Since 195 1 promulgated the first set of adult broadcast gymnastics in new China, so far nine sets of adult broadcast gymnastics have been promulgated in China. The history of broadcast gymnastics is the epitome of mass sports in China, and it also includes memories of youth from generation to generation in China. Reviewing the footprints of broadcast gymnastics in the past 60 years may help us understand the fundamental purpose of sports: to make more people become strong in sports.
The proposal of establishing national fitness aerobics coincides with the idea of developing mass sports.
At the end of 1950, a handwritten report was submitted to the Preparatory Committee of the All-China Sports Federation, suggesting that New China create a set of national aerobics. The speaker was Yang Lie, who was then the secretary of the Preparatory Committee of the Sports Federation.
At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, sports in new China just started. The All-China Sports Federation has not yet been formally established, and only one preparatory committee acts on its behalf and is directly managed by the Central Committee of the League. The Preparatory Committee works in a small building in the south exit of Wangfujing, and it is with all-china youth federation, with only a few staff. At that time, New China had no sports foundation, no venues and no equipment. There is only one official stadium in Beijing-Xiannongtan Stadium, which was built at 1937. Besides, there is not even a basketball court with stands.
1950 In August, the Preparatory Committee of the General Sports Association sent the first sports delegation from New China to the former Soviet Union, hoping to learn from and emulate the sports system of the Soviet Union at that time. Yang Lie is the only woman in 12 members.
Yang Lie was born in a wealthy family of overseas Chinese businessmen. When he was young, he went to Japan to study gymnastics and sports management. After the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, she resolutely interrupted her studies and went to Yan 'an to join the revolution. In Yan 'an, Yang Lie gave full play to his sports expertise and organized large-scale group calisthenics and other colorful sports activities. After the founding of New China, Liao Chengzhi, then chairman of the All-China Democratic Youth Federation, who was in charge of sports, personally took Yang Lie to Beijing and asked her to make suggestions for the sports cause in New China.
In more than two months, the delegation inspected the sports development in the former Soviet Union. At that time, the national gymnastics in the former Soviet Union developed very comprehensively. Their gymnastics is divided into three categories, one is sanitary gymnastics, the other is auxiliary gymnastics, and the other is instrumental gymnastics. Health exercise is a kind of gymnastics, which is performed on the radio or alone in the morning. Generally called "morning exercise", it is composed of 8 stages to 12, and the time is about 10 minutes to 15 minutes. It can be divided into women's gymnastics and elderly gymnastics. Yang Lie was deeply inspired by this unique and easily popularized form of sports.
After returning from the Soviet Union, the Preparatory Committee of the National Sports Association decided to learn from the experience of the former Soviet Union in developing sports, clearly stipulating that no large-scale sports meeting will be held during the period of economic recovery, emphasizing popularization. Sports work should go from schools to factories, from military to local, from cities to rural areas, with emphasis on schools, factories and troops.
At this time, Yang Lie's report was submitted to the Preparatory Committee of the General Sports Association, suggesting to create a set of national aerobics, mobilize people to participate in physical exercise, and improve the physical quality of the whole nation. Her suggestion coincided with the idea of putting mass sports first at the beginning of the founding of New China, and was quickly approved.
Referring to Japanese "Chili Exercise", China's broadcast gymnastics was created.
This is the first time in the history of China to create a set of national aerobics. Where can I find a professional gymnast? Yang Lie thought of Liu Yizhen, a colleague of the Preparatory Committee of the All-China Sports Federation. Liu Yizhen was born in the Department of Physical Education of Beijing Normal University. She studies Japanese gymnastics. Why not ask her for help?
Liu Yizhen readily agreed. "I am also a member of the Preparatory Committee of the Sports Federation. I can do something for the sports in new China. What is there to hesitate about? " Liu Yizhen, who is 86 years old this year, recalled, "I have been practicing gymnastics for several years."
