1 Strategic Significance of Sustainable Development in Nujiang River Basin, Yunnan Province
Yunnan Nujiang River Basin is located in the southwest border of China, with a main stream of 624 kilometers long and a basin area of 24,000 square kilometers. Judging from the systematic pattern of the great rivers and basins in China, although the basin area is not large and the main stream of the whole country and Yunnan Province is not long, its ecological, economic and social sustainable development is of great social, economic and political significance.
(1) The Nujiang River Basin is a typical region with rich resources, great development potential and underdeveloped economy in western China. In the macro-strategy of western development, how to correctly understand the advantages and disadvantages of regional economic development in Nujiang River Basin, build a regional industrial system in line with local resources, environment and socio-economic characteristics, and realize the sustainable development of the basin is not only related to the improvement of its own economic level and the governance of the ecological environment, but also has important preliminary exploration and reference significance for the regional development of other similar areas in western China.
(2) The Nujiang River is one of the important international rivers in China 16, and the sustainable development of the Nujiang River Basin is an important project to develop the frontier, stabilize and prosper the border economy and build a good international economic environment. The Nujiang River originated in Tibet, China, and is a multinational river in China, Myanmar and Thailand. The countries in the lower reaches of the Nujiang River Basin are poor countries with underdeveloped economies in the world, and their economic strength is relatively weak. The ecological environment management and regional development of Nujiang River Basin in Yunnan Province lack good international economic support, and can only rely mainly on China's own investment, which makes it more difficult to manage and develop the basin. However, the development of Nujiang River Basin in Yunnan is an important contribution of China as a developing country to the global sustainable development strategy, and the development and management of this basin is of great international political significance to the ecological environment protection of other downstream countries.
(3) The sustainable development of the Nujiang River Basin is the need for China to implement the anti-poverty strategy. Nujiang River Basin is one of the most backward areas in China's current economic development level, with low agricultural production level, poor industrial base and a large proportion of poor people. Realizing the sustainable development of the Nujiang River Basin is actually an important practice of implementing poverty alleviation projects in poor areas in China, which has an important typical demonstration role in improving the overall level of China's national economy and comprehensively improving people's quality of life.
(4) The sustainable development of Nujiang River Basin is the need of national unity and common development in China. Nujiang River Basin is the birthplace of Yi, Nu, Dulong and Bai ethnic minorities in China, and it is also the area where they live. The successful implementation of river basin development can not only promote economic development, improve regional economic quality and people's living standards, but also take into account the inheritance and development of minority cultures, which is of great social significance to maintaining national unity and social stability in China.
(5) The sustainable development of Nujiang River Basin is an important part of biodiversity protection and sustainable utilization of biological resources in China. The Nujiang River basin is rich in biological resources and complex and diverse in ecological landscape, which is an important area for global biodiversity and ecological landscape protection. However, due to its fragile natural environment, it is difficult to recover once it is destroyed, and the recent population overload, the basin ecosystem is suffering unprecedented human interference in history. It is urgent to carry out scientific and reasonable basin development and protection in order to realize the sustainable development of the basin and preserve the precious gene pool in nature to the maximum extent.
2 Yunnan Nujiang River Basin eco-economic pattern and resources and environmental characteristics
Nujiang river basin in Yunnan is located between 98 07 ′ ~100 02 ′ east longitude and 24 07 ′ ~ 28 23 ′ north latitude, which is a narrow transition zone from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau.
The administrative divisions of Longqu mainly include Gongshan, Fugong and Lushui counties in Nujiang Prefecture and Baoshan, Shidian, Longling and Changning counties and cities in Baoshan District.
It covers an area of 24,000 km2 and has a population of 2,065,438+200,000, accounting for 6. 1% and 4. Accounting for 8% of Yunnan Province respectively. Eco-economic Pattern and Resource Circle of Nujiang River Basin in Yunnan Province
The environmental characteristics are as follows.
2. 1 The natural landscape is diverse, but the regional ecosystem has weak resistance and poor self-recovery function.
