Han/Han/Chinese/human
Dynasty name
In the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD), Chang 'an was its capital. The Han dynasty continued many management systems of the Qin dynasty, but weakened centralization. The Confucian way of governing the country was regarded as the creed of governing the country and keeping the country safe by the Han Dynasty. After 200 years, the control of the Han Dynasty briefly ended (9-24 AD, known as Wang Mang usurped the throne), and then the restoration lasted for another 200 years. By 220, the Han Dynasty had perished.
Western Han dynasty:
The Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-8 AD) began with Liu Bang, Emperor of the Han Dynasty, and finally became an obedient child, *** 12 emperor.
The Western Han Dynasty was the first unified and powerful empire in China. In the 200-year history of the Western Han Dynasty, through a series of political and economic reforms, the national strength was strong and the people were happy, showing a scene of peace and prosperity. During this period, China has been standing in the world as a world power.
The Western Han Dynasty was one of the more powerful empires in China's history. Rulers focus on agricultural development, and have been practicing the policy of "rest and recuperation" throughout the ages. The people have plenty of food and clothing and live and work in peace and contentment, so the politics of the Han Dynasty has been relatively stable. During the Liang Wudi period, Minister Dong Zhongshu put forward the proposal of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", which was adopted by Liang Wudi. Since then, Confucianism and Confucianism have formed the general plan of governing the country that China has followed since the Han Dynasty. Due to political and economic stability, handicrafts, commerce, humanities and arts and natural sciences have all developed by leaps and bounds. With the improvement of science and technology, the production efficiency of handicraft industry dominated by metallurgy and textile in the Western Han Dynasty has been greatly improved. Take textile as an example, there were embroidery machines that were close to forming in the Western Han Dynasty, which showed that some production at that time was separated from pure manual labor and improved productivity. The development of handicraft industry has promoted the prosperity of commerce, and many commercial cities have been formed with Chang 'an as the center, and diplomatic and commercial exchanges with western Asian countries have been opened up through the Silk Road. In the field of humanities and arts in Han Dynasty, an outstanding great historian-Sima Qian appeared. He completed China's first general history "Historical Records", which was praised by later generations as "a masterpiece of historians, with no rhyme in Li Sao". In addition, the artistic level of the Han Dynasty reached a fairly high level. Judging from some cultural relics unearthed from Han tombs in recent years, their workmanship and craftsmanship are as fine as today. For example, the pottery figurines with hoes unearthed in Guanghan, Sichuan, and the wooden boat model of Han Dynasty unearthed in Guangzhou are all rare art treasures with fine craftsmanship.
Since the establishment of Liu Bang, the great ancestor of the Western Han Dynasty, China once became a powerful and wealthy empire. Therefore, the Western Han Dynasty is regarded as the first revival in the history of China.
Eastern Han dynasty:
The Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 25-220) was founded by Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty. He overthrew the new dynasty established by Wang Mang and restored the Han Dynasty ruled by Liu, known as the Eastern Han Dynasty.
In AD 25, with the help of outlaws, Liu Xiu defeated the usurper Wang Mang by force and won the throne. As the royal family of the Western Han Dynasty, Han was still the title of the country, but Luoyang was the capital and Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty was the Jianwu year. In the second year of Jianwu, Emperor Guangwu ordered a comprehensive reform of the old policy carried out by Wang Mang, rectified the bureaucracy, and set up six ministers to take charge of state affairs, in order to further weaken the authority of the three fairs (Qiu, Situ, and); Abolish "official slaves"; Check the land and gradually stabilize people's lives. By the middle of 1 century, the Eastern Han Dynasty gradually recovered the strength of the former Han Dynasty after three generations of governance, namely, Emperor Guangwu (reigned in 58-76 AD) and Zhang (reigned in 76-89 AD). This period was called "the revival of Emperor Guangwu" by later generations.
In 89 AD, Emperor Gaozu Zhang ascended the throne at the age of ten, with the title of Yongyuan. Because He Di was young, the rule was entirely in the hands of Zhang Di's queen Dou Shi and younger brother Dou Xian. The autocratic power of the Dou family aroused the dissatisfaction of officials from top to bottom. In 92 AD, He Di joined forces with eunuch Zheng Zhong and others to destroy Dou's family, and Zheng Zhong was sealed for his merits. Since then, eunuchs have increasingly participated in the political rule of the Eastern Han Dynasty. In addition, eunuchs have always been favored by the imperial capitals of the Han Dynasty, and their rights reached an unbounded level during the period of Huan (132- 167) and Ling (168- 189).
In A.D. 189, Emperor Ling died and He Taihou came to Korea. At that time, the eunuch in the palace was authoritarian, and Dong Zhuo of Liangzhou led the troops into Luo, deposed Bian, killed He Taihou and made Liu Xie emperor, which was a contribution to the Han Dynasty. In fact, Xian Di did not have any rights after he acceded to the throne. Dong Zhuo monopolized the power and was cruel and overbearing, which made local officials have some resistance in dispatching troops, gradually forming a separatist situation, and the unified dynasty actually ceased to exist. Later Xian Di was controlled by Cao Cao; In 220 AD, Cao Cao's second son, Cao Pi, forced Xian Di to abdicate, and the Eastern Han Dynasty was declared dead, which was followed by another long-term division in the history of China-the Three Kingdoms period. .
