Among ancient Shanxi poets, Bai Juyi is the most famous. He is another great poet after Li Bai and Du Fu in the Tang Dynasty, and he is also known as the three great poets in the Tang Dynasty with Li Du.
Bai Juyi, a native of Taiyuan, was born in an official family. His great-grandfather, great-grandfather and grandfather are all officials. My father is a doctor in Chaofeng, a driver in Xiangzhou and a young girl in Dali. He is a gift to the servant of the minister of punishment. Because his ancestors were officials in Henan, he lived in Henan. Bai Juyi was born on the 20th day of the first month of the seventh year in Dali, Tang Daizong (AD 772), from Dongguofu, Xinzheng County, Henan Province. Wu Zonghui Chang died in Luoyang in August in the sixth year (846) at the age of 75.
When Bai Juyi was born, Li Bai had died 10 years, and Du Fu had died for 2 years. The times need great poets, and Bai Juyi came at the right time. He came from a scholarly family and was extremely clever since he was a child. He learned to write poetry at the age of five or six, and he could distinguish rhyme at the age of nine. In addition, his family and society gave him great stimulation and supervision. He studied very hard when he was young. Later, recalling the reading situation at that time, he said, "I study at night and sometimes I study poetry." I haven't slept for a long time, so that my mouth is sour and my elbow is sore. " When I was a teenager, I once lived a life of refuge, and I knew all aspects of society. These reasons made Bai Juyi an outstanding poet.
Shortly after Bai Juyi was born, a war broke out in Henan. Pu Town, where Li is located, is divided into more than ten states by Henan, and this kind of chaos seems to continue. Peng Cheng County magistrate promoted him to be Bai, a special bus driver in Xuzhou, and sent his son Bai Juyi south to avoid chaos. I have taken refuge from home since I was a child, and later I went to the north and south to prepare for hardship. So when he was 15 years old, he wrote a quatrain that recorded the true feelings at that time; "What do you want from your hometown? Li Yu in Wushan Bay, Chushui. Today, because you went to see your brother, I cried several lines in a book. " Later, there was the Seven Laws of Sending Brothers and Sisters, which was also well written and has been praised. The poem reads: "My fields and gardens were destroyed by the war, and my flesh and blood became the scum of the street ... * * * When you look at the bright moon, you should cry, because your heart is sick in five places." From these poems, we can see Bai Juyi's living conditions and psychological feelings at that time. The separation of his family's flesh and blood can also reflect the degree of social unrest and people's displacement at that time. Bai Juyi spent his boyhood in such an environment.
When Bai Juyi was 0/6 years old, he had written many good poems that could be handed down from generation to generation, the most famous of which was the five-character poem Farewell to the Ancient Grass. It is said that Bai Juyi came to Chang 'an for the first time to visit the old poet Gu Kuang. When Gu Kuang heard that his name was easy to live in, he joked, "Chang 'an is expensive, but it is not easy to live in it. "I read the poem" The Mountain Fire is Unfinished and the Spring Breeze is High "and praised it. It is not difficult to live in Chang 'an with such a style of writing. This poem really shows Bai Juyi's extraordinary talent.
Since arriving in Chang 'an, Gu Kuang has become famous for this. Bai Juyi sometimes lives in Chang 'an and sometimes in other places. He has been to Xuzhou, Xiangzhou, Hangzhou and other places, made friends with some poets and really started his career as a poet. At the age of 27, he took part in the provincial examination, was appreciated by Cui Yan, the secretariat of Xuanzhou, and was sent to Chang 'an for an examination the following year. In the 16th year of Zhenyuan (800), he was 29 years old, ranking fourth and being the first scholar. 365-year-old, 438+0, won the top prize in the exam, met Yuan Zhen and others at the same time, and became friends with Yuan Zhen from then on. In the spring of the age of 32, Bai Juyi was awarded the school book lang, which was regarded as a successful career. At the age of 33, he moved from Luoyang to the State of Qin, Bu Juwei, about a hundred miles away from Chang 'an. At the age of 35, he no longer worked as a school book lang, and was later named as a county captain in Zhouzhi. The following year, Zhouzhi County Commandant was transferred to Jinshi Examiner to supplement Jixian Academy. This winter, he was awarded a bachelor's degree in Hanlin. Just before and after he was awarded a bachelor's degree in Hanlin, he married his sister Yang Yuqing. In the third year of Yuanhe (808), he worshipped the left and collected the remains.
