1, lantian jade
Produced in Lantian County, Shaanxi Province. Lantian jade is yellow, light green and opaque, and its hardness is 4 Mohs. It belongs to serpentine diopside. Lantian jade has a long mining history, which can be found in Hanshu, Zhangheng and Bangu. There are still some jade mines. Hetian jade was used as jade material all over the country after the Han Dynasty because of its low output. Therefore, the development and application of lantian jade gradually lost. Even in the Ming Dynasty, Song Yingxing said in "Heavenly Creations" that Lantian was another name for Green Mountain (Kunlun Mountain), and Lantian was a place for storing and transporting jade. The geological department once visited lantian jade, which is still being mined. According to Yi Jian, vice president of Gem and Jade Association, the large-scale "animal-faced jade auxiliary head" unearthed near Maoling, Xianyang, Shaanxi Province was made by lantian jade, indicating that the origin of lantian jade praised by Han and Tang people was near the capital at that time.
2. Nanyang Valley
Nanyang Yu mining area is located in Dushan, also known as "dushan jade" and "Duyu". Nanyang jade is plagioclase jade with fine and pure texture, oily or glassy luster, good polishing performance, and transparent or slightly transparent. The hardness is 5.5 to 6.5 degrees. Nanyang jade is a colorful jade. Generally, multicolored jade composed of two or more colors is brightly colored, which is called: water white jade, white jade, black and white jade, green jade, green white jade, azure jade, jadeite jade, purple jade, bright brown jade, topaz, topaz, jet jade and variegated jade. Nanyang jade mining has a long history. The Neolithic Longshan culture unearthed in Shenmu, Shaanxi Province, the Yin Ruins jade unearthed in 1952, and the jade unearthed in 1976, all have examples of Nanyang jade as jade materials. The jade pots of the Yuan Dynasty now displayed in Beihai and Yuanmingyuan are also made of Nanyang jade carvings. According to the literature, Nanyang jade was mined in the Han Dynasty. There are more than 1000 ancient jade mining pits in Dushan so far, which shows that Nanyang jade mining has a long history and a huge scale. Nanyang jade is rich in reserves and can still be produced on a large scale.
3. Jiuquan Jade
It is produced in Qilian Mountain, Gansu Province, because it is also the city of Qilian jade. It belongs to serpentine jade. Translucent, mostly green, with even black spots. The hardness is 4.5 degrees to 5 degrees. The mining history of Jiuquan jade can be traced back to the Neolithic Age, and the exquisite jade of Qijia culture unearthed from the site of Niangniangtai in Wuwei is Jiuquan jade.
4. Uranium stone jade
Named after the glaze rock produced in Liaoning, it is also called uranium jade. It belongs to serpentine and is formed in metamorphic marble of magnesium carbonate rock. There are many deposits in this geological environment in China, so the origin of similar uranium jade is very wide. The appearance of uranium jade is turquoise and yellow-green. Translucent, waxy luster after polishing, hardness of 3.5 degrees to 5 degrees. The jade used in Hongshan Culture in the Neolithic Age, produced in Xiyugou, is a uranium ore, commonly known as old jade, and is tremolite nephrite. Most of the jades unearthed from Fu Hao's tomb in Shang Dynasty are similar to those in Wagou Mine of Uranium Rock. Wagou Mine has a long history of uranium mining and jade mining, and is rich in reserves. At present, it is the main jade mining area in China, accounting for about 60% of the national output.
5. Hetian jade
It is distributed in Hotan-Khotan shache-Tashkurgan, Qiemo County, Xinjiang, and on the northern slope of Kunlun Mountain, stretching for 1500 km. * * * There are nine producing areas. The mineral composition of Hetian jade is mainly tremolite-actinolite. It also contains trace diopside, serpentine, graphite, magnets and other minerals. Form different colors such as white, turquoise, black and yellow. Most of them are monochromatic jade, and a few have variegated colors. Jade is translucent, shiny and greasy after polishing, with a hardness of 5.5 to 6.5 degrees. Hetian jade is sandwiched between rocks at an altitude of 3500 to 5000 meters. After long-term weathering, it was stripped into pieces of different sizes, collapsed on the hillside and washed into the river by rain. When the river dries up in autumn, the jade pieces collected in the river bed are called seed jade, and those mined in the rock stratum are called mountain materials. The earliest Hetian jade has been found from Fu Hao's tomb in Yin Ruins. After the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Hetian jade gradually became the main jade material, and it was not until the Qing Dynasty that the mountain material was mined. Dayu was made during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty to control the water in Yushan. Sapphire weighs 10700 kilograms and is taken from Mileta Mountain.
The economic value of Hetian jade is evaluated according to the purity of color and texture. Its main varieties are:
1) white jade: containing tremolite above 95%, with white color, pure and delicate texture, moist and shiny. It is a high-quality variety of Hetian jade. During the prosperous period of jade-making in Han, Song and Qing dynasties, great attention was paid to the selection of materials, and high-quality white jade was often carved into "heavy objects".