Yunnan Nujiang River Basin is one of the components of Hengduan Mountains, which is mainly composed of Gaoligong Mountain, Nujiang River Valley and Nujiang Mountain (south of Robbie Snow Mountain). It has huge ups and downs, runs through the north and south, and the terrain is broken and steep. According to the different geological structures and lithology, the Nujiang River basin can be divided into three geomorphic subregions: Gaojishan Canyon, Gaozhongshan Canyon and Zhongshan Canyon from north to south. Due to the long-term crustal movement, the fault zone in the basin is fully developed, forming a landscape pattern dominated by mountains, with high mountains and valleys, low mountains and hills and basins (dams) alternately arranged. Among them, mountains account for 97% of the total land area of Nujiang Prefecture, 9 1. Baoshan district 8%. Due to the large terrain elevation difference, undulating mountains, deep valleys, broken terrain, thin soil layer and many stones, the regional ecosystem has weak resistance and poor self-recovery function. Once the surface vegetation is destroyed, it is prone to geological disasters such as mudslides and landslides, and it is difficult to restore the environment. Except for a few mountain basins (dams), terraces and alluvial fans in the basin, the soil plough layer in other places is thin, which is harmful to soil erosion and is not conducive to the development of agricultural production.
2.2 The amount of land resources per capita is large, but the quality is poor and the utilization is unreasonable.
The population density of Nujiang River Basin in Yunnan is 84 km- 2, and the total land resources are relatively rich. The per capita possession of land resources is 1.27 times of the average level in Yunnan province, but the unreasonable utilization of land resources is mainly manifested in two aspects. Firstly, according to the structure of land resources in Nujiang River Basin, the cultivated land area is 295,000 hm2, accounting for 12.5% of the total land area. The forestland area is 6.5438+0.48 million hm2, accounting for 62. 7% of the total land area. Garden, grassland, water and unused land 1. 1%, 2.2%, 1.3% and 18. 4% respectively. The proportion of forestry land is obvious, but the agricultural industrial structure and resource structure are extremely disproportionate. The output value of internal farming in agriculture reached 63. 9%, while the forestry output value only accounts for 8. 1%. The advantages of large forest area and rich forest resources are far from being brought into play, and the proportion of planting industry that is relatively unsuitable for natural conditions is too large.
Secondly, the Nujiang River basin is rich in precipitation, and the average precipitation in Fugong, Gongshan and Longling counties for many years is above 1 350 mm, mainly in May-September. In addition, the steep mountain and large planting scale lead to serious soil erosion. At present, the area of soil erosion in Nujiang River Basin has reached 365,438 0.7%, and it is still increasing.
2.3 Abundant animal and plant resources, but difficult to protect.
The Nujiang River Basin in Yunnan Province is the transitional intersection of the flora of Palaeotropical and Pan-Arctic, the flora of China and Japan and the flora of Himalaya in China, and it is also the passage of the flora of Palaearctic and Oriental. Geologically, Nujiang River Basin in Yunnan is located in the mosaic zone between South Asia subcontinent and Eurasia, with complex geological structure, active neotectonic movement, huge vertical height difference and obvious vertical differentiation of stereoscopic climate. In addition, since the Quaternary, it has not been greatly affected by the invasion of glaciers, thus forming a natural channel and "refuge" for the spread of animals and plants. This special natural environment and three-dimensional climate gave birth to a complete vertical landscape of vegetation and a variety of forest vegetation types, providing an ideal place for different types of animals and plants to survive and reproduce. It is one of the regions with the richest biodiversity in China. In terms of plant species, there are vascular plants 185 families, 878 genera and 3 138 species (including subspecies, varieties and forms) in the three counties of Nujiang Gorge (including Bijiang County), accounting for 56%. 7% and 40 ... The Nujiang River Basin is also rich in animal species, especially rare and protected animals. There are A-level nature reserves in the Nujiang River Basin, which are listed as international significance by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)-Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve and Nujiang Provincial Nature Reserve, with a protected area of 4 578 km2, accounting for 19. The watershed area of 1% is one of the important areas for wildlife resources protection in China and even the world. There are 58/kloc-0 species of vertebrates in the nature reserve, including 8/kloc-0 species of antelope, Indo-Chinese tiger, white-browed gibbon and Yunnan golden monkey. In addition, there are 844 species of insects and 33 species of fungi/kloc-0 in the nature reserve. However, the landscape vertical band spectrum of Nujiang River Basin has a rapid transition, and the ability of ecosystem balance adjustment is weak, and the ability to resist external pressure is poor. After the vegetation is destroyed or the environment is polluted, the fluctuation of animal and plant populations is significant, and it is difficult to protect wildlife resources.