Li Jifu, the prime minister at that time, was dissatisfied with Niu Monks, Confucians and others who criticized the failure of state affairs. Bai Juyi, newly appointed as a scavenger, went to The Theory of Human System and said that he was arbitrarily relegated, so he offended Li Stepfather and his son Li Deyu, and unfortunately fell into the whirlpool of political struggle at that time. Bai Juyi was always pushed out by Li Deyu in the decades-long struggle between Niu and Li, which determined that his life's official career was not smooth. During his ear-picking, he did his duty and repeatedly dissatisfied the emperor or the powerful minister.
In April of the 6th year of Yuanhe (8 1 1), Bai Juyi settled in Wei Village due to his mother's death, and his beloved daughter Jin Luanzi also died in this year. Bai Juyi has lived in Weiwei village for more than three years, suffering from poverty and illness, and his good friend Yuan Zhen often takes out money to help him tide over the difficulties. In the winter of the ninth year of Yuanhe (8 14), he was named "Doctor Zuo Zan", but later he was hated by the Prime Minister, demanding the urgent arrest of Wu, and was demoted to the state secretariat, and later he was demoted to Jiangzhou Sima by Wang Ya, the official of Chinese calligraphy. This continuous relegation is a great blow and lesson to Bai Juyi, which has greatly changed his thoughts. In order to avoid disaster and suspicion, in Jiangzhou, "no more speaking out", "the world will never speak out again", claiming to be "a person who has fallen to the end of the world" He traveled and wrote poems as his career, longing for Tao Yuanming, hoping to be a recluse poet and turn to Buddhism in an attempt to get rid of Buddhism. In short, being demoted to Jiangzhou Sima is a major turning point in Bai Juyi's life.
Bai Juyi lived in Jiangzhou for four years, then moved to Zhongzhou, and Yuanhe was recalled in fifteen years. Xianzong collapsed, and Mu Zong succeeded to the throne, and he was named the Chinese Book Scheeren. Later, he paid a visit to Dr. Shang Shu, learned the imperial edict, sent the doctor away, and transferred to Zhu Guo. Bai Juyi's spirit is heavy and exciting. In the poem, he said, "If you get water, you can get fish, and riding a crane can also be spiritual." However, due to the fierce factional disputes at that time, he was not only powerless, but also "worried all the time" and marveled at "the danger of a trap under the high position". Soon I was disappointed again. Afraid of being a victim of power again, he dared not stay in North Korea for a long time, so he asked to go abroad. In the second year of Changqing (822), he went out to be the secretariat of Hangzhou, avoiding the court that was cruelly wooed by his cronies. Since then, his thoughts have been further depressed. The poem said: "Who knows that fame and fortune are exhausted, and there is no peace." "Dare to speak slowly and be safe." Let it go, let it go, it's a little forgotten. In order to get rid of the troubles of life, Bai Juyi indulged himself with prostitutes, music, poetry and wine. He went whoring and drinking until his later years. Tibetan prostitutes began to have fun in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and were common in the Tang Dynasty, especially Bai Juyi. There are more than a dozen prostitutes whose names are known from his poems. Alcoholic, according to him, "only drunk is the hometown", "often drunk, not awake all day." Song people counted Bai Juyi's poems and said that he had "2,800 poems and 900 drinkers." So it's all escapism and self-anesthesia. He further sought spiritual support from Buddhism, sought a way of liberation, and anesthetized and comforted himself with the negative thoughts of Buddhism. Bai Juyi, who was recorded in Biography of Monks in the Great Song Dynasty, paid a visit to the monks, asked about Buddhism and discussed with them the magical use of Buddhism, mostly after leaving Hangzhou. Bai Juyi then fasted and sat in the Dojo. From then on, he became a good Buddha and often fasted for three months, that is, sitting in the Dojo at home in January, May and September. Therefore, Bai Juyi is also a representative of ancient literati who worships Buddhism and is philosophical, and many people in the past dynasties admire him. In fact, his worship of Buddha is not really to serve the Buddha, but to relieve his troubles and seek liberation. It was a passive resistance to society, a retreat, and a helpless choice under the social environment at that time. It is caused by career bumps and disappointments. After the pain, I devoted myself to releasing my family. Bai Juyi's Biography of Mr. Zuiyin in his later years expressed himself in Baiyun: "Sex is addicted to alcohol, piano and obscene language. All drinkers, piano friends and poetry friends swim with them, and after swimming, they live in their hearts and release their homes. " We can see that he likes to drink in front of the Buddha. He even doubted whether there was a Buddha. At the same time, I learned alchemy. Strictly speaking, Bai Juyi is not a true Buddhist believer. At the same time, his worship of Buddhism is also for fitness reasons. That's why he sometimes sits in the Dojo while fasting, thinking about prostitutes and drinking wine.
