How much is the pension? Pension insurance paid at work and pension received after retirement?
Japan, the country with the fastest aging trend and the most serious aging in the world, is now facing a huge pension gap.
Its total population is 654.38+0.27 billion, among which the elderly over 65 years old exceed 30 million, while the population below 654.38+0.40 billion is only about 654.38+0.64 billion. More and more old people receive money, and fewer and fewer young people pay.
The Japanese Government Pension Investment Fund (GPIF) is the largest pension fund in the world, managing 1, 2 1 trillion yen (about 1.24 trillion US dollars, accounting for 20.8% of Japan's GDP in 20 12 years). In addition, the total amount of other public pensions in Japan is about 1 trillion dollars.
It is estimated that the long-term gap of public pension in Japan is as high as 600 trillion yen (about 6 trillion US dollars) due to aging and declining birthrate.
In the past few years, Japan has used pension reserves to make up for the current pension gap, by issuing government bonds and raising consumption tax. In order to dismantle this long-term time bomb, in the past few decades, the Japanese government has continuously adjusted the pension insurance payment system, delaying the retirement age (6 1 year in 2065, 438+03, and then increasing it by one year every three years until it is adjusted to 65 years in 2025), trying to open up new sources and reduce expenditure.
Pensions don't fall from the sky. In any case, the wool will eventually come out of the sheep.
You may ask, why is Japan now adopting the pay-as-you-go pension system and self-paid pension insurance to pay for retirees' pensions, instead of adopting the pension accumulation system and self-paid pension insurance for retirement? The question is, if the pension accumulation system is implemented across the board, what will happen to a large number of retired people who have not paid or only paid a small amount of pension insurance before? They have devoted their lives to the country and society. Can they only be poor when they are old?
The Japanese government has been slow to fundamentally reform the pension system, which is the difficulty. Its endowment insurance system has a history of more than 70 years. In the last few decades, it "lived beyond its means", and suddenly looking back, it found that it had been burdened with several trillion yen of pension debt.
On the other hand, in China, according to the statistics of the Office of the National Committee on Aging in September this year, by the end of 20 13, China will have more than 200 million elderly people aged 60 and over, making it the only country in the world with an elderly population of more than 1 0. Moreover, we are getting old before we get rich, and the old-age insurance system has only a history of more than 20 years. Compared with Japan, the reserves are smaller and the long-term pressure is greater.
The 20 12 annual report of the National Social Security Fund shows that its total assets exceeded 1 trillion yuan for the first time, reaching 1 106037 billion yuan (about 0. 18 trillion US dollars). June 5438+February last year, Dai Xianglong, then chairman of the National Social Security Fund Council, pointed out that Japan's pension reserve accounted for more than 20% of GDP.
China is only about 2%. In the medium and long term, there is indeed a gap in our pension. "Don't avoid this question, tell everyone that we have a gap, we have a way, and we can balance it."
How to improve the pension system, how to make up the pension gap, and how to provide for the elderly?
This issue focuses on Japan, which has many similarities with us on the issue of providing for the aged, and introduces the story, mode and method of providing for the aged by Japanese people and how to solve the problem of pension gap.
The Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, which closed in the middle of this month, has made arrangements for releasing the second child and delaying the retirement age.
Compared with countries that are at the forefront in the issue of old-age care, we can do more: cancel the dual-track pension system, let civil servants pay old-age insurance, enjoy the same old-age care as enterprise employees, and reduce the financial burden while making up for the gap; Build a beautiful living environment, provide safe and reliable food, and further improve and protect public health. , so that citizens can have a strong body; Increase financial investment in public pension facilities and relax and encourage the participation of private pension institutions; Increase the allocation of state-owned assets (such as profits of central enterprises), expand the national social security reserve fund, and deal with the pension gap caused by aging. ...
In the final analysis, the government should be responsible for the problem of providing for the aged and ensure that citizens enjoy basic survival guarantee in their later years; Individuals should take precautions in order to let their elderly have a relatively high quality of life.
