origin
Modern tennis generally includes indoor tennis and outdoor tennis. Tennis originated from 12 to 13 century, when French missionaries hit the ball with their palms in the church cloister. Later, it became an indoor pastime in the palace. Some people think that the origin of tennis should be traced back to a ball game called Haiou de Baume, which was circulated among French people before the Hundred Years' War (1337 ~ 1453). It is said that this game is played by two people, each with a racket. There is a wall around the court. The ball bounced back after hitting the wall and then crossed the net. Therefore, it has many similarities with modern tennis, both from the use of venues and equipment and from the way of competition, so some people regard it as the original form of tennis. The diameter of tennis ball is between 6.54 1 and 6.858 cm. At first, tennis was just composed of two hemispheres filled with grass, leaves or hair. Later, with the continuous development of tennis, the production of the ball became more and more exquisite.
The king of the ball-Federer
By the middle of14th century, a French poet introduced this ball game to the French court as a pastime for royal men and women. At that time, this game was played in the hall of the court. There is no net or racket. The ball is rolled into a circle with cloth and tied with a rope. Set a rope in the middle of the field as a boundary, use two hands as rackets, and throw the ball from the rope. French name is Tennez, and "Take it!" In English. Play "means:" catch it! Throw it in the past, and today's word "tennis" comes from it. Soon, wooden rackets were used instead of two-handed rackets. /kloc-At the beginning of the 6th century, this kind of ball game was discovered by French nationals, and began to imitate it out of curiosity, and quickly spread to major cities, improving the equipment. The ball is made more durable, the racket is changed from a wooden board to a parchment board, the surface area of the racket is increased, and the handle of the grip is lengthened. There are countless short ropes hanging to the ground in the middle of the field, which can be clearly found when the ball passes under the rope. Later, it was banned by King Louis of France, stipulating that this was a court privilege game. /kloc-at the beginning of the 0/7th century, the rope curtain was no longer used in the middle of the venue, but a small square net was used instead. The net played a better role than the curtain, and the racket was changed into a threaded tennis racket, which was flexible and light. When playing this game in a French court, a golden container will be placed next to the court. After each game, the audience put money on the plate as a reward for the winner. This method was good at first, and then it gradually evolved into a kind of gambling. At the beginning, the number of people was small, but over time, the gambling became bigger and bigger, and some people even lost all their money, so disputes broke out again and again, and the French king ordered the game to be banned again, which was also the main reason for the decline of tennis in the early18th century. About red clay tennis court
During [1]1358 ~1360, this kind of ball game spread from France to Britain. King Edward III of England was particularly interested in this and ordered the construction of an indoor court in the palace. Since then, tennis has become popular in Britain and has become an entertainment activity of British upper class, so it has the nickname of "aristocratic sport". Indoor tennis is very popular during this period. It was not until1September 29th, 793 that the name "tennis on the court" appeared in a British sports magazine. The history of modern tennis generally begins with 1873. That year, an Englishman, Walter Clopton winfield, improved the early tennis and made it a kind of sports activity on the lawn in summer, and named it "lawn tennis". In the same year, a pamphlet named Lawn Tennis was published to publicize and popularize this activity. So winfield is called "the founder of modern tennis". Since then, tennis has become an indoor and outdoor sport. At the same time, tennis clubs have been established all over Britain. 1875, All England Tennis Club was established. This club built the first tennis court in the world, and held the All-England lawn tennis men's singles championship in 1877, becoming a world-famous wimbledon championships. With the extensive development of tennis and the increasing frequency of competition activities, it is certainly impossible without unified rules. So at 1876, representatives of famous tennis clubs in some regions got together to discuss and formulate unified tennis rules in Britain. After many consultations, the representatives of all parties finally reached a consensus on the tennis court, equipment, play and competition, and formed unified rules. After about 1878, most tennis clubs in Britain gradually carried out activities, training and competitions according to the new style of play. 1874, tennis court specifications
[2] Mary Outerbridge, an American lady on holiday in Bermuda, became interested in the sport after watching the tennis match of British officers, so she brought tennis rules, rackets and tennis to new york. In the United States, tennis was first played in schools in the east, soon spread to the central and western regions, and then swept the United States. At this time, tennis has developed from grassland to sand, cement and asphalt, so the name "tennis" gradually replaced the name "LawnTennis", which is the origin of our tennis name today. In the early days of modern tennis, women were often excluded on the grounds that tennis was not suitable for women. At the same time, it is considered immoral for women to participate in tennis. Therefore, there were only men's singles and doubles in the early tennis competitions, and there was no women's tennis event. However, some female players not only dare to break through the obstacles of public opinion and family, but also surpass male players in technical level. In some informal singles competitions, it often happens that one side is a male player and the other side is a female player. This forced some tennis clubs to break the ban and allow women to participate in the sport. So from 1879, the mixed doubles competition was born, which was the result of women's own efforts. 1878, the first men's doubles championship was held in Britain. 1879, the first women's singles and mixed doubles competition was held in Ireland. 1884, Wimbledon added women's singles and men's doubles champions. 19 13 added women's doubles and mixed doubles champions. 188 1 year, the first national tennis association appeared in the world, namely the National Lawn Tennis Association of the United States (the word "country" was abolished in 1920). The first American lawn tennis men's singles and men's doubles championship was held in Newport, Rhode Island from August 3/KLOC-0 to September 3, and the tennis court was selected.