Although he was passive, a prostitute, an alcoholic and a Buddhist, he played an important role in caring for the sufferings of the people in Hangzhou. The most famous is to build a lake embankment in Hangzhou to store water and irrigate the fields. In memory of him, people built a dam named "Bai Causeway". In addition, they dug six wells in the city for people to drink.
In May of the 4th year of Changqing (824), his term in Hangzhou expired. Except prince Zuo bastard, Shi Dongdu. So, he lives in Luoyang Road. I have been an official for 20 years, but I can't get enough money to buy a house, so I have to pay it back with two horses. This shows that he is an honest official. In the second year, except for Suzhou secretariat, he was only in Suzhou secretariat for more than a year, and was exempted from county affairs due to illness. Liu Yuxi went to the state secretariat, and Liu returned to Luoyang with Bai. A year later, Bai Juyi was transferred to the position of assistant minister of punishments and named Jinyang Gongjun. At the age of 58, that is, in the spring of the third year of Daiwa (829), Bai Juyi said that he was ill and refused to come back. Since then, I have never returned, except for Henan Yin, seeking to avoid illness. At the age of 64, he refused to worship except in the same state, changed to a prince of Shaofu, and divided the company into the east capital. Due to negative emotions and health reasons, he doesn't want to be an official anymore. At the age of 60, his son Ali died, which was another blow to the poet. At the age of 73, he opened eight stone beaches in Longmen to facilitate boat trips. He died at the age of 75.
Judging from Bai Juyi's official career, although he is mostly an official, he is always in a state of anxiety and anger. As a poet, his achievements are remarkable, which can be said to be known to both the government and the public, even to women and children. Probably because of his wandering when he was young, he was demoted several times later, and he became an immortal poet because of his extensive experience and deep understanding of society.
Bai Juyi's poems, as I said before, have been well written since childhood. /kloc-at the age of 0/6, the sentence "wildfire spring breeze" became a famous sentence through the ages. The most famous narrative poem "Song of Eternal Sorrow" is a masterpiece of China's ancient poetry, which was written when he served as the zhouzhi county Order at the age of 35. The poem is based on the story of Xuanzong and Yang Guifei, which is circulated among the people. It is fictional and vividly written. It is vivid and touching, and is regarded by critics as a masterpiece of long poems in the Tang Dynasty, which occupies a prominent position in the history of China's poetry. In this poem, he dared to criticize Tang Xuanzong's debauchery. There are even such languages as "the emperor of China, eager to shake the beauty of an empire" and "the emperor, from then on, gave up his early hearing". The affectionate description of them is both ironic and full of pity. Speaking of the situation in Where Are You Going, the pen is quite emotional. The whole poem rises from the twists and turns of the story, full of emotion and complexity, which gives people great appeal.
At the age of 45, he wrote a long poem, Preface to Pipa, which was also highly praised by people. After he was demoted to Jiangzhou Sima, he said goodbye to his friends in Jiangtou, Xunyang. At the farewell banquet on the ship, he suddenly heard the sound of playing the piano on the neighboring ship and invited him to move the ship. He was very sad. It turned out that he was an old singer who lived alone in an empty boat, and he was also infinitely sad, relying on the piano to express his bitterness. After listening to her life story, Bai Juyi was not only deeply sympathetic, but also thought of her own misfortune, which led to the feeling that "we are both unfortunate-we will meet at the end of the day." We understand. What is the relationship between acquaintances? ",and make this long poem comparable to" everlasting regret ". In front of me, I described the living conditions and tragic life experiences of geisha, and then I wrote, "I left the capital for here a year ago, and now I am a sick exile here in Jiujiang." Finally, I said, "But who among them cried the most? , this Jiujiang officer. My blue sleeves are wet. " "Sima Qing", so it has become an allusion. This poem has many advantages in artistic techniques, with meticulous description and harmonious syllables, especially the paragraph describing the sound of pipa, which is really amazing. The most important thing is the sincerity of feelings. These two long poems are priceless treasures left by Bai Juyi to future generations.