As early as in college, Liu Yizhen began to make a kind of "Chili Exercise" and spread it throughout the school. "The physical education department has a tape recorder and a recording of' Chili Fuck'. Every morning, I get up with a tape recorder and go to the playground to do Chili exercises. Some students follow me. There are more and more people slowly, and there are more than 100 people at most. "
Liu Yizhen's "Chili Exercise" is a kind of unarmed exercise introduced from Japan and accompanied by music.
1928, Japan promulgated the first set of national aerobics, guided by the music played by the radio. Because the coverage of radio stations is very large, people all over the country can listen to radio music and do gymnastics at the same time and in different places. Therefore, the Japanese affectionately call this kind of gymnastics "broadcast gymnastics".
With more and more Japanese coming to China, "Broadcast Gymnastics" was brought to China. The pronunciation of Japanese "radio" is very similar to Chinese "pepper", so people in China call this kind of gymnastics "pepper exercise".
"When I was studying at Normal University, the teachers who taught us gymnastics were all Japanese teachers." Liu Yizhen still clearly remembers her gymnastics teacher's name as Shi Jincheng. "Japan has five sets of broadcast gymnastics, two sets of health gymnastics, two sets of female youth broadcast gymnastics and two sets of male youth broadcast gymnastics. I have all these materials. " It is precisely because he has a well-thought-out plan that the task of creating national aerobics is not difficult for Liu Yizhen.
"The purpose of the national aerobics movement is to let people get up in the morning, simply exercise and devote themselves to a day's work. For students, there are two classes in the morning, and there is a need to rest in the middle. " For this purpose, the time of national aerobics should not be too long, the movements should not be too difficult, and the whole body should be active.
Japan's broadcast gymnastics movements are nothing more than the exercise of limbs, chest and back, waist and abdomen. There are many basic movements in unarmed gymnastics. As long as they are combined, these parts can be exercised, even if the goal is achieved. According to Japanese broadcast gymnastics, Liu Yizhen quickly determined the basic framework of the first set of broadcast gymnastics in New China: 1 bar *** 10, with a total length of about 5 minutes.
The first section is "lower limb movement", and the content is actually the first step; Then the second paragraph is called "limb movement", which actually means bending your legs and stretching your arms. These two paragraphs are a prelude, and the main purpose is to move the body away. From the third quarter, the intensity of exercise gradually increased. The third section "chest exercise" requires lunging to expand the chest and continue to exercise the limbs. The next three links, "Body Side Movement", "Rotation Movement" and "Abdominal Back Movement", shift the key parts of exercise to the waist and abdomen, and "Abdominal Back Movement" is the most difficult, requiring the body to lean forward, the knee joint to be straight, and the fingertips of both hands to touch the ground. Liu Yizhen, who was born in sports, probably didn't expect that this action was quite difficult for ordinary people. The "jumping movement" in the eighth section is followed by the "finishing movement", which makes the human body gradually calm down from the state of strenuous exercise. Because the Japanese "Chili Exercise" ended with breathing exercises, Liu Yizhen added a "breathing exercise" after the "finishing exercise", and the whole exercise was over.
Liu Yizhen's idea of compiling this set of broadcast gymnastics action sequence has become the principle that directors should abide by in the future: First, start from the upper limbs or lower limbs that are far from the heart and have less load; The middle consists of chest, body side, body rotation and abdominal back movements, which gradually increase the amplitude and load of the movements; Then turn to the whole body movement and jumping movement with greater intensity and maximum load; Finally, end the exercise or relax the exercise.
The text description of "lower limb movement" looks very professional, but in fact it is just marking time.
Just as Liu Yizhen was happy with the choreography, she suddenly realized that the real trouble was yet to come.
Broadcast gymnastics is not to go to physical education class, but to demonstrate and explain orally. It is through publication that we meet the people of the whole country in the form of words and wall charts, so there must be supporting text descriptions.
It would be much easier today. However, at that time, the people's sports literacy was very low, they had no concept of sports terms, and the development level of sports specialty was also very low. How to express this 10 movement scientifically in the form of words?