Japanese elderly shopping in the supermarket (left); In 20 12, there were 1 1.92 million elderly people still working in Japan, accounting for 20% of the total labor force.
Japanese report on the survival of the elderly
You will feel guilty about sending your parents to a nursing home, and you will hate taking care of them at home for a long time.
20 13- 1 1-24
20 12 9 17, Tokyo, Japan, a group of old people exercise outdoors with wooden dumbbells. The pressure of old-age care brought by aging has overwhelmed many Japanese families.
In Tokyo, Japan, Hiroyuki Takeuchi takes care of her 93-year-old mother at home and dresses her.
Contributed by Japanese Zheng Xin An Jing.
What do Japanese people rely on for their old age? How is life in old age? "Express" recently invited China media reporters who have worked in Japan for many years to interview the lives of the elderly of different classes in Japan. Although these old people's pension modes are different, they all vividly reflect the sufferings brought by insufficient pension, poverty caused by illness, different pension concepts and changes in family relations.
"Citizens can't maintain their old age by pensions alone." This is the conclusion reached by the front-line staff of Japanese pension institutions. An old man who lives alone has almost no savings and lives on a pension. In fact, he is in a very bad situation. In order to save the cost of providing for the aged, some Japanese old people tear diapers in half for use. Dry the used diapers before using them, and dare not turn on the air conditioner on a hot day. There is only one egg and one radish for three meals a day.
Japan's pension dilemma has sounded the alarm for us.
"The nursing home is the mountain where the old people were thrown before."
Oral speaker: Junko Mitani, 6 1 year old, lives in Nagoya.
My mother's name is Keiko Sangu. She is 86 years old and lives in a nursing home. She receives the most basic pension (national annuity), 60,000 yen per month (1 RMB about 16.5 yen, the same below), which is not enough. The most common nursing home is 80 thousand yen per month.
I am 6 1 year-old, living alone and half an hour's drive from the nursing home. My brother is 58 years old and lives with his children. An hour's drive from the nursing home.
My mother lived in a nursing home six months ago. She once lived there for a while. I don't want to tell her that I will stay for a long time. Please ask the staff there to help me. Short-term stay is to reduce the pressure of home-based care for the elderly and let the elderly stay 1 -4 weeks.
When my mother learned that she was going to stay for a long time, she said, "A nursing home is a mountain where old people used to be thrown." (Editor's Note: According to historical records, in ancient Japan, in order to reduce the burden on the state and families, people over 60 were taken to the mountains and thrown away. ) I feel very uncomfortable, but I really can't hold on.
More than ten years ago, she had a stroke and lived in a wheelchair. She can go to the toilet by herself during the day and let her use the bedpan at night in case she falls. Every day before I go to work, I empty the bedpan and clean it for her, and put the food on the table. Don't worry about the rest. She needs tertiary care. The nurse comes to her house twice a week to bathe and wash her clothes. After work, I must go home at once to prepare dinner for her. If it's okay, my brother will visit occasionally.
Once, I got a phone call at work. My brother said that when I entered the room, my mother fell to the ground. It turned out that after going to the toilet, she couldn't stand still, fell from her wheelchair and couldn't move. After this incident, I often suddenly think, "Is she okay at home?" When I went to work, I came back as soon as I got off work.
To tell the truth, more than ten years have passed and I am exhausted. The moment I began to feel relaxed, my mother stayed in a nursing home for a short time. Generally speaking, she will go to a nursing home every two months. In those days, I can have dinner with my colleagues after work. Divorced for many years, I usually live a simple life and feel very happy with my colleagues.
I think I spend time and energy taking care of my mother, probably because we spend too much time together and are not in a good mood when we are together. She doesn't eat when I cook. When I go out, she will ask "Where are you going" for a long time. I feel very tired. I really want to be a filial daughter, but I can't be satisfied with each other.
One day, watching a TV series, a male policeman told his colleagues that his father in a nursing home wanted to go home very much. If he gets it back, he will quit his job to take care of his father, and of course he can't be a criminal policeman with uncertain working hours. Colleagues told him: "if you don't take him back, you will regret it;" If you take him back, you will hate him. "When I heard this, I was shocked. Life is like this. I sent my mother to a nursing home, with a sense of guilt and good memories of my mother; If you don't send it, those good memories will be gone. ...