2) Sheep fat white jade: the top grade of white jade, pure and delicate in texture, containing tremolite as high as 99%, and white as fine as jelly. The economic value of jade with the same weight is several times that of white jade. During the Qianlong period of Han Dynasty, Song Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, sheep fat white jade was highly respected.
3) Blue and white jade: There is no obvious difference between the texture and white jade, but the jade color is white with a hint of turquoise, which is the third-class jade in Hetian jade, and its economic value is slightly lower than that of white jade.
4) Sapphire: Light blue, turquoise and gray are all called sapphires, with uniform color and delicate texture, including tremolite 89% and actinolite 6%. It has a greasy luster. Rich in reserves, it is the main variety of jade collected or mined in past dynasties.
5) Topaz: the matrix is white jade, which is infiltrated by iron oxide in surface water for a long time and forms a yellow tone in cracks. According to the color change, it is named as: dense wax yellow, millet yellow, okra yellow, yellow flower yellow, egg yellow and so on. The dense wax yellow and okra yellow with strong colors are extremely rare, and their value can be equal to that of suet white jade. In the Qing dynasty, topaz was extremely rare because of its homophonic "emperor", and its economic value once exceeded that of white jade with sheep fat.
6) Sugar jade: iron oxide permeates tremolite to form different shades of red skin, deep red is "sugar jade" and "tiger skin jade", and white is slightly pink, which is called "pink jade". Sugar jade often forms a two-color jade material with white jade or plain jade, which can be used to make "pretty jade". The snuff bottle made of sugar jade shell seed material is called "gold-coated silver", which should be able to add value.
7) jet: tremolite is black, with graphite and magnets. Jet jade is mostly gray or gray-black jade with black stripes, so it is named "Dark clouds and pale ink, golden sable with beautiful sideburns" according to its shape. The dense black spots are called pure black, which is more valuable than other jet varieties. Jet has a waxy luster, which is not suitable for carving patterns because of uneven color. It is mostly used to make utensils inlaid with gold and silver thread.
8) Jasper: produced in Zhungeer jade mine, also known as Tianshan Jasper. It is grayish green, dark green and dark green, with pure dark green as the top grade. The quality of black spots, black spots or jade tendons is one grade worse. Jasper contains tremolite more than 85%, which is delicate, translucent and oily. It is a medium grade jade.
6. dushan jade
Dushan jade is produced in Dushan, Nanyang, Henan Province, also known as "Nanyang Jade" or "Henan Jade".
As early as 6,000 years ago, the ancients had mined dushan jade, and there were many dushan jade products in the jade unearthed from Muhao's tomb in Yinxu, Anyang. Dushan was called "Yushan" in the Western Han Dynasty.
Dushan jade ranks among the "Four Famous Jade" in China because of its bright color and good transparency. The emerald variety of high-grade jade is similar to Burmese jade, so it has the reputation of "Nanyang jade". Generally, Duyu is mainly used to carve bracelets, rings, necklaces and other furnishings and ornaments.
Dushan jade is a kind of multicolored jade, which can be divided into eight varieties by color.
① Green dushan jade: green to emerald green, translucent, delicate in texture, similar to jadeite, with glass luster.
② Red dushan jade: also known as "Furong Jade". The color is light red to red, with fine texture and good luster.
③ White dushan jade: white or off-white, with fine texture and oily luster. Its varieties include cream white jade, permeable white jade and so on.
④ Purple dushan jade: The color is deep purple, with poor transparency.
⑤ Yellow dushan jade: Yellow-green.
⑥ Black dushan jade: The color is like ink, so it is also called "jet".
⑦ cyan dushan jade: The color is cyan and the transparency is poor.
8 Miscellaneous dushan jade: Miscellaneous dushan jade.
Dushan jade has the best color, high transparency, fine texture and no impurity cracks.
7. xiuyu
Produced in Xiuyan County, Liaoning Province, also known as xiuyan jade.
Xiuyan jade belongs to serpentine jade with various colors, mainly light green, yellow, white and brown, with delicate texture, greasy or waxy luster and translucency.
Jade is found from time to time in Hongshan Culture and Liangzhu cultural jade articles, which shows that it has a long history of application. Because of its bright color, low hardness and good machinability, xiuyan jade is often listed as the first choice for making large-scale jade carving seats and small and medium-sized display jade. It is also widely used to make various small ornaments and handicrafts such as figures and animals.
In Liaoning, it belongs to serpentine jade with jade, and there are the following varieties in China:
South Jade: referred to as "South Jade", produced in Xinyi, Guangdong Province, so it is also called "Xinyi Jade", with dark green to green color, low transparency and heavy wax texture. For low-grade jade carving raw materials, it is generally used to make large jade carving ornaments.