Among Bai Juyi's other poems, satirical poems written in his early days are highly appraised and praised, especially Qin Zhongyin and New Yuefu. Bai Juyi, who has just entered the official career, reflects the sufferings of people's livelihood and cries for justice. His courage of "being ignorant of current affairs and keeping secrets" is very admirable. Qin Zhongyin has 65,438+00 songs, the first one is like a sword. The heavy wife accused the government of offering surplus grain and harming the people. "Take my silk and buy my immediate pet." "Being light and fat" describes that the dignitaries attending the banquet are full of energy and rich in food and wine. Finally, "there is a drought in the south of the Yangtze River, and people in Quzhou eat people!" Song and Dance is about the happy life of ministers who like to drink in broad daylight and sing and dance in the middle of the night. The conclusion is "I didn't know there were death row inmates who froze to death in the township prison!" " "Buy Flowers" is about rich people bidding for peony in Chang 'an, boasting of luxury. Finally, it says, "A bouquet of dark flowers is a blessing to ten families." Marriage proposal sympathizes with the poor woman who can't get married, the injured friend laments the miserable life in the land of hardship, and the injured house satirizes the giant Daxing Gai Lou, costing "millions". "No Officer" mocked those greedy people who refused to retire in their eighties and nineties. "Maid Li" expressed dissatisfaction with falsely praising some people for not erecting a monument for a good official. Wuxian expressed regret that many people didn't understand traditional culture at that time. It can be seen that they are all critics, whippers and grumblers, which is a powerful exposure to the dark politics of Dezong Zhenyuan to Xian Zongyuan and their early days, hurting the ruling class. No wonder "when you smell Qin Zhongyin, those powerful and close people will look at each other and change color." Bai Juyi is also conceited about his Qin Zhongyin. He said in a poem titled "15" after compiling his collection of poems: "One" Long Hate "has a unique style, and ten" Qin Yin "are close to the sound."
"New Yuefu" and "Qin Zhongyin" are about the same period, which is another important group of poems in Bai satirical poems, with 50 poems, which are about the relationship between Gaozu's martial arts and Yuanhe. The time span is larger and the content is wider than Qin Zhongyin. Bai said his Yuefu poem in "Zhi Zhi": "I am also a disciple of the monarch, why am I depressed? You can't cry. Every article has no empty words, and every sentence should be standardized. One's work is extremely dangerous to others, but a poet's words are very painful. If you don't have a high rhythm, don't complain. Pushing songs makes people sick. I hope the emperor knows. " It can be said that he wrote the declaration of New Yuefu, which is also the best interpretation of New Yuefu. Famous works, such as Selling Charcoal Weng, Du Lingcuo, Hyun Si, and Xinfeng Folding Arm Weng, are novellas of New Yuefu. Each poem has a clear and strong central idea, that is, it is stated in the preface that it is "bitter palace", "hurting farmers", "greedy for female labor", "worrying about sericulture expenses", "mourning for the cold", "abstaining from seeking immortality" and "corrupt officials" and so on. These poems have a clear distinction between love and hate. Apart from satire, there are also praises. These poems fully explain what Bai Juyi opposes and praises, and are the true expression of the author's mind. In his Preface to New Yuefu, he clearly declared that these poems were "written for the monarch, ministers, people, things and things, not for writing." It's true ",claiming that what he wrote is a real event, and it also shows the fighting spirit of a young and middle-aged poet to help the poor and help the evil. In terms of poetic style, he inherited the fine traditions of The Book of Songs, Yuefu classical poems and Du Fu's poems, and adopted the free syntax of folk songs at that time, forming his own creative style.
In a word, Bai Juyi's Qin Zhongyin and New Yuefu are the most combative works of all his poems. Together with Song of Eternal Sorrow and Pipa, they are the essence of Bai Juyi's poems and the most valuable parts of China's ancient poems.
Bai Juyi classified his poems into four categories. Besides satirical poems, there are leisure poems, sentimental poems and miscellaneous poems, most of which are well written. Generally speaking, early poetry is more valuable than later poetry. It is a pity that his later poems no longer have the edge of youth because of the cold world.