In a word, you can't have your cake and eat it. I will go to a nursing home when I am old. This kind of loneliness and entanglement is probably an unavoidable topic in life for many people.
"Married daughters should have their own lives."
Oral speaker: Miko Chengshan, 77 years old, lives in Yokohama.
My husband is 80 years old, and we live in our own Japanese-style two-story building.
He used to be the director of the hospital, 10 years ago, and he was paralyzed by a stroke shortly after he retired. He can receive a pension of 220,000 yen per month (for employees of enterprises) and get dividends when he retires, so he is basically not worried about the economy.
We have two daughters. A daughter got married in America. Before her husband fell ill, we went to America to visit them. Another daughter used to live nearby and often came to see us. Three years ago, because her son-in-law was transferred, she moved to Gunma, which is 2 hours' drive from here.
Although we are old and he is still in bed, the married daughter should have her own life, and it is natural to move away with her husband.
There is no inconvenience in life. I used to sleep in the bedroom on the second floor, and my husband slept in the room next to the living room on the first floor. His bed can take off and land electrically. I sleep with the door open at night in case I can't hear him calling me. You can see him in the kitchen and living room during the day.
Food and daily necessities can be delivered to your home and paid by bank transfer. The husband needs 4-level care, and the nursing staff comes to his house three times a week to bathe, cut hair, wash clothes and clean the room for him. It is also very convenient in medical treatment. I can call his former colleagues.
I can still take care of myself, so my life is very good. In the past, my husband was a dean, male chauvinist, and he was unsmiling when he came home. I was with him almost all day. Now that he is lying in need of service, his temper has changed. I occasionally want to see exhibitions, go to hot springs and go out for a walk with my old friends, so I told my daughter in advance that she would come with me for a day or two and take care of my father.
I want to be free to move as long as possible. When I can't move easily, I have to rely on someone to deliver a box lunch and someone to take care of me. I hope to die at home.
"When I saw the old man dying at home alone, the news changed the channel."
Oral speaker: Masahiro Murakami, 47 years old, lives in Kyushu.
My mother's name is Masako Murakami. She is 83 years old and lives alone in the countryside of Fukushima. I need to fly to visit her now.
After my father died five years ago, my mother lived with us and received a survivor's annuity of 654.38+200,000 yen per month (a pension that my wife can enjoy after her husband died).
After the Fukushima nuclear leak caused by the 201/kloc-0 earthquake in Japan, our family once took refuge. We can go home after half a year, but the air, soil and water contain highly radioactive substances, and many families with children have moved out of Fukushima.
My wife's hometown is Kyushu in southern Japan. My mother-in-law asked us all to move there. Her family is in the countryside, with land and a house. I tried to apply for a job online. During the interview, my family went to Kyushu for a few days, feeling afraid of nuclear radiation and afraid to go out more. After discussion, we decided to move. Of course, we want to take my mother with us.
Mom hesitated for two days and finally refused to move with us. She said she didn't want to leave the land where she had lived all her life, or she might not want to drag us down. But she supported us to move out. After all, our grandson is only a teenager, and it is more important for children to prevent nuclear radiation than adults.
Now, my mother can take care of herself and live alone in Fukushima. In that area, many old people don't adapt to the new life after moving, preferring not to go with their children and live alone. I bought a mobile phone for my mother. If I connect it to my mobile phone, I can see how many roads she walks every day. Besides, if anything happens, she just needs to press the button in the middle of the phone, and I can get the information here. Alas, even if you know, it is often beyond your reach.
I'm still looking for a nursing home online, but it's not close, and it will take several years to have a vacancy. Mom may not be able to accept going to a nursing home either. Her generation likes to die at home.
Although my mother enjoys the nursing service of nursing insurance, there will be a special person to deliver lunch and visit regularly, but every time I see the news that an old man died at home alone on TV, I quickly change the channel, and I am afraid to avoid this problem.