2.4 Tourism resources are diverse, but the degree of development is low.
The tourism resources of Nujiang River Basin in Yunnan Province are a combination of rare natural landscape, human landscape and unique ethnic customs. In terms of natural landscape, the majestic Gaoligong Mountain and the majestic Nujiang River are the core parts of the World Natural Heritage List "Three Parallel Rivers"; The basin is rich in biological resources and is an ideal place for scientific investigation and biodiversity research. Longling Banglazhang Hot Springs, Changning Chicken Flying Scenery and Lushui Denggeng Hot Springs are all natural landscape resources integrating sightseeing, recuperation and fitness. The karst landforms in Nujiang River basin are developed, forming rich and colorful karst landscapes with different shapes, such as Mengnuo Fairy Cave in Longling, Qingping Cave Scenic Spot in Shidian, Qingshi Cave in Lushui and Moon Stone in Fugong. In addition, there are many alpine lakes and waterfalls in the basin, such as Tingming Lake in Gaoligong Mountain, Enre Ebinur Lake in Robbie Snow Mountain, Triassic Waterfall in the First Lake and Gaoligong Mountain, and Dishuiyan Waterfall in Lushui. Humanistic tourism resources are mainly concentrated in Baoshan, a famous historical and cultural city. The main scenic spots are Wuhou Temple, Yuhuangge Complex, Luo Yi Pool, Jiulong Resort, Liyuan, Buddhist Resort and Guangzun Temple, which combines Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. The national customs are unique, and the tourism views at home and abroad are different.
Light has great charm. Nujiang River Basin is a gathering area of Yi, Yi, Nu and Dai nationalities, which has different development history and unique characteristics.
National culture constitutes a rich and colorful national customs. Such as Yi people's knife and pole festival, Yi people's torch festival, Dai people's water splashing festival and Nu people's fairy festival.
National festivals and thousands of houses, such as landing houses, wooden houses and earth palm houses, have high sightseeing and leisure value.
However, due to its remote location, relatively poor tourism environment, backward construction of tourism infrastructure such as transportation, communication and accommodation, insufficient experience in tourism management, low service level and lack of capital investment. The degree of tourism resources development in Nujiang River Basin is low, and most scenic spots are still undeveloped. According to the general survey of tourism resources in Nujiang River, among the 400 scenic spots surveyed in Nujiang River, there are as many as 320 undeveloped scenic spots, and the development utilization rate is only 20%.
2.5 The level of economic development is low and the industrial structure is unreasonable.
The Nujiang River Basin in Yunnan is remote, with inconvenient external traffic, poor information, poor combination of time and space distribution of resources, short development history and relatively backward development of science, technology, education and culture, which restricts the rapid development of the basin economy. The per capita gross domestic product (GDP) of Nujiang River Basin is 2642 yuan, which is lower than that of Yunnan Province 1, 6 1.5. 2 yuan is 0.9% of the national average of 465,438+. The main index of social and economic development is that the per capita grain output is basically close to the national average. The per capita investment in fixed assets of state-owned units, the per capita retail sales of social consumer goods, the average wages of employees and the per capita net income of farmers are all lower than the average level of Yunnan Province, accounting for 33.5% respectively. 0%, 35.6%, 87.6% and 64. 5% of the national average. In addition, the economic development of the basin is unbalanced, and there are still 79,000 rural people in the basin (accounting for 34. 6% of the state's agricultural population) did not solve the problem of food and clothing.