"At that time, I had very few gymnastics terms and didn't know what to say. The name of the body part and the direction of action are not clear. " Liu Yizhen said. Is it called neck or neck? Belly or belly? Heel or heel? Is it carried sideways or sideways? Bend your arm or bend your arm? ..... what a mess. If it cannot be distributed to the whole country with scientific and unified instructions, there will be many kinds of actions in the future.
Liu Yizhen had to turn to a dictionary of Japanese gymnastics terms and began to translate.
"For example,' vibration' and' ascension' are different. Lifting is a very hard action, while vibration is a swinging process, which passes through different parts of the body in turn. I was not very clear about this before the exercise. " With the help of Japanese Gymnastics Terminology Dictionary, Liu Yizhen finally provided a written explanation for the first set of broadcast gymnastics. So, we saw this explanation in the first group of pictures of broadcast gymnastics: the left leg lifts the thigh and bends the knee, reducing; At the same time, the right arm swings forward and the left arm swings back naturally; Then lift your right leg and bend your knees to restore; At the same time, the left arm swings forward and the right arm swings back naturally. This is a written description of the first movement "Lower Limb Movement" in the first set of broadcast gymnastics in New China. It looks lively and professional, but it's just marking time.
Composers often protest when setting music for broadcast gymnastics.
After the action and text description are completed, music should be provided for this gymnastics action. Someone recommended the famous composer He Shide to Liu Yizhen. He Shide once wrote magnificent military songs of the New Fourth Army, and it is natural that he should compose the music.
However, it is not easy to combine music and gymnastics perfectly. Old man Lu Huan, a gymnastic expert at the Institute of Sports Science of the State General Administration of Sport, explained this: A good piece of music has its own rhythm and must be coherent, but the broadcast gymnastics movements are segmented, and there must be a pause between paragraphs. From a musical point of view, there must be differences in order for gymnasts to understand. When broadcasting gymnastics music, the choreographer requires that the movements be completed in a few minutes and seconds, and the music must pause in a few minutes and seconds.
"We haven't finished what our music has to say. You can't make us stop hard! " Composers often make such protests, but there is no way but to adapt to this action. Therefore, it has always been the biggest problem in recording that gymnastics movements are completely in tune with music. When the musicians of the Central Orchestra recorded the fifth set of broadcast gymnastics, they stayed up all night for three or four hours. The fifth set of broadcast gymnastics came out in the 1970s. Back in the 1950s, technical equipment was worse, and recording was certainly more difficult. It's a pity that the first set of broadcast gymnastics music is hard to find today.
The models on the first set of radio gymnastics wall charts are not small. According to Liu Yizhen's recollection, she originally wanted to be a model for flip charts, but on second thought, I'd better find a male model, because a strong size would look better. So she found Ma Yuehan, a teacher in Tsinghua University at that time. Ma Yuehan is a famous sports educator in China. He has a son named Ma Qiwei. The young man likes to take part in physical exercise since he was a child. He is well developed and burly. It's just right to be a model on the radio gymnastics map.
1951165438+1October 24th, the first set of broadcast gymnastics in People's Republic of China (PRC) was officially promulgated. At this time, it's exactly one year since Yang Lie first proposed to create national fitness aerobics.
On this day, the Preparatory Committee of the All-China Sports Federation, the Ministry of Education of the Central People's Government, the Ministry of Health and the General Political Department of the People's Revolutionary Military Commission of the Central People's Government jointly issued the Notice on Promoting Broadcast Gymnastics. 65438+February 1, china national radio broadcast gymnastics music for the first time.
Once broadcast gymnastics was introduced, it was highly valued by leaders at all levels, which was inseparable from the urgent need at that time.
At the beginning of the founding of New China, the average life expectancy was as low as 35 years, and the infant mortality rate was as high as 20%. 1950 when the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea broke out, a simple physical examination for enlistment kept many enthusiastic young people out of the door.
Now there is a set of broadcast gymnastics that can not only strengthen the body but also be fresh and interesting. It is very happy to implement it from top to bottom. Because the broadcast gymnastics was to be broadcast at that time, the central and local people's broadcasting stations became "standard bearers". They have invited local education, health, trade unions, youth and women's organizations to discuss with them, and organized a "Radio Gymnastics Promotion Committee". A large number of "broadcast gymnastics backbone training classes", "broadcast gymnastics teaching stations" and "broadcast gymnastics promotion groups" have sprung up all over the country.