[3] Using Wimbledon rules, there are 26 participants. Dwight, president of the National Lawn Tennis Association, and Sears, the American men's singles champion, were also the first overseas athletes to participate in Wimbledon. 1887, American lawn tennis women's singles championship was held, and women's doubles and mixed doubles started at 1890 and 1892 respectively. 189 1 year, France held the men's singles and men's doubles championship for the first time. The contestants are only French citizens, and the women's singles 1897 started. 1900, 2 1 year-old American tennis player Davis donated a pure silver bowl named Davis Cup from Golden Village to promote the development of modern tennis. It later became the permanent mobile trophy of the most prestigious men's team championship in international tennis. Every year, the names of the champion team and athletes are engraved on the trophy. 1920 When the name was engraved, Davis donated another cushion box and later added two trays. 1904 The Australian Lawn Tennis Association was established, and 1905 began to host the Australian Championship, with two events: men's singles and men's doubles. 1922 added women's singles, women's doubles and mixed doubles. French tennis championships, Wimbledon championships, British and American tennis caddies.
[4] Tennis Championships and Australian Tennis Championships are the most famous "Grand Slam" tennis tournaments in the world. Any player or a group of doubles players who can win these four championships in the same season will be regarded as the winner of the "Grand Slam". 19 13, 1 In March, 2008, the International Tennis Federation (ITF) was established in Paris by representatives of tennis associations from 12 countries, including Australia, and was responsible for coordinating international tennis activities, arranging annual competition schedules, revising tennis rules and supervising their implementation. 19 19, and the "seed" system is adopted for the lottery. 1927, seamless tennis was pioneered in Britain, which accelerated the speed of the ball. 1945 to the 1960s, tennis became professional. 1963 held the women's team competition-confederations cup. 1968, Wimbledon for the first time implemented a competition system that did not distinguish between amateurs and professionals. 1972, the international association of male professional tennis players was established. 1973, the international women's tennis association was established. At the first modern Olympic Games held in Athens from 65438 to 0896, tennis men's singles and doubles were listed as official events. Later, due to the differences between the International Olympic Committee and the International Tennis Federation on the issue of "amateur athletes", the tennis event that has been held for seven consecutive Olympic Games was cancelled. Tennis was not listed as a performance event until 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games. At the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games, tennis was once again listed as an official event. Because the most primitive tennis originated from the court, it is understandable that the scoring method is based on local materials. They keep score with a movable clock. Every time they score a point, the clock turns by a quarter, which is 15 (a quarter). Similarly, if they score twice, they set the clock to 30 minutes. Of course, everything is based on their convenience. This is the origin of 15 minutes and 30 minutes. As for 40 points, it's strange. Not a multiple of 15. This is because in English, 15 is pronounced as "fifth" and 30 is pronounced as "thirty", which is also disyllabic; But 45 o'clock, pronounced "forty-five" in English, has become three syllables. At that time, the British felt a little awkward and did not conform to the principle of "convenience", so they changed it to 40 minutes and two syllables. This is the origin of the seemingly illogical 40 points. Although this way of grading seems strange, it still follows the tradition and has been used to this day. After all, everyone is used to this way of scoring from the stadium.
Tennis rules
Basic rule
service
1. Before serving, the server should stand in the area between the back of the end line, the midpoint and the imaginary extension line of the sideline, throw the ball in any direction with his hand, and hit the ball with his racket before the ball touches the ground (players who can only use one hand can throw the ball with his racket). When the racket touched the ball, it was served. 2. During the whole service, the server shall not change his original position by walking or running, and his feet are only allowed to stand in the specified position and shall not touch other areas. 3. Server position (1): At the beginning of each game, serve from the end line of the right zone first, and after winning or losing one point, serve will be changed to the left zone. (2) The service should cross the net and land on the diagonal square area of the opponent's frontcourt or the line around it. 4. Missed the ball due to service error; The sent ball touches the fixture before landing (except the net, the center belt and the white cloth at the edge of the net); Violation of gas station regulations. After the server makes a mistake in serving for the first time, he should serve for the second time in the original position. 5. Invalid service. The service still falls into the opponent's service area after hitting the net, and the receiver is not ready to catch the ball; We should serve again. 6. At the end of the first game of exchange service, the receiver becomes the server and the server becomes the receiver. After that, every game was over. They all took turns exchanging with each other until the game was over.
