-level Liaocheng city. In 2000, Binzhou and Heze were abolished and Binzhou and Holland were established.

Zeshi.

By the end of 2002, the province was divided into Jinan, Qingdao, Zibo, Zaozhuang, Dongying, Yantai, Weifang, Jining,

Tai 'an, Weihai, Rizhao, Laiwu, Linyi, Dezhou, Liaocheng, Binzhou and Heze are 17 prefecture-level cities and county-level units 1.

39, 1927 township units.