② Qi Lianyu: Also known as "Jiuquan Jade" and "Jiuquan Jade", it is dark green in color, with black spots, blocks and bands, translucent and poor in quality.
③ Kunlun jade: also known as "Kunlun jade", the jade is very similar to Liaoning jade, but the transparency is poor. Produced in the foothills of Kunlun Mountain in Xinjiang.
④ Beijing topaz: Also known as "Beijing topaz", the color is light yellow to yellow. Produced in the old military hall of Ming Tombs in Beijing.
⑤ Junan Jade: Also known as "Junan Jade", it is dark green in color and produced in Junan County, Shandong Province.
⑥ Yunnan jade: Also known as "Yunnan jade", it is green in color and often contains chlorite.
8. "83 Jade" Emerald
1983, a new type of jadeite was discovered in northern Myanmar. Because of the special geological environment, the difference of physical and chemical characteristics, and the special look and feel of ornaments, it was named Basanyu.
Some people call it Bashan jade and mountaineering jade, others call it hard sodium jade and hard sodium jade, and some people classify it as "83 kinds of jade" in the classification of "species".
The petrological name of Basanyu is "Erosion Emerald". It has semi-automorphic-heteromorphic granular crystal structure, fibrous crystal structure, banded structure, fracture structure, fracture structure, mylonite structure and breccia structure. Jade minerals have obvious extrusion, deformation, undulation and recrystallization. The crystal size of jadeite minerals is generally above 1mm, and the maximum measured value is 4 mm. The crystal size of jadeite minerals after crushing and grinding is generally above 0.01mm. ..
The structure, structure and mineral characteristics of Basanyu comprehensively reflect that the corroded jadeite is the result of strong geological stress, so the microcracks, microcracks and intergranular gaps of Basanyu are very developed, and the cleavage of jadeite is also very common in the deformation process.
The original transparency of Basanyu is related to grain size, crack development, alteration and other factors. Large particles, few cracks, weak erosion, transparent, generally opaque-slightly transparent, and the optimized Basanyu is translucent.
The color of Basanyu is milky white, gray and light green, and the background color is often embedded with green, dark green and dark green clouds, disseminated and veined spots, especially floating flowers.
The mineral composition of eroded jadeite is mainly jadeite, with a small amount of omphacite and alkaline amphibole, and secondary amphibole is the product of alteration.
Through a large number of tests on Basanyu bracelets, it is considered that Basanyu should be located in jadeite with jadeite as the main mineral component (90%), and albite jade composed of albite does not belong to Basanyu category.
Because of the loose internal structure, most of the fish need to be optimized. The inside and outside of the eighty-three fish are filled with polymer perfectly, but the eighty-three fish can't all agree with the concept of "B goods".
The "B goods" of Basanyu is the best example of polymer filling optimization, which makes jade feel the best and makes the most effective use of jade resources.
The appearance of "B goods" of 83 jade was accepted by consumers who first met jade. Mainly, the "B goods" of Bashan fish are in good condition and the price is right. The wholesale price of jade bracelets in border trade areas (Tengchong and Ruili) is generally 200-300 yuan/piece.
The main product of Basanyu is "B" jade bracelet. Its background color is mostly milky white, light green, translucent, with green and dark green floating flowers, which are blue-white fluorescent under ultraviolet rays, with a density of 3.30g/cm3. It has a dry structure in the rice field, and the sound of hitting the jade body is dull.
In order to keep the texture and color of the "B-goods" jade bracelet of Basanyu for a long time, you should avoid soaking in hot water and exposure to sunlight when wearing it, and often scrub it with a wet towel. After drying, polish it on the flannel, and avoid scrubbing it with organic solvents (alcohol, banana oil).
9.turquoise
Turquoise, also known as "turquoise", is a kind of blue jade. It is a kind of jade that people in the southwestern United States and Muslims all over the world especially like. Turquoise symbolizes victory and success, and is designated as the birthstone of 65438+February in world customs.
The crystal of turquoise is small, waxy and opaque. Most of them are sky blue, dark blue, green blue and green white, and white stripes, spots or black-brown iron wires are often distributed on the blocks with uniform colors.
Yu Meihua 10
Produced in Ruyang County, Henan Province, also known as "Ruzhou Jade". After polishing, it presents beautiful plum blossom patterns or other patterns, hence the name. Jade is dense, with three colors: black, brown-red and gray-green. Black is the best, and colorful plum-blossom jade with red, green and white patterns on the black background is the best.
1 1, Qinghai jade
Produced in Qinghai, hence the name. Beautiful appearance, the color is white or light gray with green stripes, and the jade is delicate and translucent. Because its appearance is similar to jade, some unscrupulous businessmen regard it as jade.