The economic development of Nujiang River Basin mainly depends on the agricultural development and utilization of land resources. The development of river basin industry is slow, and the industrial system is still in the primary stage of low level. In the composition of GDP in Nujiang River Basin, the proportion of primary industry is 46. 3%, which is 23. 4 percentage points, while the proportion of the secondary industry is 23. It is 9 percentage points lower than the average level of Yunnan province, and the industrial output value structure is at a low level stage of primary industry >: tertiary industry > secondary industry. Of the total industrial and agricultural output value, the total agricultural output value accounts for 3 1.4%, which is 2. 0 percentage points higher than that of Yunnan Province. The industrial structure of Nujiang River Basin is unreasonable and the overall economic level is low, which also leads to the low level of urbanization in the regions closely related to it. The proportion of non-agricultural population is only 10.8%, which is less than the national average 1/2.
2.6 The development of education and science and technology lags behind, and the popularization and application of science and technology is slow.
The overall economic development level of Nujiang River Basin in Yunnan Province is low, coupled with the distribution pattern of small ethnic groups living together, language differences between ethnic groups and the barrier between villages, which makes it more difficult for residents to receive education, resulting in low educational level, low educational technology level and backward development of rural population in the basin. According to the data of the fourth national census, the illiterate and semi-illiterate population over 0/2 years old in Nujiang Prefecture/KLOC accounts for 46. 3% of the same age group population. The backward development of education directly restricts the popularization and application of science and technology. The popularization of science and technology in the river basin is weak, and the production and management methods in some areas are extensive, so it is difficult to popularize improved varieties and good practices and some supporting practical farming techniques. The crop yield level is 20% ~ 60% lower than the provincial average. There are only 40 ~ 50 natural science and technology personnel per 6,543.8+0,000 people in Baoshan and Nujiang, which is equivalent to the average level of 654.38+0/4 in Yunnan Province.
3 Countermeasures and Suggestions for Sustainable Development of Nujiang River Basin
The Nujiang River Basin in Yunnan has good location conditions for border trade and economic development, rich natural resources and great development potential, and is facing a good opportunity for the country to implement the strategy of developing the western region. The time has come for river basin development. However, due to the low degree of social development, lagging regional economy and fragile ecosystem, the development of river basins still faces many problems, such as a large number of poor people, weak capital investment, and a large workload of ecological environment restoration and protection. From the perspective of sustainable development and eco-economic system of river basin, the most urgent contradiction between river basin development and eco-environmental protection is mainly concentrated in three aspects: rational utilization of land resources and protection, governance and restoration of ecological environment, reconstruction of river basin industrial system and establishment of pillar industries (or leading industries) in the near and medium term, and selection of poor areas and poor people. Therefore, it is suggested to speed up the capacity building of sustainable development of river basins from the following five aspects.
3. 1 Implement the planning of river basin economic development and ecological environment protection, and formulate the strategy of river basin sustainable development. The Nujiang River Basin has obvious location advantages, rich biological, mineral and energy resources, and good regional development conditions. However, due to the lag of regional socio-economic development and the destruction of the natural environment to a certain extent, it is necessary to carry out the planning of basin economic development and ecological environment protection as soon as possible, and put forward a regional development strategy that is moderately advanced and conforms to regional characteristics on the basis of finding out the characteristics of resources and determining the factors that hinder regional development. Especially with the development of the western region, the intensity of resource development and the speed of economic development in Nujiang River Basin will be obviously accelerated. On the basis of the original regional problems, it is urgent to carry out comprehensive exploration and special study on the socio-economic development, resource development, ecological environment protection and cultural inheritance of ethnic minorities in the basin at this stage, and to conduct more in-depth research and scientific demonstration on macro, systematic and comprehensive issues with important strategic positions such as the overall strategy of regional development, the construction of regional industrial structure, the priority of industrial development and the development and investment mechanism.
3.2 The implementation of returning farmland to forests and grasslands to achieve a virtuous circle of eco-economic system.