As a great poet and brilliant poet, Bai Juyi's creative talents are various. His poems are diverse not only in artistic form, but also in ideological content and artistic style. One of the greatest characteristics of white poetry is that the language is easy to understand, but at the same time it has undergone a lot of artistic processing. In the poetry circle, there is a story, and an old woman is also explaining white poetry. In "Tang Yin Tong Qian" written by Hu Zhenheng, a poetic theorist in the Ming Dynasty, Zhang Wenqian, a poet in the Song Dynasty, once saw the record of Bai Juyi's manuscript, saying that "the original work is not lost, but the first work is lost", which shows that Bai Juyi is diligent in writing and proofreading poems. The artistic level of his poems is the result of the author's efforts.
When Bai Juyi was alive, his poems spread widely and had great influence, which made him very proud. Bai Juyi said in "Nine Books with Yuan": "From Chang 'an to Jiangxi for three or four thousand miles, there are often poets in rural schools, Buddhist temples, anti-tourism and boating; At the mouth of the earth, monks, widows, virgins, there are always servants who recite poems. "Yuan Zhen also said Bai Juyi's poem," In the past twenty years, provinces, temples, posts and walls have been banned without books, and ministers, concubines and horses have no discomfort. As for those who sell Moeller Street in the market, or take it as wine and tea, it is everywhere. "A person's poetry has such a social effect in contemporary times, which is rare in ancient times. Not only that, Bai Juyi's poems gained great international reputation and numerous foreign readers at that time, and were circulated and created in Japan, Silla (now Korea), South Japan (now Vietnam) and other countries. According to historical records, the then Emperor Emei of Japan copied many poems of Bai Juyi and secretly recited them in his secret house. King Khitan personally translated the white poems into Khitan characters and ordered the ministers to read them aloud.
It goes without saying that Bai Juyi's poems have a great and far-reaching influence on later poems, and white poems will always be loved by people all over the world and spread through the ages.
Du Mu:
Du Mu (A.D. 803-853), born in Jingzhao Wannian (now Xi, Shaanxi), was the grandson of Prime Minister Du You. Yamato was a scholar in the second year and was awarded the title of school librarian of the museum. He served as an adjutant in other places for many years, then successively supervised the suggestion and compiled the history museum, served as foreign minister in the catering department, Bibi department and Si Xun, served as secretariat in Huangzhou, Chizhou and Zhou Mu, and finally served as an official in Zhongshu. An outstanding poet in the late Tang Dynasty, especially famous for his seven-character quatrains. He is good at prose, and his "Epanggong Fu" is read by later generations. He paid close attention to military affairs, wrote many military papers and annotated the Art of War by Sun Tzu. The Collected Works of Fan Chuan handed down from ancient times has twenty volumes, including four volumes of poetry, edited by his nephew Pei. There is also a volume of "Fan Chuan Waiji" and "Fan Chuan Bieji" supplemented by Song people. The Complete Tang Poetry contains eight volumes of Du Mu's poems. The poems in the late Tang Dynasty were so gentle that Mu Zhi made a precipitous correction. People call it Xiao Du to distinguish it from Shaoling. The seven dragons have far-reaching charm, and the factions in the late Tang Dynasty were independent.
People call it "Xiao Du" to distinguish it from Du Fu. Mu Zhi is ambitious and eloquent, boasting about his ability to help the world. ICBC's cursive script "Xuanhe Shupu" says: "The grass is vigorous and powerful, which is consistent with its article." Dong Qichang's "Rong Tai Collection" said: "After I met Yan and Liu, if it weren't for Qing, (Du) was also famous." It is said that his book "has the charm of the Six Dynasties". The ink handed down from ancient times has Zhang Shihua. His works are very rich, including Collected Works of Fan Chuan, Old Tang Book (147) and New Tang Book (166). Zhang Shi Cao Shu Ink was written by Du Mu Taihe in the eighth year (834), at the age of 32. The post is a piece of hemp paper, 28.2 cm long and 162 cm wide, with 46 lines and 322 words in total. As can be seen from the whole poem volume, his calligraphy won the charm of the Six Dynasties. The original is now in the Palace Museum. This calligraphy work is magnificent and smooth. Because it is a manuscript of poetry, it is even more unpretentious. There are inscriptions, inscriptions and seals of Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties at the beginning and end of the volume. He has been awarded by Song Dynasty, Jia Sidao, Ming Xiangzi, Xiao Si, Qing Biao, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Neifu and Collection. There are records in Xuanhe Pu Shu, Rong Tai Collection, Splendid Life and Grand View Record. Du Mu is famous for his poems, so his title is covered by the title of his poems. This book was carved in Fa Tie, a monk. Photocopying can be done in Yan Guang Room and Showa Fa Tie Series.