12, lapis lazuli
Celestite is an aluminosilicate mineral containing sodium and calcium. The color is dark blue, sky blue or purple blue, and the jade is opaque, with glass luster and hardness of 5-6. Lapis lazuli is often made into Buddha statues, beads, snuff bottles, bottle protectors and ornaments on clocks and watches because of its solemn color, and the good colors are also used as ring faces. Lapis lazuli is the top grade, with bright color and pure quality, containing a small amount of pyrite and Venus.
13, hibiscus stone
Hibiscus stone, also known as "Rose in Time", "Rose in Time" and "Southern Hunan Jade", is a pink translucent to transparent timely block with glass luster or greasy luster and hardness of 7. China's hibiscus stone is produced in Xinjiang, Yunnan, Inner Mongolia and other places, and high-quality hibiscus stone is produced in Brazil. Hibiscus stone is mainly used to carve necklaces, chicken hearts and trinkets. The color of hibiscus stone is better, and the darker the peach color, the better. For example, the light peach color close to white has low value.
Ma Laiyu 14
Produced in Malaysia, it is a kind of quartzite dyed with green dye, with glass luster and hardness of 7. The appearance is green and the transparency is high. Malaysia is rich in raw materials and low in value, which is suitable for making some low-grade ornaments.
15, Dongling stone
Produced in India, it is a green chromite quartzite, slightly transparent-translucent. Emerald is very beautiful, and the green scales are scattered like stars. It is a high-quality variety of quartzite jade, which is mainly used to make beaded necklaces and other accessories.
Mi language 16
Produced in Mixian County, Henan Province, hence the name. Also known as Henan jade. Translucent in color, with green in white, used as jade materials mostly for dyeing, mainly apple green and orange red, with green stunning as the best, mostly used for making jewelry or ornaments, belonging to low-grade jade materials.
17, Gui Cui
Produced in Guizhou, hence the name. Also known as Guizhou jade. The color is light green, with glass luster, but it is not pure and contains many impurities. It looks like inferior jade, belonging to low-grade jade.
Beijing 18
Produced in the suburbs of Beijing, hence the name. Fine texture, even pure white, smooth and shiny, and the jade carving made of it is crystal clear, which is a popular jade species.
19, wood turns into stone
It is named because it looks like wood. Jade is dense and hard. Hardness 7. There are yellow, tan, brownish purple, blue, turquoise, blue-gray and so on. Among them, yellow with cat's eye effect is called eagle eye stone, brown and blue are called zebra tiger eye stone, and eagle eye stone has the highest value.
High-quality eagle eye stone, beautiful blue, mainly used to make bracelets, rings and so on. Tiger eye stone with cat's eye effect is mainly used to make bracelet beads and necklace beads, and there are also egg-shaped torus made of big raw materials, but because the cat's eye is relatively rigid, its value is not high.
20.lantian jade
Produced in Lantian, hence the name. Lantian jade is one of the main famous jade in ancient times. Lantian jade has fine texture, hardness of about 4, and good processability. Its colors are mainly beige and apple green. Widely used in making jade pillows, fitness balls, tea sets, wine sets, etc. It is a popular low-grade jade material.
2 1, Lingbiyu
Produced in Lingbi County, Anhui Province, hence the name. It is one of the traditional famous jade in the history of China. There are many varieties, the most famous of which are Honganhui snail, Huianhui snail and Biyun stone. The hardness is 3-4, and the hardness is relatively low. After polishing, it is smooth and suitable for making handicrafts such as flowers, figures and animals.
22. Baiyun Jade
Produced in Baiyun Obo, Inner Mongolia, hence the name; Also known as Baiyun Oboyu, also known as Baiyun Oboyu. Fine texture and good processability. High-quality Baiyun jade shows gorgeous "golden thread" or "golden star" effect in gray-green lining, which is suitable for making stationery and other handicrafts such as inkstone and pen container.
23. Baiheyu
Produced in Hefeng County, Hubei Province, also known as "Wuhuashi". Fine texture, beautiful patterns after processing, clear patterns, such as round, conical, long and so on. The colors are fruit green, milky white, rose red, etc. And made into handicrafts with high artistic value.
24. Malachite
It is named because it looks like the emerald green of peacock's tail feathers. Glass luster, slightly transparent. It is a low-grade jade material with high quality, which can be used to make necklaces, ring faces, chicken hearts and other ornaments. But there are also a few with bright colors and strange structures, which are expensive and quite expensive.
25. Wulan Cuisine
Produced in Wulan County, Qinghai Province, it is named after its green color. Colors are grayish green, dark green and emerald green. Wulanchui with thick white background and green spots has higher value. Hardness 6-7, oily luster, slightly transparent to translucent. It is often used to make jade bracelets, rings, cabbages and other small ornaments. Because of its poor luster and poor processability, it belongs to low-grade jade material.