With the transition of the system, the state has put forward a new idea for the asset management of administrative institutions: institutions that have the conditions to implement enterprise management should carry out reforms and implement operational management in accordance with the requirements of the modern enterprise system. According to this idea, with the transformation of China's sports industry to industry. The core issue of this transformation is the separation of ownership and management rights. Ownership and management right is a social division of labor about asset rights, aiming at improving the efficiency of asset rights. As the sports administrative department of the government, the Sports Bureau has long assumed the functions of owners of large stadiums. Although the management right of each stadium comes from ownership, once the legal person property right is formed, the owner can no longer directly participate in the industrial entity and interfere with the activities of each stadium. Although many venues have been industrialized, the ownership and management rights are not clear, and it is inevitable that the power will be empty and misplaced.
"Ownership and management rights are not separated" is still one of the main problems in the operation of large-scale competition venues in China. After the large-scale sports events, the government should turn its attention from "serving the events themselves" before the games to market-oriented operation after the games, and the core issue of this transformation is the separation of ownership and management rights, which is embodied in the different management modes adopted by large-scale sports venues.
Second, the choice of management mode of large stadiums and gymnasiums
For the choice of management mode of large stadiums, we should give full play to the basic role of the market in resource allocation, strengthen the reform direction of enterprise restructuring, choose appropriate reform methods, and create more and better comprehensive benefits.
1. contract management
Under the premise of not changing the nature of ownership, according to the principle of complete separation of ownership and management rights of stadiums and gymnasiums, the responsibility, right and benefit relationship between owners and operators and the contract period are determined in the form of contract operation, so that contractors can operate independently and be responsible for their own profits and losses according to their own conditions and the basic laws of the development of sports and fitness market. According to the contract, the contractor pays a certain rent to the owner every year and is responsible for the daily management and equipment maintenance of large stadiums. However, the renovation and maintenance of large-scale equipment are still invested by the owner.
For the contracted large-scale stadiums and gymnasiums, it is required that the nature of providing physical fitness services for the public cannot be changed, and it must serve the national fitness and sports training guarantee venues. However, all kinds of services provided must be charged, and the charging standard shall be formulated by the venue authorities in conjunction with the price management department, and marked in the contract, and the organizer must strictly implement it. The organizer has the right to choose whether to retain the original staff of the venue. Although this management method reduces the burden on the owners and improves the utilization rate of venues, contractors often change the use of large venues, such as circuses and large-scale events.
2. Lease management
The leasing operation mode of separating the ownership and management right of large-scale stadiums means that the property owner authorizes the lessee to hand over the stadiums to the lessee for operation within a certain period of time, and the lessee pays the rent to the lessor and operates the stadiums independently according to the contract. You can also take the form of cooperation, that is, the owner shares and holds shares (the equity is higher than 50%) with the venue assets, and the leasing operator (operating company) contributes 49% of the shares and signs an operating agreement with the owner. In addition to daily expenses and minor repairs, operating income is divided by the owners and operators. Obviously, this management mode not only gives the owner the right to hold shares, but also reduces the operating cost and improves the operating efficiency. It not only expands the opening up of large stadiums and gymnasiums, meets the growing fitness needs of residents, but also improves the treatment and enthusiasm of employees.
3. Entrusted management
This is a small separation between the ownership and management of large stadiums, that is, the owners of stadiums choose the operators as the heads of large stadiums in a certain way, and operate large stadiums on behalf of the owners, and the owners do not directly participate in the management. Developed countries use this mode of operation to manage large stadiums.
In terms of fund management, the operator and the owner signed a contract agreement, stipulating that all income should be turned over, and the operator has no right to spend funds. The owner not only approves the annual expenditure budget of the venue, but also issues income budget items and income indicators to strengthen the planning and binding nature of budget management.
Entrustment management mode has not changed the nature of providing venue services for mass fitness, sports training and competitions in large stadiums, but only changed the main body of operation of large stadiums. As a result, new management concepts and methods are introduced into the management activities of stadiums and gymnasiums, which improves the management efficiency and social and economic benefits. Entrusted management is a realistic choice for the management system reform of large-scale stadiums at present, and entrusted management of Ningbo Swimming and Fitness Center is of typical significance and certain representativeness.
4. Enterprise management mode
As a transitional measure, large stadiums and gymnasiums that do not have the conditions to establish a modern enterprise system should also adopt the enterprise management mode of public institutions, strengthen management and try their best to improve economic benefits.
There are several problems to be solved in the enterprise management of large stadiums. First of all, straighten out the management system of large stadiums, give them greater autonomy in operation and management, and lay a solid foundation for the overall development in the future. Secondly, clarify the authorized management responsibility of state-owned assets. The original non-operating assets can be verified according to the regulations and procedures and turned into operating assets. Determine the investment methods and procedures, clarify the authority of venues to dispose of operating assets, control the changes and appreciation of state-owned assets, operating profits and income, how to distribute profits and distribution plans, and control them through financial management and other measures in accordance with business management procedures. Third, standardize enterprise site management with reference to enterprise law.
5. Corporate governance model
In fact, the corporate governance mode is to choose to establish a modern enterprise system. Corporate governance model refers to the organizational structure composed of owners, board of directors and senior managers. Through this structure, the owner entrusts his assets to the board of directors, which is the highest decision-making body of the company and has the right to hire, reward and punish senior managers. Reorganizing an enterprise into a company can achieve several purposes: raising funds; Through the corporate governance structure of decentralization and checks and balances, scientific and democratic management is realized; Straighten out the relationship between government and enterprises and change the operating mechanism; Reduce investment risks.