Wen Tianxiang: Wen Tianxiang (1236— 1283), male, born in Luling, Jizhou (now Ji 'an, Jiangxi), formerly known as Sun Yun, is a national hero.
Textual research on Wen tianxiang s family background;
"Fu Tian Shi Wen" is the descendant of Wen Weng, the prefect of Shu County in the Western Han Dynasty. Shi Wen, the ancestor of Wen Tianxiang, migrated to Jizhou, Jiangxi Province, and opened a vein of Shi Wen in Fu Tian in Chunhua Township, Luling, Jizhou.
Wen Tianxiang said in the story of Mr. Ge Zhai, an ancient gentleman: "The ancient gentleman tasted genealogy, and the Wen family moved to Chengdu. Fifth (seventh-editor) Zu Bingran lived in the town, and his great-grandfather moved from Yonghe to Futian. " The Chronicle of Mr. Guan Wenshan, the right prime minister of Song Shaobao and the envoy of the Tang Dynasty (hereinafter referred to as the Chronicle) also said: "The Wen family in Luling went out of Chengdu, and Gong VI (the seventh-editor) lived in the town, and the fifth (the eighth-editor) lived in Futian." So now some people regard Wen Tianxiang as a Hakka, which is incorrect.
After Gong was selected, he won the first prize in the four years of Baoyou (1256) in the name of heaven, and successively awarded official duties, punishments for Langguan, Jiangxi punishments, Shangshu Zuosi Langguan punishments, Hunan punishments, and governor of Ganzhou. There is an anthology handed down from generation to generation by Mr Wenshan.
In the first month of the first year of Deyou, Song Gongdi (1275), due to the massive attack of the Yuan army, the defense line of the Yangtze River in Song Jun collapsed, and the imperial court ordered various places to organize military forces and soldiers to be loyal to him. Wen Tianxiang immediately donated his fortune as a military expense, recruited local heroes, and formed a rebel army of more than 10,000 people to go to Lin 'an. In Song Dynasty, Wen Tianxiang was appointed as the magistrate of Pingjiang Prefecture, ordered to send troops to rescue Changzhou, and then ordered him to rescue Shangguan alone. Because of the fierce offensive of the Yuan Army, Jiangxi rebels fought bravely, but failed to stop the Yuan Army in the end.
In the first month of the following year, the Yuan army arrived in Lin 'an, and civil and military officials fled. Empress Xie appointed Wen Tianxiang as the right prime minister and special envoy of the Tang Dynasty, and sent him out of the city to negotiate in an attempt to make peace with the Yuan Army. Wen Tianxiang arrived at the Yuan Army Camp, but was detained by Bo Yan. Seeing that the tide had run out, Empress Xie had to give up the city and surrender to the Yuan Army.
The Yuan Army occupied Lin 'an, but Huaihe River, Jiangnan, Fujian and Guangxi were not completely controlled and occupied by the Yuan Army. So, Bo Yan tried to seduce Wen Tianxiang and use his reputation to clean up the mess as soon as possible. Wen Tianxiang would rather die than surrender, so Bo Yan had to escort him to the north. Wen Tianxiang ventured to flee on his way to Zhenjiang. After many difficulties and obstacles, he arrived in Fuzhou on May 26th, the first year of Jingyan (1276), and was appointed as the right prime minister by Zhao Min, the late Emperor of Song Dynasty.
Wen Tianxiang was extremely dissatisfied with Zhang Shijie's autocratic politics and disagreed with Chen, so he left the Southern Song Dynasty and set up a government in Nanjian House (now Nanping, Fujian) as the same governor, commanding the anti-Yuan. Soon, Wen Tianxiang successively moved to Tingzhou (now Changting, Fujian), Zhangzhou, Longyan, Meizhou and other places, making contact with the anti-Yuan rebels in various places and persisting in the struggle. In the summer of the second year of Jingyan (1277), Wen Tianxiang led troops from Meizhou to attack Jiangxi. After Yidu (now Du Yu, Jiangxi Province) won a great victory, Ganzhou was heavily attacked and Jizhou (now Ji 'an, Jiangxi Province) was attacked, and many counties were recovered successively. In Yuan Dynasty, Xuanwei of Jiangxi made Hengli launch a counterattack in Xingguo County. Wen Tianxiang was defeated, conquered the remnants and retreated to Zhou Xun (the old rule was in Longxi, Guangdong). In the summer of the first year of Xiangxing (1278), Wen Tianxiang learned that the pilgrimage in the Southern Song Dynasty had been moved to Jianshan. In order to get rid of the predicament, he asked his army to meet the pilgrimage in the Southern Song Dynasty. Due to Zhang Shijie's resolute opposition, Wen Tianxiang had to give up and lead the army back to Chaoyang County. In the winter of the same year, the Yuan Army launched a massive attack, and Wen Tianxiang was attacked by Zhang Hongfan, a general of the Yuan Army, on his way to Haifeng, and was defeated and captured.
