National flag: from top to bottom, it consists of three parallel rectangles: white, blue and red. White, blue and red are called pan-Slavic colors.
National Emblem:1993165438+1On October 30th, Russia decided to adopt the national emblem of the double-headed eagle pattern in the Ivan Terrier era before the October Revolution. The design of the national emblem is: there is a golden double-headed eagle on the red shield, and the eagle head is decorated with three crowns of Peter the Great; The eagle claw holds a scepter and a golden ball symbolizing imperial power; The eagle's chest is a small red shield with a soldier riding a white horse inside.
National anthem: music: Alexander/word: mikhalkov
National anthem lyrics:
"Russia, our sacred motherland,
Russia, our lovely home.
Strong will, great glory
Is your eternal treasure!
Proud of our free motherland,
The fraternal national alliance has been passed down from generation to generation.
Ancestors endowed people with wisdom!
Be proud, motherland! We are proud of you!
From the South China Sea to the Arctic
Our forests and fields are everywhere.
You are unique!
You are the only fertile ground for God's blessing!
Proud of our free motherland,
The fraternal national alliance has been passed down from generation to generation.
Ancestors endowed people with wisdom!
Be proud, motherland! We are proud of you!
Infinite ideal realm, broad living space
Times have opened up the future for us.
Loyalty to our motherland gives us strength.
Past, present and forever!
Proud of our free motherland,
The fraternal national alliance has been passed down from generation to generation.
Ancestors endowed people with wisdom!
Be proud, motherland! We are proud of you! "(Xinhuanet Moscow 200 1 year 1 month 1 day)
Winter festivals (also known as meat festivals) last for seven days. During the festival, costume shows, games and folk song and dance performances are held all over Russia to bid farewell to winter. )
Defender of the Motherland Day: February 23rd (19 18, originally Soviet Army Day, 1992 changed to Defender of the Motherland Day. )
"Space Festival": 12 April (1962 Soviet Union decided to commemorate Gagarin's first space flight).
"Spring Labor Day": May 1-2 (from 1992, the annual International Labor Day is changed to Spring Labor Day).
Anti-Fascist Victory Day (also known as Victory Day of the Great Patriotic War): May 9 (1945).
Russian sovereignty declaration day: June 12 (1990).
Flag Day: August 22nd.
Harmony and Reconciliation Day:165438+1October 7 (1996165438+1October 7) Russian President Boris Yeltsin signed the order of Harmony and Reconciliation Day, which changed the original "Great October Socialist Revolution Remembrance Day".
Head of State: President Vladimir Putin. 1999 65438+February 3 1 served as acting president of Russia and was elected president of the Russian Federation on March 26, 2000.
Head of Government: Premier mikhail kasyanov, who became Prime Minister of the Russian Federation in 2000.
Capital: Moscow with a population of 8,389,200 (65,438 in 2000+10/65,438 in October +0).
Population: 1.449 billion (as of June 65438+February 0, 2000). There are more than 130 ethnic groups. The main ethnic groups are Russians, Tatars, Ukrainians and Chuvash, among which Russians account for 82.95%. Other ethnic groups are Bashkir, Belarus, Moldova, Chechnya, Germanic, Udmurt, Bari, Kazakstan, awar, Judaism, Armenia, Buryatia, Ossetia, Kabardino, Saha, Darkin, Komi and Azerbaijan. The population distribution is extremely uneven, with an average of 52-77 people per square kilometer in the developed areas in the west, reaching 26 1 in some places and less than 1 in the tundra in the northeast. The ethnic composition in the Caucasus is the most complex, with about 40 ethnic groups living here. Most residents believe in the Orthodox Church, followed by Islam. Russian is the official language, and each country has the right to define its own national language, which can be used together with Russian. Major ethnic minorities have their own languages and scripts. The main beliefs are Orthodox Christianity, Islam and Buddhism.
Physical geography: 17075400 square kilometers (accounting for 76% of the territory of the former Soviet Union), ranking first in the world. Located in eastern Europe and northern Asia, most of its European territory is the Eastern Europe Plain. It borders the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Baltic Sea in the west, the Arctic Ocean in the north, Norway, Finland, Poland, China, Mongolia and North Korea, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan.
Brief history: the ancestors of Russians are Russian tribes of Eastern Slavs. /kloc-At the end of 0/5, Russian Grand Duke Ivan III of Russia established a centralized state-the Grand Duchy of Moscow. 1547, Ivan IV called himself "Tsar" and his country was Russia. 16-17th century, all ethnic groups in the Volga river basin, Urals and Siberia successively joined Russia and became multi-ethnic countries. Ukraine and Russia merged into a unified country in the middle of17th century. 1689 August, Peter I officially took charge of Shuaiyin. After the Northern War of 1700- 172 1 year, Russia was given access to the Baltic Sea, which turned Russia from a landlocked country into a coastal country. /kloc-defeated the invasion of feudal lords in Poland and Sweden in the 0/7th century. Russia wiped out the invading Napoleon army. 1825 65438+ February aristocratic revolutionaries held an uprising in Petersburg (that is, 65438+ February Party uprising) and were suppressed. 1861February Russia abolished the agricultural rights system. 1898, the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (the predecessor of the Soviet * * * Production Party) was established. Under its leadership, Russian workers and peasants experienced the first Russian revolution in 1905 and the bourgeois-democratic revolution that overthrew the Romanov dynasty in February19/7 (that is, the February revolution). 1917165438+1October 7 (Russian calendar 65438+1October 25) established the Russian Soviet Federalist Socialist Republic. Shortly after the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), after three years of arduous civil war, it crushed the armed intervention of 14 imperialist countries and the armed rebellion of landlords and capitalists, and defended the Soviet regime. 1922, 1922 On 30 February, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was formally established, and the Russian Federation joined Ukraine, Belarus and Transcaucasia (including Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia).
1990 On June 12, the first people's congress of the Russian Federation adopted the Declaration on the State Sovereignty of the Russian Federation. 199 1 year 65438+February 2 1 day, the leaders of the former Soviet Union 1 1 country decided in Almaty, Kazakhstan, that the seat of the former Soviet Union in the UN Security Council would be inherited by Russia. On February 25th, 65438, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Socialist Federation decided to change the official name of the country to "Russian Federation". 1April 1992 16, the Sixth People's Congress of Russia decided to change the country name to "Russia", thus restoring the historical name; 17 finally decided to use the two official country names "Russian Federation" and "Russia", which have the same status.
Politics: 1993 12 The constitution adopted on February 12 is the first constitution after Russia's independence, which stipulates that Russia is a democratic federal country with the legal system, implements the * * * system and establishes a presidential state leadership system. The parliament is called the Russian Federation Council, which consists of the Federal Council (upper house) and the State Duma (lower house) for a term of four years.
Military: In addition to the regular army, the armed forces also include border defense, internal affairs, security, government communications, civil defense and railway forces. According to the constitutional authorization, the armed forces are commanded by the parliament, the president and the government, and the president is the supreme commander of the armed forces.
Diplomacy: The principle of foreign policy is to defend national interests, not to seek confrontation. Russia has repeatedly put forward that it advocates the establishment of a multipolar world, opposes the world taking the United States as the center and opposes NATO's eastward expansion.
19911On February 27th, China and Russia signed a summary of the talks in Moscow, formally establishing state relations between the two countries.