It is a thorough reform model to transform large stadiums with corporate governance structure, especially the shareholding system reform. Although the corporate transformation of large stadiums and gymnasiums in China is still in the exploratory stage, some large stadiums and gymnasiums invested by the society, such as Changchun Wuhuan Gymnasium and Chengdu Longquan Sunshine Sports City, basically operate in this way, which can provide some valuable experiences and lessons for the transformation of large stadiums and gymnasiums management to corporate governance. Although the corporate governance model shows its rationality in many places and reflects the development trend of society and market economy, there are still some difficulties and limitations in applying it to the management system reform of large stadiums and gymnasiums, which need to be actively explored from theory to practice.
6.BOT and TOT modes
BOT stands for construction, operation and handover, that is, infrastructure projects (mainly municipal facilities projects) are handed over to domestic or foreign contractors for construction and operation during a regular operation period, and after the franchise period, the project facilities are completely handed over to the state-owned departments for management and operation. This has played a certain role in solving the bottleneck contradiction of infrastructure, alleviating the shortage of funds and accelerating economic development. The application of BOT mode is mainly aimed at newly-built large-scale stadiums. Although this model can alleviate the country's lack of funds in the construction of large stadiums to a certain extent, there are still some problems in operation, such as large project investment, long cycle and high risk.
TOT means transfer-operation-transfer. TOT investment mode refers to the operation mode in which the government departments finance the construction of urban infrastructure, and after the completion, the government sells the management right to private investors, and after the investors recover their investment through operation within the agreed time and get a return, they hand over the management right to the original property owner free of charge. For the government, the transfer of franchise through TOT can maximize the funds needed for related construction, while for investors, because they have accepted the completed and normal operation projects, there is no need to bear the risks during the construction period. TOT mode is a good choice for large-scale stadiums that have been built and cities with highly developed sports competitions and performances. Transferring the management right of existing large-scale stadiums to competitive sports clubs for a long time by contract can not only reduce the pressure of direct management by government departments, but also save the maintenance cost of stadiums and ensure that they can be used for sports.
At present, in the process of expanding the investment and financing channels of large-scale stadiums and gymnasiums in China, more experts and scholars advocate adopting BOT as a new financing method, and taking the future management right as the investment return to raise construction funds, which is an effective supplement to alleviate the current national investment shortage.
7. Star hotel management
The management mode of star-rated hotels means that stadiums should be operated like star-rated hotels. The operation procedures involve site selection, facility planning, investment structure, later business management, marketing plan, human resource planning, project innovation and public safety. The whole operation process is a management mode operated by a professional management team.
The management mode of star hotel not only refers to the hotel management after the completion of the venue, but also includes changing the investment structure through market means and raising funds through multiple channels; Through the project legal person bidding, even the government attracts social (domestic and foreign) funds to finance and hold shares by means of its investment, which basically determines the direction of diversification of property rights in the feasibility study stage of large-scale stadiums and gymnasiums, and reverses the situation of single investment in stadium construction in the past. The advantages of star-rated hotel management in large stadiums are as follows: first, the investment structure is diversified; Secondly, meet the diverse needs of venue functions and highlight the humanistic concept of "people-oriented"; Third, cultivate a high-quality staff and establish a correct business philosophy; Fourth, it is conducive to grasping the market positioning and carrying out project innovation and professional management; Fifth, adopt brand marketing strategy, use brands to extend products and expand the market. The implementation of star hotel management in large stadiums will truly realize the transformation from system management to people-oriented management and from financial management to modern marketing management.
Three, the main factors affecting the choice of management mode of large stadiums in China
The choice of management mode of stadiums and gymnasiums is of great significance to improve their management situation. How to choose a scientific and appropriate management model for large stadiums and gymnasiums in the future according to their own characteristics is an urgent problem to be solved at present. There are many factors that affect the choice of management mode of large stadiums and gymnasiums in China, mainly including the following factors.
1. Conditions of large stadiums (www.mianfeilunwen.com, paper net, free of charge)
The conditions of stadiums and gymnasiums are the main factors that affect the choice of their business models. The present situation of large-scale stadiums includes the function and scale of stadiums, the sports that can be carried out, the area and indoor area of stadiums that can be developed, and whether the supporting shower rooms and changing rooms are complete.
2. Business orientation and potential service targets of large-scale stadiums and gymnasiums
The management orientation of large stadiums and gymnasiums also has a great influence on the choice of their management mode. The management orientation of large-scale stadiums and gymnasiums is mainly reflected in its business content, whether it is based on competition performance industry or national fitness; Whether to provide fitness facilities or sports training services as the main business content has a certain influence on the choice of sports venues' business model. In addition, the potential goal of the operation of large stadiums, that is, the choice of customers, also has a great influence on their business model. For example, customer orientation, the target of stadiums and gymnasiums, is in the high-income class, so there are higher requirements for the choice of its business model.
3. Geographical location of large stadiums and gymnasiums
In foreign countries, the geographical location of stadiums and gymnasiums is the main factor affecting their business model choice, and China is no exception. Large stadiums and gymnasiums are located in bustling urban areas or remote suburbs, and their business models are generally different. For example, sports venues located near communities and residential areas should generally be operated independently by communities. In addition, whether the supporting facilities near the location of large stadiums are complete will also have a certain impact on the choice of their business model.
4. The consumption level of the public in the city or region where the large-scale sports venues are located
The living standard and consumption ability of the public in the location of large stadiums are important factors that affect the operation of stadiums and gymnasiums, and will also have a great impact on the operation mode of stadiums and gymnasiums. If the public's consumption power is very limited and the effective consumption demand of sports is insufficient, it is futile to adopt advanced business models.
In the future, the choice of management mode of large-scale stadiums and gymnasiums in China can be based on the above-mentioned influencing factors and combined with specific reform objectives to conduct comprehensive and comprehensive feasibility analysis and demonstration, select the appropriate management mode, and continuously improve the comprehensive benefits of its management.