On June 20th, 1952, the National Sports Federation was formally announced. The next day, People's Daily published an article entitled "Broadcast Gymnastics Widely Implemented in All Parts of China", which summarized in detail the fruitful results of the promotion of broadcast gymnastics in the past six months.
At that time, China People's Broadcasting Station and 40 people's broadcasting stations broadcast gymnastics programs in Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai. These programs occupy 52 wavelengths every day, totaling 1205 minutes. At the same time, the People's Broadcasting Equipment Factory also worked overtime. In order to meet the needs of areas with inconvenient listening or insufficient listening equipment, 3,800 "Radio Gymnastics" records have been supplied.
According to the incomplete statistics of Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Chongqing and other cities 13, the number of people participating in broadcast gymnastics reached10.48 million; Among them, students from all schools are the most enthusiastic. There are 230,000 students in Beijing alone, and more than 80% of students in Shanghai do broadcast gymnastics every day.
Tikhonov, a visiting poet of the former Soviet Union in the 1950s, wrote in a poem: "... when Beijingers came out to do broadcast gymnastics and drove their last nightmare out of their sleeping hometown, the neat alleys and streets in the city suddenly turned into sports fields." In September, 1952, 7-year-old Xie Dong went to an arsenal children's primary school in Chongqing. Physical education class's first class is to learn the first set of broadcast gymnastics. At that time, the school playground was built on the rolling hills and divided into three pieces. High school students (grades 5 and 6) are doing boy exercises in a playground, while primary and secondary school students (grades 3 and 4) are "playing lotus guns", while these junior students are learning the newly promulgated broadcast gymnastics.
"Boys are hard, very powerful to do, and difficult to move; Playing the lotus gun means hollowing out the bamboo pole, putting copper coins in it, which is more than one meter long, and then playing everywhere. " My brother is four years older than Xie Dongda and is in the fifth grade. He pretends to be a boy's drill in the uniform of the school every day. But the next year, boys' exercises and lotus guns were gone, because broadcast gymnastics was fresh and interesting, and the movements were very handsome. Those big brothers and sisters took the little ones to learn broadcast gymnastics.
In the 1970s, broadcast gymnastics ruled the world.
"Develop sports and enhance people's physique; Exercise and defend the motherland. " This slogan, which we used to be very familiar with, contains a strong desire of a nation: health is the capital of revolution, and exercise is to defend and build the motherland!
Before the reform and opening up, although there were basic sports facilities in some places, they were rarely very simple, or even there were no large stadiums at all. In the middle school of the 1970s, as long as it blows, the dust all over the sky makes people unable to open their eyes. I accidentally fell on the court, and the cinder made people bleed. Playing football on the muddy ground in rainy days, one foot deep and one foot shallow, after the weather clears up, the mud dries up and there are muddy footprints all over the field. At that time, it was unthinkable to have a perfect stadium and a green lawn.
In the sixties and seventies of last century, almost everyone was accompanied by broadcast gymnastics when they were students. At that time, even earlier, with the sound of gymnastics music on the radio, the scene of "let's do exercises together" was spectacular and had been deeply buried in people's nagging memories. Broadcast gymnastics is the embryonic form of modern body culture and modern civil politics. In the era of construction in full swing, the government advocates that physical fitness is the capital of revolution, physical exercise is the means, and the goal is better work. It is not your choice to take part in mass fitness activities, but the needs of the revolution. For many people, broadcast gymnastics is more of a sign to remind people of the beginning of work and study time and to remind people to activate their bodies.
In March, 2005, mass broadcast gymnastics, including swimming, martial arts, bowling, archery, shuttlecock kicking and aerobics, was introduced, which refreshed the history of broadcast gymnastics again. I don't know if this set of exercises, which are endowed with distinctive colors of the times, can once again arouse people's enthusiasm for doing broadcasting exercises.