General rule
1. Exchange venues Both parties shall exchange venues after the odd-numbered games of each set of 1, 3 and 5, and when the sum of the games of both parties is odd at the end of each set. 2. In any of the following cases, the score will be cancelled. (1) The ball failed to return to the net before landing for the second time. (2) The return ball touches the ground, fixtures or other objects outside the boundary of the opponent's field. (3) Failed to return the hollow ball. (4) Deliberately touching the ball with the racket more than once. (5) When serving, the player's body and racket touch the net. (6) Hit the ball over the net. (7) Throwing and hitting the ball 3. A ball that falls on the line is counted as a foul ball.
doubles
1. doubles serve order: at the beginning of the first game of each set, the server decides who will serve first, and the opponent also decides who will serve first at the beginning of the second game. The third game was served by another player in the server in 1 match. The fourth game was served by another player who served in the second game. Serve in this order in the next few innings. 2. The player who receives the ball first in the service order of doubles should decide who receives the ball first at the beginning of 1 game, and continue to receive the ball first in this odd game. Both sides should also decide who will receive the service at the beginning of the second game, and continue to receive the service first in this even game. Their companions should take turns to receive services in each game. 3. After the doubles counter-serve, both sides should take turns for any player to counter-serve. If an athlete touches the ball with a racket after a teammate hits the ball, the opponent will be awarded a score.
method of marking
1. Every game (1) wins 1, and the player who wins 4 points first wins 1. (2) When both sides score 3 points, it is "equally divided". After the tie, the net win is divided into 1 game (now you don't need to win two points in doubles). 2. One set (1) wins six games first 1 set. (2) When both sides win 5 games each, one side wins 1 game, resulting in a net win of 2 games. 3. Scoring system for the deciding game When the number of games in each game is 6, there are the following two scoring systems. (1) long set system: one side wins two sets and wins 1 set. (2) Short-set system (tie-break): Except for the deciding set, unless otherwise specified before the game, the following methods should generally be followed. A. The player who scores 7 points first wins the game and the set (if it is 6 points, one side must score 2 points). B start 1 point, the opponent will give 2 points and 3 points, and then give 2 points in turn until the end of the game. C 1 The ball serves in the right area, the second ball serves in the left area and the third ball serves in the right area. D. change venues every 6 points and the end of the deciding game. 4. Changes in doubles rules: When the double serve is divided into 1: 1, there will be a deciding game (called "deciding game" or "super deciding game"), and it is necessary to win by two points like a deciding game. 5. After the short score (1) 1 ball (0: 0), the server A serves 1 minute, and 1 minute, change the serve. (2) No.2 and No.3 balls (reported as 1: 0 or 0: 1, not reported as 15: 0 or 0: 15) were served by B, and then they were served from the left area. (3) The 4th and 5th balls (reported at 3: 0 or 1: 2, 2: 1, not reported at 40: 0 or 15: 30, 30: 15) were served by A, and after serving twice, A changed the service from the left area. (4) The 6th and 7th balls (reported as 3: 3 or 2: 4, 4: 2 or 1: 5, 5: 1 or 6: 0, 0: 6) are served by B, and then the court is changed. If the game is not over, B will continue to serve the 7th ball. (5) When the scores reach 5: 5, 6: 6, 7: 7, 8: 8 ..., it takes two consecutive points to decide who is the winner. But on the scoreboard, it says 7: 6. (6) After the deciding game, the players of both sides exchange venues. M: Davis Cup, four Grand Slams and three wins in five games in the Olympic final. The rest of the game was two out of three. W: No matter what game, it's always the best of three games.