Wen Tianxiang tried to commit suicide by taking poison and was taken to Jianshan by Zhang Hongfan, asking him to write a letter to surrender to Zhang Shijie. Wen Tianxiang said, "I can't protect my parents. Can I teach others to betray their parents? " Zhang Hongfan didn't listen, forcing Wen Tianxiang to write again and again. Wen Tianxiang also copied a poem he wrote a few days ago, Crossing Ding Yang, to Zhang Hongfan. Zhang Hongfan read that "life has never died since ancient times, and it needs a heart to shine." Two words, can not help but also moved, no longer forced Wen Tianxiang.
Zhang Hongfan asked Yuan Shizu what to do with Wen Tianxiang after the downfall of the Southern Song Dynasty in Lushan Mountain. Yuan Shizu said, "Who has no loyal minister?" Zhang Hongfan was ordered to be polite to Wen Tianxiang, and Wen Tianxiang was sent to Dadu (now Beijing), where he was placed under house arrest and determined to surrender to Wen Tianxiang.
First, Liu Qu, the former prime minister of the Southern Song Dynasty who surrendered to the Yuan Dynasty, explained Wen Tianxiang's appearance and advised him to surrender. When Wen Tianxiang saw Liu's great anger, Liu had to leave angrily. Yuan Shizu demanded the surrender of Song Gongdi and Zhao Xian, who had reduced the yuan. Wen Tianxiang knelt on the ground in the north, crying, and said to Zhao Xian, "Come back!" Zhao Xian has nothing to say, disgruntled. Yuan Shizu was furious and ordered to tie Wen Tianxiang's hands and put on a wooden cangue. Put him in a military cell. Wen Tianxiang stayed in prison for more than ten days before the jailer let him go: it was another half month before he took off his wooden yoke.
Kyle Polo, the prime minister of the Yuan Dynasty, personally held a hearing to interrogate Wen Tianxiang. Wen Tianxiang was taken to the Privy Council Hall and stood proudly, bowing only to Kyle Poirot. Kyle Poirot called on Wen Tianxiang to kneel. Wen Tianxiang struggled to sit on the ground and never gave in. Kyle Poirot asked Wen Tianxiang, "What do you have to say now?" Wen Tianxiang replied, "There are ups and downs in the world. The destruction and slaughter of the country have occurred throughout the ages. I am loyal to Song, I just want to die early! " Kyle Poirot flew into a rage and said, "Are you going to die? I won't let you die. I want to detain you! " Wen Tianxiang was fearless and said, "I would rather die for justice than be imprisoned!" "
From then on, Wen Tianxiang spent three years in prison. In prison, he received a letter from his daughter Liu Niang and learned that his wife and two daughters were slaves in the palace and lived like prisoners. Wen Tianxiang knew that her daughter's letter was a hint from Yuan Ting: as long as she surrendered, her family could be reunited. However, Wen Tianxiang doesn't want to lose his integrity because of his wife and daughter, although his heart ached. In his letter to his sister, he said, "I am very sad to receive a letter from Miss Liu. Who has no wife, children, flesh and blood? But now, it is a kind of life to die without hesitation. what can I do? What a pity! ..... can make Liu Nv and Huan Nv become good people, but dad can't. Tears choked and choked. "
Prison life was hard, but Wen Tianxiang endured the pain and wrote many poems. Immortal masterpieces such as the third volume of the Guide and Song of Justice were all written in prison.
