At present, there are different views on how to classify traditional sports. There are two main classification methods:
(1) Dichotomy:
It can be divided into static sports (such as Qigong, meditation, gargling, diet and hygiene habits, including Tai Ji Chuan, Yijinjing, Baduanjin, chess, etc. ) and dynamic exercise (mostly characterized by intense physical activity).
(2) trigonometry:
(1) Military sports. Including martial arts (martial arts), archery, wrestling, cuju, clapping, hook boxing and so on. , all from or related to military skills;
② Physical activities to keep fit. Including repercussive dance, introduction, qigong, health preservation, wuqinxi, manual labor, Tai Ji Chuan, feeding, hygiene habits and other projects;
③ Recreational and game sports. Dance, acrobatics, chess, dragon boats, swings and other ethnic folk games and sports activities. Not only fitness, but also entertainment.
Of course, there are also unclear boundaries and both attributes. The latter classification seems to be more subtle and more real.
No matter what kind of division, it shows that traditional sports have an important historical position in the historical development of sports in China. Many sports in traditional sports, such as Wushu, Qigong, boxing, wrestling and other fitness activities, still maintain strong vitality, which shows the great contribution of traditional sports to human sports.
● The origin of traditional sports
Sports is one of the contents of human social activities. Like other cultural activities, it originated from primitive people's productive labor and other social practices, and has been continuously developed and improved with the evolution of society.
The emergence and development of sports depends on the social material living conditions, and first of all depends on the development of economic production. Due to the extremely poor means of production and extremely low productivity, the primitive sports form has more prominent and direct dependence on the economy, and its activities are not only closely related to production activities, but also relatively narrow under the primitive constraints of people's material production and life in primitive society. So we can only see some sports factors from production activities and other social activities.
With the development of primitive commune system, the knowledge, thoughts and feelings obtained by human beings from productive labor practice are becoming more and more complicated, and the contents and manifestations of primitive sports forms are gradually enriched and diversified. And in the process of people's gradual understanding of it, it gradually sprouted in productive labor and other social practice activities.
In the primitive society with low productivity, in order to survive, human beings must rely on their own unarmed skills to fight against nature, such as running, crawling, jumping and fighting. At first, these skills originated from human instinctive activities, but with the development of productive forces, these skills gradually became purposeful and conscious activities. There are thousands of remains of deer, horses and other mammals in the cave site where China lived. It can be inferred that Beijingers have the ability to run and chase with their primitive rough wood and stone tools. From the historical records and the hunting activities of some primitive tribes in modern times, we can also see the bud of this kind of running.
The collection, hunting and life activities of primitive people are inseparable from climbing. In the Qing Dynasty, some ethnic minorities in Yunnan also had the custom of nesting. You need to climb trees to collect fruits, and you need to climb trees to live in trees, so you gradually have the skill of climbing trees. In addition to a large number of animal remains, there are a considerable number of burnt tree seeds in the site of Peking Man. Pu Shu seed is a kind of small spherical fruit, which tastes delicious. It is one of the main fruits collected by Beijingers through climbing. Another example is that the indigenous people in Taiwan Province Province are in the primitive tribal life stage of "shooting away and killing deer for work", which shows that "climbing vines to help wood" is the basic activity skill.
Up to now, there is still a kind of rattan swing in some ethnic minorities, which is developed by swinging rattan hanging from trees. This kind of rattan swing probably developed from human beings collecting fruits and grasping hanging vines to swing.
The emergence of China's hand-to-hand combat skills is also related to the production skills of primitive unarmed fighting animals. On the picture of the seventh site and the fifth area of Cangyuan Rock Painting, there are two people fighting with animals. Both of them spread out their arms, one arm was fighting the beast, and the next person was holding a short stick in each hand, as if saving lives.
There is an ancient traditional dance of Qiang nationality in China, which is called "jumping armour" or "big burial dance". The number of dancers ranges from a few to a dozen. When dancing, he wore armor made of raw cowhide, a leather helmet made of pheasant feathers and straw, and a weapon in his hand. At first, jump in circles, and then form two pairs. Long crossbows flying, hanging on the shoulder of the bell ringing roar. This kind of dance is both a sacrificial dance and a training dance.
Up to now, Dai people have spread single-knife dance and stick dance, and they can also dance in pairs, which is similar to playing with guns and sticks or martial arts, but there are some artistic movements and beautiful dance steps. This kind of dance may be a legacy of primitive martial arts dance.
Other dances, such as the "knife dance" of Bulang nationality, the "shield dance" of Jingpo nationality, and the "one bowl of bay" depicting blood relatives' revenge, are similar to ancient martial arts dances. It can be seen that martial arts dance is the main content of military training and preparation of primitive tribes.
In a word, all kinds of production skills, life skills and military skills formed by different regions and nationalities in China from primitive tribes have formed the origin of traditional sports. The original sports content is embodied in the form of engaging in productive labor, and the productive workplace is often the content of learning sports activities. With the development of social productive forces, some sports contents began to be carried out outside production activities. It consciously cultivates people's physique through some physical exercise means, which means that "sports" as a physical exercise means begins to sprout.