Website rules
Tennis court size
1. The stadium should be a rectangle with a length of 78 feet (23.77 meters) and a width of 27 feet (8.23 meters). The middle is separated by a net hung on a rope or wire rope, and the maximum diameter is 1/3 inches (0.8 cm). 2. The maximum diameter of the thick rope or wire rope of the net is 1/3 inches (0.8cm), and both ends of the net should be attached to or hung on the top of two net columns, which should be square columns with a side length not exceeding 6 inches (15cm) or cylinders with a diameter of 6 inches (15cm). The net post should not exceed 1 inch (2.5cm) at the top of the net rope. The midpoint of the net post on each side should be 3 feet (0.9 14m) away from the site, and the height of the net post should be such that the vertical distance between the top of the net rope or wire rope and the ground is 3 feet 6 inches (1.07m). When the doubles net is hung on the singles dual-purpose court, the net should be supported by two "singles poles" with a height of 3 feet 6 inches (1.07m), and the cross sections of the poles should be square columns with a side length less than 3 inches (7.5cm) or cylinders with a diameter less than 3 inches (7.5cm). The midpoint of each single pole should be 3 feet (0.914m) away from the sideline of singles. The net needs to be completely opened in order to effectively fill the space between the two pillars and effectively open all the meshes, which should be large enough to prevent the ball from passing through the middle of the net. The height of the middle point of the net should be 3 feet (0.914m), and it should be pulled down and fixed with an all-white net belt with a width not exceeding 2 inches (5cm). The net rope or wire rope at the top of the net should be wrapped with white net belt, and the width of each side is between 2 inches (5 cm) and 2.5 inches (6.35 cm). 3. The dividing line between the two ends of the court is called the bottom line, and the dividing line between the two sides is called the sideline. Draw a line parallel to the net at a distance of 2 1 ft (6.4m) from both sides of the net, which is the service line. The court formed by the net, service lines and sideline lines is divided into two equal areas by the service center line, which is a line connecting the midpoint of the two service lines and parallel to the sideline line, and the width of the line must be 2 inches (5 cm). Each baseline is divided into two equal parts by an imaginary extension line of the service center line with a length of 4 inches (10 cm) and a width of 2 inches (5 cm), and there is a short line between them. This short line is the "midpoint", which is connected with the baseline at right angles and drawn from the baseline to the court. Except that the maximum width of the bottom thread cannot exceed 4 inches (1 0cm), the width of all other threads should be between1inch (2cm) and 2 inches (5cm). All measurements should be based on the outer edge of the line. 4. Permanent Fixtures The permanent fixtures on the ground of a tennis court include not only the net, net posts, singles bars, net ropes, wire ropes, central belts and net belts, but also the following situations, such as baffles around the court, stands, fixed or movable chairs around the court, spectators, all supporting facilities around and above the court, and referees, tennis referees, foot-fault referees and linesmen starting from their respective predetermined positions. If the advertisement is located behind the linesman's chair at the back of the court, the advertisement cannot contain white or yellow. Light colors are allowed only if they do not interfere with the player's sight. (ITF Note 1: In the tournaments hosted by Davis Cup, Confederations Cup and International Network, the specific requirements for the size of the areas behind the baseline and on both sides of the sideline are included in the relevant clauses of each project. ITF Note 2: For clubs and amateurs, the distance behind the baseline should be at least 65,438+08 feet (5.5 meters) and the distance from the sideline should be at least 65,438+00 feet (3.05 meters).
Competition equipment
1. The outside of the ball used on the court needs to be uniformly wrapped with textile materials, the color is white or yellow, and the seams need to be seamless. The size of the ball used shall meet the requirements in Article 4 of Appendix I (the detection of the ball is stipulated in Rule 3), and the weight shall be between 2 ounces (56.7 grams) and 2 1/6 ounces (58.5 grams). When falling freely from 100 inch (254 cm) to the concrete floor, the rebound height should be between 53 inches (134.62 cm) and 58 inches (147.32 cm). When the ball is subjected to a pressure of 18 lb (8. 165 kg), the inward elastic deformation should be between 0.22 inch (0.559 cm) and 0.29 inch (0.737 cm), and the rebound deformation range after compression should be 0.3 15 inch (0.8 cm). These two kinds of deformation data should be the average of the three axes of the test ball. In each case, the difference between any two data cannot exceed 0.03 inch (0.076 cm). If you play at an altitude of 4000 feet (12 19 meters), you need to use two other special balls. The first is to make the internal pressure of the ball greater than the external pressure except that the bouncing height is between 48 inches (12 1.92 cm) and 53 inches (134.62 cm), otherwise it is exactly the same as the above description. This kind of ball is usually called a pressure ball. The bouncing height of the second kind of ball should be 53 inches (134.62 cm) and 58 inches (147.32 cm), and its internal pressure should be roughly equal to the external air pressure, and it can be maintained at the altitude of the designated competition venue for more than 60 days. Otherwise, it is exactly the same as the above description. This kind of ball is usually called zero pressure ball or no pressure ball. All tests on ball rebound, size and deformation shall comply with the provisions of Appendix 1. The International Tennis Federation will decide whether a ball or sample meets the above criteria or whether it can be approved for use in the competition. This ruling may be the initiative of the International Tennis Association itself, or it may be based on the application of all people who are really interested, including any player, equipment manufacturer or national tennis association, and their members. Such applications and rulings shall be conducted in accordance with the review and hearing procedures of the international network. 2. Racquets that do not meet the following requirements are not allowed to be used in competitions conducted according to these rules.