The Eastern Han Dynasty followed many principles and policies of the Western Han Dynasty, and made adjustments and reforms in some aspects to make it more suitable for the social situation at that time. In the early Eastern Han Dynasty, the regime further strengthened its integration with local forces, which made the country tend to be stable and surpassed the level of the Western Han Dynasty in economy, culture, science and technology. In A.D. 105, Cai Lun reformed the paper-making technology on the basis of predecessors, which made China's writing record way out of the era of using bamboo slips. At the same time, papermaking, as one of the well-known four great inventions of ancient china, has been passed down to this day. Another contribution of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the later generations was the development of ceramic industry, which made China get rid of the material bondage of the Bronze Age completely and brought some items that were previously only owned by the rich and nobles into the homes of ordinary people.
In natural science, the academic circles of the Eastern Han Dynasty, represented by Zhang Heng, made great achievements. However, Zhang Heng made scientific instruments such as "armillary sphere" and "seismograph" with superb technology, and the principles of making these instruments are still widely used today. In addition, Hua Tuo, a famous doctor at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, was the first surgeon to perform surgical treatment on anesthesia patients since records began, and his "Five-Animal Play" was the first set of gymnastics fitness activities in China.
By the Eastern Han Dynasty, calligraphy and painting were not only used as characters and graphic symbols, but also their artistic status was gradually revealed. Although the number of artworks handed down in the Eastern Han Dynasty is small, we can still get a glimpse of China culture.
The Eastern Han Dynasty lasted for twelve emperors, and in 95 * * *.
Eastern Han Dynasty
One of the five generations. It was built by Liu Zhiyuan (Liu Zhiyuan, the late Emperor Gaozu). It's all open. In its heyday, the territory was about Shandong and Henan provinces, most of Shanxi and Shaanxi, and parts of Hebei, Ningxia, Hubei, Anhui and Jiangsu. Two emperors, around four years.
Liu Zhiyuan was once a member of the Shatuo Department. At the end of Jin Dynasty, in July of the sixth year of Tianfu (94 1), I was appointed as Taiyuan's left-behind and our ambassador to Hedong. On December 17th (947, 65438+ 1 1), the Khitan was trapped in Kaifeng and died. Liu Zhiyuan also paid tribute to the Khitan, but at that time, the people resolutely resisted the Khitan, and some towns refused to surrender. Liu Zhiyuan held a wait-and-see attitude towards southern Khitan. In the first month of the following year, Yelvdeguang, the master of Qidan, proclaimed himself emperor in Kaifeng, with the title of Liao. In February, Liu Zhiyuan also proclaimed himself in Taiyuan. He wrote a letter forbidding the looting of money and silk for the Liao country to comfort the people who fought against the Liao country. Their hearts were linked together. In March, the Liao army withdrew from the north. In May, Liu Zhiyuan sent troops to occupy Luoyang and Kaifeng, and recovered Henan, Hebei and other states that fell in the late Jin Dynasty. In June, the name of the country was changed to Dahan, which was called Houhan in history. Change the four-year operation (947) to twelve-year Tianfu, and build Gan Yuan the following year. Coexist with the regimes of Southern Tang, wuyue, Chu, Southern Han, Houshu and Nanping.
In the first month of the first year of Ganyou (948), Liu Zhiyuan died, and the second son Cheng □ (93 1 ~ 95 1) succeeded to the throne, yes. At the beginning of its establishment, assistant minister Shi, Yang, Su and Guo Wei were all authoritarian, but there were contradictions between them. Shi is the commander-in-chief of the bodyguard, pro-army and "ma bu" or horse stance just look, who mastered the imperial army and brutally killed the people; Yang □ was the Tang Dynasty, with the heaviest power. In November of the third year, he killed Yang, Shi and the three ambassadors, giving Sue the right to know about the Privy Council. He also ordered the killing of Guo Wei, the left-behind envoy of the Tang Dynasty. , Guo Wei arise and attack Kaifeng, on November 21st (95 1 1) seung-woo was killed. The later Han Dynasty died.
Country name [Han country]
(1) (ad 22 1-263) is one of the three countries. Historically, it was called Han Ji, also called Shu Han. Founded by Liu Bei, Chengdu is its capital.
② (AD 304-329) was one of the sixteen countries in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the Western Jin Dynasty, Liu Yuan was called Han, and later Zhao was called Shi. Its capital is Chang 'an.
(3) (AD 3 1 1-347) One of the sixteen countries in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the Western Jin Dynasty, he proclaimed himself emperor, and his title became a success. When Li Shoushi arrived, it was changed to "Han", also known as "Houshu", with Chengdu as its capital.
(4) (9 17—97 1) One of the ten countries in the Five Dynasties. Liu Yin proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of Han, and was known in history as Guangzhou, the capital of South Han Dynasty.
(5) (95 1-979) One of the Ten Countries in the Five Dynasties. Built by Liu Chong. The name of the country, Han, was called Jinyang (now Taiyuan South, Shanxi Province) in the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty or the Northern Han Dynasty, and Taiyuan House. At its peak, the territory was twelve states (one post in ten states), which is about in the middle and north of Shanxi Province today. Fourth master, * * * 29 years.