Slope land reclamation is the most prominent feature of agricultural development in Nujiang River basin, and it is also one of the roots of a series of ecological environment evolution in the basin. According to the regulations of national ecological construction, it is forbidden to plant any crops on cultivated land with a slope of more than 25, and it is necessary to return farmland to forests and grasslands. The area of returning farmland in Nujiang River Basin of Yunnan Province is about 40,000 hm2. Due to the large proportion of steep slope cultivated land in the total cultivated land, the development of secondary and tertiary industries in the basin lags behind, and the population relies too much on cultivated land and planting; Under the current circumstances, it is necessary but impossible to implement large-scale conversion of farmland to forests. Therefore, the solution to the problem of steep slope land reclamation in Nujiang River basin needs to be carried out step by step in various ways, such as returning farmland to forest, returning farmland to grassland and agroforestry, according to the specific conditions of different regions. In addition, when returning farmland to forest and grassland, it is necessary to combine the poverty alleviation and development of the country and Yunnan Province with the implementation of "work for relief", select a number of sloping farmland with good engineering geological conditions and water conservancy construction conditions, implement sloping terraces, build a certain number of terraces and terraces that can be intensively and sustainably used, ensure the stable production of bulk agricultural products in the basin, and promote the smooth implementation of returning farmland to forest and grassland.
3.3 Gradually develop tourism resources and gradually expand the tourism industry.
The Nujiang River Basin has three resource advantages: high mountains and valleys, ethnic customs and primitive natural ecology, and 1 border geographical advantage, which has laid a good foundation for the development of tourism. Due to the constraints of economic and social factors, the development of tourism in Nujiang River Basin in Yunnan Province must focus on the key points, and choose scenic spots with high resource quality, low investment, quick results and strong demonstration and driving effect to give priority to development. According to the characteristics of regional economic environment, remote geographical location, inconvenient transportation and far away from the tourist market in Nujiang River Basin, the recent tourism development should focus on protective development, giving priority to the development of some high-quality scenic spots, and focusing on the development of Nujiang Canyon landscape, Baoshan humanistic landscape and Gaoligongshan natural ecological landscape in the near future. The development of tourist attractions adopts the layout of "two lines and one piece", namely Nujiang Canyon Line, Baoshan Humanities Line and Baihualing Ecological Landscape of Gaoligong Mountain. In the near future, we can take advantage of Yunnan's favorable surrounding environment for tourism and give priority to developing three tourist routes (Dali-Liuku-Shangba-Kaici-Bingzhongluo (or Dulong River), (Dali-) Baoshan-Longling (-Ruili) and (Dali-) Baoshan-Mangkuanbaihualing (or Tengchong-Yingjiang).
3.4 Strengthen the development of biological resources and cultivate new ecological industries.
(1) Establish biological resources development, production and processing bases to form superior products and industries.
On the basis of fully developing natural biological resources with high economic value, such as Coptis chinensis, Picea asperata, Aucklandiae, Eucommia ulmoides, Amomum villosum, Kiwifruit, Sapium sebiferum and Tung oil tree, we should pay attention to ecological environment protection, select suitable areas, adopt artificial cultivation methods, develop artificial breeding, make up for the shortage of total wildlife resources, and form a stable large-scale production and processing base.
(2) Set up leading enterprises in biological resources development, use the idea of industrialization development, form backbone enterprises with strong competitiveness in domestic and foreign markets, and promote the efficient development of industrial groups.
(3) Increase investment in science and technology, start with intensive processing of resources, transform biological resources into famous, special and excellent commodities as soon as possible, maximize the value of resources, improve industrial benefits, and develop and cultivate biological resources into a pillar industry that will drive the economic development of the basin and get rid of poverty and become rich.
3.5 Pay attention to the introduction of practical science and technology, enhance the scientific and technological quality and production skills of workers, and improve the level of productivity. According to the needs of recent industrial construction in Nujiang River basin, special preferential policies are adopted to introduce high-quality and high-grade scientific and technological talents in various forms and ways, and talent introduction is the breakthrough to promote the development of pillar industries. In view of the characteristics of large minority population and low education level in Nujiang River Basin, appropriate technology should be introduced and popularized quickly at this stage, and improving the production skills of workers should be the focus of improving the regional scientific and technological level. Focus on the establishment of scientific and technological demonstration models, short-term training for farmers, and special technical lectures. With the early intervention of practical science and technology, we can mobilize farmers' enthusiasm for learning science, technology and culture and promote the benign development of regional social economy.