In the 19th year of Yuan Shizu Zhiyuan (1282), the powerful minister Ahema was assassinated. Yuan Shizu ordered Ahema to lose his family fortune, investigated Ahema's sin, and appointed Heli Huosun as the right prime minister. Li and Hawthorne put forward the idea of governing the country by Confucianism, which was recognized by Yuan Shizu. In August, Yuan Shizu asked the minister, "Who is the prime minister of the North and the South?" Ministers replied: "Northerners are like Lu Ye Chu Cai, and southerners are like Wen Tianxiang." Therefore, Yuan Shizu issued an order to grant senior officials in Wen Tianxiang prominent positions. Some of Wen Tianxiang were demoted to Yuan's old friends, and immediately informed Wen Tianxiang about it and persuaded Wen Tianxiang to surrender, but Wen Tianxiang refused. 1February 8th, Yuan Shizu summoned Wen Tianxiang and surrendered himself. Wen Tianxiang is still bowing to Yuan Shizu. Yuan Shizu didn't force him to kneel. He just said, "You've been here for a long time. If you can change your mind and be loyal to me in the Song Dynasty, I can give you a position in Zhongshu Province. " Wen Tianxiang replied, "I am the Prime Minister of DaSong. The country is dead, and I just want to die quickly. It is not suitable for a long time. " Yuan Shizu asked again, "What do you want?" Wen Tianxiang replied, "I wish death were enough!" Yuan Shizu was very angry and ordered Wen Tianxiang to be executed immediately.
The next day, Wen Tianxiang was escorted to Chai Shikou execution ground. The beheading officer asked, "What does the Prime Minister have to say? Playing back can also save you from death. " Wen Tianxiang shouted, "Die or die. What else can you say? " He asked the prison officer, "which way is the south?" Someone showed him the direction, and Wen Tianxiang bowed down to the south and said, "My business is over, and my heart is clear!" Therefore, the neck penalty, the righteousness is long. After his death, he found a poem in his belt: "Confucius said that he is benevolent, and Mencius said that he takes justice and does his best, so benevolence is the best." What have you learned from reading the books of sages? Occasionally, I have no conscience. Wen Tianxiang died at the age of 47.
Gong Zizhen:
Thinkers and historians in the late Qing Dynasty. Gong Zuo, a native of Zise. Zhejiang Renhe (now Hangzhou) people.
Twenty-seven years old is a juren. In the first year of Daoguang (182 1), he worked as a proofreader in the National History Museum. It took nine years to become a scholar. This official is in charge of the etiquette department. In nineteen years, he abandoned his official position and returned to the south. 2 1 year, died suddenly in Yunyang College, Jiangsu. Gong Zizhen first inherited the origin of family studies, starting with writing and exegesis, and then gradually dabbled in epigraphy and bibliography, covering poetry, geography and classics. Deeply influenced by the "Spring and Autumn Branches" that rose at that time. Facing the deepening social crisis during Jia Dao's reign, he gave up textual research and exegetics, focused on world affairs and devoted his life to reform. In his youth, he wrote On Liang Ming and On the occasion of B and C, which exposed and criticized the accumulated disadvantages of feudal autocracy. His thought was the first sound for Kang Youwei and others to advocate Gongyangxue and reform Gongyangxue system. After middle age, although he turned to study Buddhism, his ambition of "saving the world" was not depressed. He supported Lin Zexu to ban opium and suggested that Lin Zexu strengthen military facilities and be prepared to fight against British invaders. Gong Zizhen's lifelong pursuit of "multi-laws" was not realized until his death, but it had a beneficial impact in many aspects. On the social view, he pointed out that the root of social instability lies in the disparity between the rich and the poor, and called for the reform of the imperial examination system to attract "knowledgeable and practical" talents. Philosophically, this paper expounds the viewpoint of Tiantai Sect of Buddhism, and puts forward the viewpoint that human nature is "without good and evil" and "both good and evil rise". In historiography, he called for "respecting history" and devoted himself to the discussion of history and geography in northwest China. In literature, he put forward the theory of "respecting feelings" and advocated the unity of poetry and people. His life was rich in poetry and prose, and later generations compiled The Complete Works of Gong Zizhen.
Zhang:
1270- 1329, a native of Ximeng, Trang Van, born in Jinan, Shandong. He has served as county yin, censor and minister of rites. Known for daring to speak and remonstrate. After he abandoned his official position and retired to seclusion, he died of drought and fatigue in Guanzhong. The collection of Sanqu includes "Trang Van Living in a Small Yuefu", in which I wrote more about the joy of offering love to Lin Quan. Sometimes there are works that care about people.