From 20 10 on August 9th, Beijing Sports Radio broadcasts gymnastics music every morning 10 and at 3 pm. Broadcast gymnastics used to be a very important form of fitness for China people, and the scene of millions of people doing broadcast gymnastics together has been unforgettable for generations.
20 13, 13 On July 6th, a broadcast gymnastics video became popular in Weibo. The main body is a group of China students, who started the broadcast gymnastics with the most China characteristics in the square in front of Buckingham Palace in England. The international students began to "stretch" with the slogan and started the broadcast gymnastics "The Times are Calling". If you want to ask what is the sport with the largest number of participants in the history of China? Football? Basketball? I think it might be broadcast gymnastics. "Do it now, the seventh set of broadcast gymnastics, stand still-walk", with a strong baritone, is believed to be the deepest memory of many people in China for broadcast gymnastics. It has accompanied us through childhood, adolescence, college and work, and you will often encounter this song inadvertently.
Some people have commented that broadcast gymnastics is the embryonic form of modern body culture and modern civil politics. Since its birth, it has shouldered the historical mission of exercising and continuing the revolution. Even in Shenzhen, a young, modern and international city, it has been deeply branded. Every working day at 3: 30 pm, go to the Civic Center, where you will definitely hear the music you are most familiar with, and there are many people waving their hands and feet in the corridor and practicing with the rhythm. They are absolutely as serious as when we were in the first grade of primary school. This also proves the charm of broadcast gymnastics.
Looking back on the development of nine sets of broadcast gymnastics, both the design concept of movements and people's popularization and acceptance of broadcast gymnastics are deeply branded with the times.
Today, still young after 80s, it is still the seventh set of broadcast gymnastics. Every time, at the request of the teacher, the child who stands just high enough for the stool reaches out and bends over in a daze on the huge playground, never knowing why he plays the same game every day. When the ninth set of broadcast gymnastics was born and popularized, people's attitude towards it was no longer so solemn and sacred, and a large number of funny and even spoof videos appeared on the Internet. People use all kinds of words, such as "embarrassed", "terrible" and "interesting", to express a comprehensive challenge to tradition. It is precisely because of the increase of sports that can be selected and the comprehensive enrichment of people's cultural and recreational life that we can subvert the seriousness and caution of the past and look at this normal and healthy sport with a relaxed and ordinary attitude. Broadcast gymnastics is a popular form of interval exercise for workers. Since the first set of broadcast gymnastics 195 1 came out, it has been the main form of intermittent exercise in enterprises and institutions. In the "Healthy Beijingers-Ten-Year Action Plan for National Health Promotion" promulgated by the Beijing Municipal Government in 2009, it was decided that the Municipal Federation of Trade Unions and the Municipal Sports Bureau would take the lead in promoting the workers' workshop (before exercise) project together with the Health Bureau, and it was clearly stipulated that every worker should exercise once a day for at least 20 minutes each time.
The state attaches great importance to the development and popularization of broadcast gymnastics, which is updated every five to ten years according to the development of society and the changes of national physique. Each set of broadcast gymnastics has distinct characteristics of the times, and the ninth set of broadcast gymnastics has been used since August 8, 20 1 1. 195 1 year, the Preparatory Committee of the All-China Sports Federation and the Central Broadcasting Bureau jointly decided to hold broadcast gymnastics programs on China People's Broadcasting Station and local people's broadcasting stations, and the first set of adult broadcast gymnastics was released on June 24th of the same year.
More than two years after the first set of broadcast gymnastics was introduced, at the request of the masses, the state promulgated the second set of broadcast gymnastics on 1954. The second set of broadcast gymnastics has been rearranged and adjusted, which has increased the amount of exercise and the difficulty of movement.
Because the first two sets of gymnastics borrowed a lot from the former Soviet Union, the third set of broadcast gymnastics introduced by 1957 integrated many movements of China's traditional martial arts. In the creation, a number of martial arts masters were invited. This set of broadcast gymnastics has stronger China characteristics, and it has been continued in later broadcast gymnastics.