The development of traditional sports
As a conscious means of physical exercise, sports gradually improved on the basis of production skills and military skills, and formed traditional sports content with national characteristics, which has been shining in the long history of China. According to historical records, traditional sports had been formed as early as Xia and Shang Dynasties, and some traditional sports contents were gradually enriched and diversified in the process of separation and transformation from other social activities, with obvious sports characteristics. After the Spring and Autumn Period, the Warring States Period, the Han Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty, the Song Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, it was tempered and processed. Traditional sports with distinctive features have laid a deep national foundation and made great contributions to improving the health level of China people.
To put it simply, the development of traditional sports has mainly gone through the following stages:
1, the embryonic form of traditional sports in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties
Sports in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties was a form of sports formed on the basis of the establishment and development of slavery in China. Its content has been separated from productive labor and further combined with social activities such as military, education and etiquette. Among them, it develops in the direction of diversification and complexity. With the development of war in this period, military struggle has become one of the important driving forces to promote the development of sports. Therefore, the content of military sports activities is relatively rich. In terms of school education, the education of "both civil and military" of the slave owner class laid the embryonic form of school physical education in China. Others, such as medical knowledge and accumulation and the reflection of health care thoughts, provide preconditions for the continued development of sports to varying degrees.
During this period, some sports concepts and theories were gradually formed and developed, such as shooting, fighting, dancing, boxing, fighting and longevity. On the one hand, there are differences and connections with the concepts and theories of traditional sports in later generations. To some extent, it laid the foundation for the development of sports in later generations.
For example, the wild hunting activities developed during this period had a far-reaching impact on traditional sports such as running and hunting.
Wild hunting originated from hunting production in primitive times. Later, with the development of society, its nature has changed greatly. To sum up, it mainly has the following aspects:
First of all, hunting is a military sport. Since the Xia Dynasty, slave owners and nobles have regarded hunting as a means of training. The hunting system was formed in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and large-scale hunting activities were held all the year round as a means to review the army. "Zuo Zhuan" said: "Spring slaughter, summer seedlings and hunting in autumn and winter all talk about martial arts in the agricultural gap." As a military hunting activity, it is always uniform and huge. In Historical Records Biography of Wei Gongzi, a story is recorded: "Gongzi and Wei, while the northern territory spread bonfires, saying,' Zhao Kou arrived and entered the customs'. Wang Wei released Bo and wanted to call the minister for advice. The son stopped the king and said, "Wang Zhao hunted ears, not kou. Resume the blog as before. "Through this story, it shows that when Wang Zhao was hunting, the scale was huge and the army was magnificent, which led to the misunderstanding of Wei Bing.
Secondly, some princes often choose martial arts by hunting. For example, in the Spring and Autumn Period, Chu Zhuangwang was such a monarch. He once (hunted the earth), that is, through hunting in the wild, and found that the talent of the brave has dual uses.
Thirdly, hunting is regarded as an entertainment and leisure activity, and hunting is an outdoor activity. Whether in spring and autumn or winter and summer, hunting is a pleasant thing, especially for monarchs, officials and their families living in the palace, which is naturally refreshing. Since the Xia Dynasty, many rulers have enjoyed hunting. Until the Ming and Qing dynasties, many emperors and generals enjoyed it, and even intensified. The "Mulan paddock" established in the Qing Dynasty is the best proof.
2. The prosperity of traditional sports in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, slavery in China changed rapidly to feudalism. Due to the collapse of slavery, the monopoly of slave owners on sports was broken and folk sports activities flourished. At this time, the new landlord class, which just stepped onto the stage, demanded to reform the old system and put it into practice, which made a lot of sports content develop to a considerable extent.
At this time, hundred schools of thought, a hundred schools of thought contend, involved in the ideological and practical problems of sports to varying degrees, which promoted the development of sports. Although some use sports phenomena to illustrate their philosophical views, they also have considerable influence on later generations. In addition, during this period, the increasing knowledge of natural science also created favorable conditions for the development of sports. These reasons contributed to the first all-round development of ancient sports in China.
During this period, military sports activities, folk entertainment sports activities and various activities to guide health have all appeared a brand-new situation. Not only is the content rich and varied, but also many sports events and sports viewpoints are new, and the trend of some sports contents towards competition is gradually taking shape. All these have had a far-reaching impact on the development of traditional sports.
In addition, it is worth mentioning that Confucius, an educator in this period, had a great influence on traditional sports through his own practice.
Confucius was a tall man, 9 feet 6 inches (equivalent to 2 meters today). Confucius was strong when he was young. It is recorded that he could lift the gate latch weighing several hundred kilograms. His way of keeping in good health has had a good influence on later generations, mainly including two aspects.
First, actively advocate and personally participate in various sports activities.
Confucius taught for more than forty years and offered six courses, among which archery (physical exercise) and martial arts (driving chariots) were compulsory for students. These two are also his own specialties. Confucius also liked fishing, hunting, mountain climbing and outing, and attached great importance to outdoor sports activities. At the top of Mount Tai, there is also a monument to "Confucius' Landing". His famous phrase "climb the eastern mountain but be small, climb Mount Tai and be smaller than the world" has been praised by people so far.
Second, advocate paying attention to daily food hygiene.
Confucius once told the opposite person by answering Lu Aigong's question that there are three experiences of longevity. Confucius said, "People have three lives, but those who don't deserve it. If the husband sleeps from time to time, he will not eat normally, and people who are overworked will be killed by the disease. " That is to say, if people want to prolong life, first, they should have a place to sleep (work and rest on time), second, they should eat moderately (eat moderately), and third, they should work moderately (combine work and rest), otherwise they will get sick and die young. In addition,