1. Archery: Generally, the athletes participating in the archery competition of the Paralympic Games are disabled people with spinal cord injury, cerebral palsy and physical disability. According to the disability category, they are divided into male and female ARW 1 (sitting posture 1), ARW2 (sitting posture 2), ARST (standing posture) and team * * *, with a total of three levels and eight items.
2. Track and field: In order to make athletes of all kinds of disabilities in a relatively equal environment, different kinds of competitions are needed. For example, visual disability is divided into three grades: B 1, B2 and B3 (B is the prefix of the English word Blind for the blind). Different grades will also have corresponding special rules. Therefore, track and field has become the category, level and event with the largest number of disabled people in all Paralympic Games, and its organization is also the most complicated.
3. Hard bowling: This sport is especially suitable for people with severe spasms, cerebral palsy or severe physical disabilities.
During the competition, the athlete must throw the ball in a wheelchair and calculate the score according to the distance between the ball and the target ball (that is, the center ball). The person closest to the target ball scores, and the person with the highest cumulative score wins.
4. Bicycle: Cycling in Paralympic Games is similar to cycling in Olympic Games, and it is also divided into circuit race and road race. Athletes are composed of some or all athletes with visual impairment, cerebral palsy, physical disability or other permanent physical disabilities. Blind people use two-wheeled bicycles when riding bicycles, and cyclists are passive healthy athletes; Physically disabled athletes with severe lower limbs disabilities use a pedal bicycle pedal; Athletes with lower limb disabilities can also use hand-cranked bicycles to participate in the competition; Athletes with severe cerebral palsy can use tricycles to participate in the competition.
Equestrian: Equestrian events for the disabled only include dressage, including individual championships (required movements), individual freestyle events (optional movements) and team events. The individual competition is divided into four levels according to the disability category, with a total of 9 events. Both male and female riders can take part in the race.
The competition will be held in the venue of healthy people, and the venue standard is 20m× 40m or 20m× 60. Athletes will control the horses to make specified actions such as marching, scurrying and jogging within a specified time, so as to show the horses the coordination between horses and jockeys, the flexibility of horses and the tameness of jockeys to horses.
Five-a-side (blind) football: The game is played between two teams, each team consists of five players and five substitutes (including 1 goalkeeper and 65438 substitutes). The venue is a perfect five-a-side football match venue, but the venue can be artificial turf or indoor. Five players on each team, except the goalkeeper, are all completely blind and wear blindfolds. Under the command of their off-court guides, the players of both sides tried their best to attack the football with bell to the opponent's goal. When the whole ball crosses the goal line from between the goalposts and under the crossbeam, but the ball is not thrown, carried or deliberately blocked by the attacker, it is scored. The team that scored more goals in the game won. If the two teams score equally or fail to score, the game is a draw.
Sevens (cerebral palsy) football
Cerebral palsy football is a game specially designed for cerebral palsy athletes.
The game was played between two teams. Seven players from each team, including 1 goalkeeper, played in the game, with three substitutes from each team. The game is divided into two halves, ***60 minutes, and the intermission is 5 minutes. In the semi-finals and finals, if the game doesn't win or lose within 60 minutes, extra time 10 minutes is needed, and the golden ball winning method of the International Football Federation is adopted. If the game has never won or lost, it will be decided by penalty.
Gateball: Gateball is divided into men's and women's events, and each team consists of three players and three substitutes. The game was held in a rectangular stadium. The venue was flat and the goal was as wide as the stadium. This game uses a ball with a bell. During the game, one player tried to throw the ball into the opponent's goal by hand, while the other three players identified the position of the ball in the defensive area by ringing the bell when the ball rolled out, and then switched between attack and defense. The person who scores more points wins.
9. Judo for the Blind: Athletes participating in the judo competition of the Paralympic Games are divided into three levels according to the degree of visual impairment, but the competition adopts an open level competition only according to the weight level, and there are seven levels for men and women according to the weight level. The rules of the competition are implemented by the Judo Rules of the International Judo Federation and the Judo Rules of the International Sports Federation for the Blind (IBSA).
10. Weightlifting: The athlete straightens his arm on the bench press to take the barbell off the barbell rack, bends his arm to his chest, pauses, and then lifts it. In the 2000 Paralympic Games in Sydney, women's competitions were added for the first time. Athletes participating in the Paralympic weightlifting competition are divided into men's 10 and women's 10 according to their weight, and each level of competition directly enters the finals. Each competitor has three attempts, and the fourth attempt is allowed, but this is only for record and is not included in the final score. Each attempt to increase the weight must be a multiple of 2.5 kg, and it must be a multiple of 0.5 kg in case of trying to break the record.
Rowing: The rower should turn his back to the direction of the boat. Rowing boats all have brackets to fix the paddles, just like the fulcrum of the lever, and the paddlers can only paddle around this fulcrum. Unlike rowing for the able-bodied people, rowing for the disabled has been modified to enable athletes to engage in this sport better.