"The pension is not enough, and it is too difficult to find a job."
Oral speaker: Yu, 69, lives in Chiba Prefecture.
I live with my wife who is 68 years old. My two sons and a daughter are in Tokyo. They come back every summer and New Year's Day.
Japan used to get a pension when it retired at the age of 60, but it began to postpone retirement a few years ago. I used to work for myself and decorate the interior of the house. I belong to a craftsman. Now these jobs are generally done by big companies, and it is difficult for a solo worker like me to find a job.
When I retired that year, I hurried to go through the formalities, only to know that people like me can only get the minimum pension (national annuity, about 60 thousand yen/month), plus my wife's pension, only about 6.5438+10 thousand yen per month, which is not enough at all. I thought it was over. How can I live my life?
My wife has always been a housewife, working hard to raise three children. However, children have their own lives, and it is not easy for young people now. It would be nice to find a job and rent a house. Two married children have to support their families. No matter how difficult we are, we can't add extra financial burden to them. On holidays, we feel very happy that children can come to see and buy a bottle of wine.
I don't think the pension is enough to support two people at all, so I plan to find a job after retirement. My wife saw that I was working too hard and went to the city government to apply for subsistence allowances without telling me. To tell the truth, I have been making money by craft, and I feel uncomfortable with subsistence allowances. I'm also afraid that the government will come to find out if we really have difficulties in life.
One year, my daughter was filial to us and took us to a hot spring. After returning, the person in charge of the subsistence allowance came to ask, "How can you still have money to travel?"
I decided not to have this subsistence allowance, and chose to find a job to support the elderly. I am not afraid to get up early and want to deliver the newspaper, but people dislike that I am too old to move the newspaper. I want to be a doorman. They hate me for being old. In case a thief comes, I can't stop it ... Finally, a former customer, who works as a manager in a supermarket, asked me to work as a temporary worker: put back the customer's used vegetable basket, pick up the garbage on the floor, and replace the garbage bag in the store when it is full. This requires meticulous and eye-catching work.
You can get 900 yen in an hour and earn about 654.38+0.5 million yen in a month. This is the limit of my strength.
"I am old, and my children are still eating their old money."
Oral speaker: front-line staff of Japanese pension institutions.
There are many single and unemployed children taking care of their parents in Japan. Most of them were fired because of the economic recession or because of personality problems. Some of them quit their jobs to take care of their parents at home, and most of them were men. Some of them are used to living on their parents' pensions, and they no longer look for jobs or can't find jobs.
82-year-old Ms. Ryoko Nakano (pseudonym), whose son is in his forties and single, once worked in a first-class enterprise. She was laid off during the financial crisis and began to live on her mother's pension because she couldn't find a job. Ms. Nakano has sequelae of cerebral infarction, so she can't take care of herself and needs special care. Her meager pension is used by two people and is spent every month. She has no money to buy food, cook and pay rent, and she is almost desperate. Her son often shouts "No money, forget it when I die" and "I want to die with my mother". The government worried that he would abuse his mother and forcibly sent Ms. Nakano to the welfare home.
Masayoshi Ishii, 49, resigned at the age of 30 to take care of his father with terminal cancer. After his father's death, Ishii, who was over 40 with a disabled leg, found it difficult to find a job and had to do short-term work. "I still have a tie and a suit in my closet. If you can go to work normally, you can earn hundreds of thousands of yen more every month. I am sorry for my mother, I have said it many times. " He lives with his mother and lives on a survivor's annuity of 6.5438+0.9 million yen per month. Last year, my mother had a sudden heart hemorrhage, and she saved her life after the operation, but she needed to be hospitalized for a long time. "This time my mother was ill, which made me feel that my life was suddenly out of touch. What will my life be like if she dies? "
Japan's NHK TV station commented that those who have to live on their parents' pensions have fallen into the reality that they want to escape but cannot escape.
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Further reading: How to buy insurance, which is good, and teach you how to avoid these "pits" of insurance.