1963 April 15 The fourth set of broadcast gymnastics was officially announced. There is a loud male voice in the music of broadcast gymnastics: "China people and the fourth set of broadcast gymnastics in China-the times are calling!" . The fourth set of broadcast gymnastics first appeared in minority languages. The first three sets of movements, the principle of broadcast gymnastics is simple and easy to learn, and the fourth set begins to mature.
During the Cultural Revolution, broadcast gymnastics was once closed. 197 1 year, the State Council and the Central Military Commission issued a notice to announce the fifth set of broadcast gymnastics to the people of the whole country.
198 1, the sixth set of broadcast gymnastics officially met with the public. Its movements are novel and stretching. For the first time, two pieces of music rich in national style are prepared, which can be used alternately to increase people's interest in doing exercises.
1990 in may, the state sports commission continued to introduce the seventh set of broadcast gymnastics. Li Ning, the most famous gymnast at that time, was specially invited to be a model. However, according to the later investigation, people generally reflect that its movements are difficult and difficult to master.
1997, the State Sports Commission announced the eighth set of broadcast gymnastics, which was the most widely popularized. It stopped broadcasting in 2007 and resumed broadcasting in August 20 10.
Set 1: the simplest action
1951165438+1officially announced on October 24th. This set of broadcast gymnastics movements is the simplest, and there is basically only one movement in each movement.
The second set: increase lower limb movements.
Officially announced in July, 1954. The amount of exercise is larger than the first set, the amount of exercise of lower limbs is moderately increased, and the difficulty of movement is also increased. "Breathing exercises" and "tidying exercises" were cancelled because everyone thought it was necessary to breathe in the practice of each movement.
The third set: become the fashion at that time.
1957 officially announced. It is reported that at that time, more than 90% of the students in the Central Senior Party School insisted on doing broadcast gymnastics, from twice a day to three times a day. The survey also shows that this set of gymnastics has an effect on improving appetite and sleep. At that time, the third set of broadcast gymnastics became fashionable.
Set 4: Add a new version.
1963 the fourth set of broadcast gymnastics first appeared in minority languages. Compared with the first three sets of movements, the fourth set of gymnastics tends to be mature. In addition to increasing the amount of exercise, movements also begin to emphasize freshness and beauty.
The fifth set: add new moves
197 1 was officially put on sale on September 1, which absorbed the advantages of the first four sets, with novel and lively movements, comprehensive movements, slightly more difficulty and exercise than in the past, and also interspersed with movements imitating productive labor and dance images.
Episode 6: Adding New Music
1 981September1officially met with the public, with novel movements and stretching. For the first time, I prepared two pieces of music rich in national style, which can be used alternately to increase my interest in doing exercises. During this period, the seriousness of broadcast gymnastics was higher than ever before.
The seventh set: the design is difficult.
1990 was launched on May 8, and Li Ning, the most famous gymnast at that time, was specially invited to be a model and make a wall chart. According to the later investigation, people generally reflect that this set of movements is difficult.
The eighth set: reduce the difficulty
1997 was officially launched on June 20, 2007, which is different from the seventh set of design concepts that hope to compete with other sports. The eighth set of action design is simple and clear, and the designer hopes that anyone can learn it and will not be in a hurry because the action is too difficult.
The ninth set: outstanding style
201/kloc-0 went online on August 8. The ninth set of broadcast gymnastics is also called "mass broadcast gymnastics". "Mass Broadcast Gymnastics" consists of 8 unarmed gymnastics sessions, lasting 4 minutes and 45 seconds. Based on the principle of "scientific simplicity, popularization and practicality, adapting to local conditions and fitness interest", while maintaining the characteristics of traditional broadcast gymnastics, the basic movements of fashion sports such as martial arts, shuttlecock kicking, swimming, bowling and modern dance are introduced to highlight the style of "health, joy and times". Broadcast gymnastics can stimulate exercisers with moderate intensity, which has a positive effect on improving the sensitivity of each joint, strengthening the strength of large muscle groups and improving the functions of circulatory system, respiratory system and spiritual conduction system.