In the World Rowing Championships held in Seville, Spain in 2002, the disabled single sculls and four-person single paddles with helmsman were introduced for the first time.
On April 9th, 2005 to 10, the IPC held a meeting of the Executive Committee in Turin, Italy. After voting, rowing was finally included in the official event of the Beijing Paralympic Games, and it was also the only event decided to add at this meeting.
The rowing events of the 2008 Beijing Paralympic Games include men's and women's single sculls, mixed double sculls and mixed four-person single sculls with helmsman. The single sculls boat is 8m long, 20cm wide and the lightest weight is 14kg. Double sculls are 9.90 meters long, 35 centimeters wide and 27 kilograms lightest. The four-person single-oar helmsman is 12.50m long, 49cm wide and 50kg lightest.
Sailing: Sailing for the disabled is a relatively young event in the Paralympic Games, and it only became an official event in 2000. The sailing competition of the 2008 Paralympic Games includes three events: single boat, double boat and triple boat. The double boat was decided by the International Paralympic Committee in June 2005. For safety reasons, sailboats are keel ships, and the pressure of lead under the keel can keep the hull stable at a large inclination angle and will not capsize.
Section 13. Shooting: In shooting competitions for the disabled, most athletes are in wheelchairs. Therefore, there are specific requirements for the posture and rules of rifle shooting horizontally, vertically and kneeling, and there are also special requirements for wheelchairs and shooting clothes during the competition.
Section 14. Swimming: As the disabled swimming is brought into the overall management of the Swimming Committee of the International Paralympic Committee, the coordination rules with FINA are unified and the management is more standardized. Classification adopts unified functional classification, and special rules are also specified in detail. The examination and approval procedures of records, judges and raters are complete, and great efforts have been made in advocating no illegal drugs and strengthening international exchanges, with outstanding achievements.
Swimming for the disabled is another major event after track and field. Because of the complicated classification, swimming style and long distance, there are many small events. The Athens Paralympic Games set up 65,438+067 events. Although the 2008 Paralympic Games were merged and reduced, 65,438+040 events remained.
Table tennis: Table tennis competition for the disabled is suitable for athletes with cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, physical disability or other motor dysfunction. In order to ensure the fairness of the competition, the table tennis competition is divided into 10 grades according to the degree of disability, namely TT 1-TT 10 (TT is the prefix of the English word table tennis), where TT 1-TT5 is a wheelchair group and TT6-TT 10 is a standing group. There are singles, teams and open competitions.
16. Sitting volleyball: Volleyball for the disabled will reduce the volleyball court and the height of the net. Disabled people with amputation and walking difficulties will sit on the floor to play the game, and the rules of standing volleyball will gradually be integrated into sitting volleyball. Because of the small space, disabled people can also play a clever cooperation and powerful attack when moving and cooperating, which can not only play a role in rehabilitation and fitness, but also have strong ornamental value.
17. Wheelchair basketball: Wheelchair basketball players are athletes with lower limb amputation, polio or spinal injury. The game is played between two teams, each team consists of five players and no more than seven substitutes. The competition was held on the smooth floor of the gymnasium. The stadium is 28m long and15m wide (the same as the Olympic stadium). Each game is divided into four sections, each section 10 minutes. Five athletes from each side participated in the competition, and both of them were in wheelchairs. According to the doctor's disability scores, the five players can't add up to more than 14, so that the sports functions of both sides are basically the same, and the competition is conducted in a relatively fair environment.
18. Wheelchair fencing: Generally, athletes participating in fencing competitions in the Paralympic Games are disabled with spinal cord injuries and physical disabilities. Different from the fencing events of able-bodied people, most athletes are disabled in lower limbs, so they take part in the competition in wheelchairs. According to the degree of disability, the competition is divided into two levels: men's A level, men's B level and women's A level and women's B level, among which B level is an athlete with severe disability. In the individual competition, each player has to go through the group competition, enter the knockout stage and finally enter the finals; When participating in a team competition, one of the three athletes must be a B-level athlete. The sword used in the competition is the same as that used in the Olympic Games. Men's events include foil, sabre and epee, while women's events include foil and epee.
19. Wheelchair Rugby: All four players in the Paralympic wheelchair rugby competition are in wheelchairs and equipped with lower limb protection equipment. According to the disability score assessed by the scorer for each player, the total score of four players on the field shall not exceed 8 points, and the player with the same goal shall get 1 point, and the one with more points shall win.
20. Wheelchair Tennis: The wheelchair tennis competition in Paralympic Games is mainly played between two or four athletes with lower limb motor dysfunction, and athletes with lower limb disability and upper limb amputation can also participate. Athletes must take part in the competition in wheelchairs. * * * There are six groups in the competition: men's singles open group, women's singles open group, men's doubles open group, women's doubles open group, mixed-level singles (standing) and mixed-level doubles. However, there are no mixed-level competitions in the Paralympic Games, and there are men's and women's team competitions.