A. The hitting surface of the racket should be flat, and the lines connected to the racket frame should form a unified rule, and the lines should be intertwined or combined at the intersection; The samples composed of strings should be generally consistent, and the density in the center should not be less than that in other areas. The design and stringing of the racket should make the front and back sides of the racket basically the same when hitting the ball. B The total length of the racket frame (including the handle) used in professional competitions from 1 997 65438+1October shall not exceed 27 inches (73.66 cm). From June 5438+1 October12000, the total length of the racket frame (including the racket handle) used in non-professional competitions cannot exceed 27 inches (73.66 cm). Prior to this, the maximum length of rackets used in non-professional competitions was 32 inches (8 1.28 cm). The total width of the frame shall not exceed 12 and 1/2 inches (31.75cm). The total length of threading plane should not exceed 15 and 1/2 inches (39.37 cm), and the total width should not exceed 1 1 and 1/2 inches (29.2 1 cm). C the racket frame, including the racket handle, cannot have accessories and devices, unless the accessories are only and very clearly used to limit and prevent the abrasion, cracking and vibration of the racket or adjust the weight distribution, and their size and position must be reasonable.
Edit the stadium category in this paragraph.
summary
Tennis courts can be divided into outdoor and indoor, and have various court surfaces. This will be determined by economic factors. For example, lawn tennis is the most basic outdoor venue, but its establishment and maintenance costs are too expensive, so it is now replaced by an artificial court, which is cheaper and easier to maintain. In addition, a clay court is popular in Europe, and its French Open is such a court.
Caozichang
Lawn court is a kind of venue with the longest history and the most traditional significance. It is characterized by low friction between the ball and the ground, fast rebound speed of the ball, and very high requirements for players' response, agility, running speed and technology. Therefore, the grass is often regarded as the world of "offensive tennis", and various online offensive tactics such as serving and following the ball are almost regarded as the magic weapon to win on the grass tennis court, but it is difficult for the bottom line players to do it on the grass tennis court. However, due to the extremely high requirements for the characteristics and specifications of grass, coupled with climate restrictions and high maintenance costs, it is difficult to popularize it all over the world. At present, almost all the few lawn professional tennis tournaments are held in the British Isles every year, and the time is concentrated in June and July. Wimbledon is the oldest and most prestigious tournament.
Hongtuchang
More accurately, it is a "soft court", and the most typical representative is the French Open Tennis Tournament on clay court. In addition, all kinds of common sand and mud can be called soft soil foundation. This kind of stadium is characterized by high friction between the ball and the ground and slow ball speed. Players will have a lot of sliding space when running, especially when stopping and turning back, which determines that players must have better physical fitness, running and moving ability and more tenacious will quality than other courts. It is a great test for players to fight for the bottom line in this kind of venue. Players usually have to pay several times of sweat and patience to deal with their opponents at the bottom line. Winners are often not aggressive servers, but people struggling at the bottom line.
Hard ground site
Most modern competitions are played on hard court, which is also the most common and common venue. Hard court is generally paved with cement and asphalt, and the surface is coated with red and green plastic. Its surface is smooth and hard, and the ball bounces regularly, but it bounces quickly. Many excellent tennis players think that hard court tennis is more explosive and hard court is dominant in tennis matches, so we should pay special attention to it. It should be noted that the hard court is not as elastic as other courses, and the surface reaction is strong and stiff, which is easy to hurt players, and this kind of injury has cost many excellent tennis players a lot.
Carpet field
As the name implies, this is a "portable" rollable tennis court with a plastic surface and a nylon woven surface. Generally, special glue can be used to stick on the ground with asphalt, cement and concrete foundation with certain strength and hardness, and some can even be directly laid or stuck on any supporting ground. It is easy to roll, suitable for transportation and adaptable, and can be used indoors, outdoors and even on the roof. The speed of the ball depends on the smoothness of the field surface and the roughness of the carpet surface. In terms of maintenance, this kind of site is also very simple, as long as the ground is kept clean, undamaged and free of water (equipped with corresponding drainage facilities).