Shoot it yourself, shoot it right and then send it; If you miss it, don't complain.
He who conquers himself seeks himself. "
Sports is a social and cultural phenomenon, and sports culture is an important part of social culture, which is not only material culture, but also institutional culture and spiritual culture. As a kind of material culture, sports takes the physical form of human body as the object, and uses sports means such as venues and equipment to achieve the effect of strengthening the body through physical exercise; Sports is also an institutional culture, and people have formed a series of sports norms in sports; Sports is also a kind of spiritual culture, which contains rich cultural spirit and profoundly affects people's spiritual world and outlook. China sports culture and western sports culture are two different sports culture forms with different cultural backgrounds. After China entered modern times, they gradually began the process of communication and integration.
First, an overview of sports culture in China
China's sports culture is an organic part of China's culture and a valuable asset of the world's sports culture. It has a long history and rich content, which embodies the unique significance of China culture.
China is one of the earliest cradles of sports in the world, and the history of sports development in China can be divided into three stages: ancient, modern and modern. From primitive social sports to 1840 Opium War, ancient sports in China emerged, developed, matured and declined. Before the end of the Warring States Period, the main framework of ancient sports in China was initially formed, and three basic parts, military sports, recreational sports and health-keeping sports, all appeared, and some important sports theories were formed. The main sports activities include fencing, archery, archery, horse riding and shooting, boxing, wrestling, jumping and running, carrying tripods, throwing stones, running, hunting, cuju, swimming, boating, running and various fitness activities. From the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, ancient sports in China were constantly enriched, perfected and improved. Among them, the Tang Dynasty has the most sports events, the widest range of activities, the strongest competitive characteristics, the most foreign sports exchanges, and unprecedented female sports activities, which is the most brilliant stage in the history of ancient sports in China. From the Northern Song Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty, the ancient sports in China generally declined, and the fitness function of sports weakened. Sports with large amount of exercise and strong competitiveness either become entertainment or disappear, and the scope of sports activities has also narrowed. During the hundred years from the Opium War to the founding of 1949 New China, western sports began to be introduced into China, and gradually gained popularity and development. Since the founding of New China, school sports have been continuously strengthened, mass sports activities have been carried out in depth, the construction of stadiums and gymnasiums has been accelerated, the level of sports competition has been steadily improved, and the national sports population has risen sharply, which has become the fastest and most brilliant period of sports development in Chinese history.
(A) China primitive sports
Like many other cultural forms, China's sports culture was conceived in human productive labor and other social practices. Yuanmou people in Yunnan, Lantian people in Shaanxi and Beijingers in Zhoukoudian are the early hominids in China. They stubbornly survive and struggle in a very dangerous natural environment. Their simple activities such as running, jumping, climbing, crossing, throwing and swimming are the primitive forms of human sports activities.
Archaeologists found a bow and arrow in the Zhiyu cultural site found in Shuoxian County, Shanxi Province-a stone arrow used by primitive people, about 28,700 years ago. The invention and use of bow and arrow marks that the productivity of primitive people has reached a new level, and it is also a progress of primitive people's sports activities. Hou Yi, a hero in China's ancient myths and legends, is a skilled shooter. He shot down nine of the ten suns that appeared in the sky at the same time with a bow and arrow, which eliminated the disaster and brought happiness to people.
In order to meet the needs of clan and tribal wars, primitive military training activities gradually appeared. A primitive rock painting in Cangyuan, Yunnan, vividly depicts the "martial dance" scene of primitive people-some soldiers hold their right hands high and stand proudly; Some soldiers are doing some kind of dance ceremony, holding a square shield in one hand and a weapon with two thick ends and a thin middle in the other. Dance is a form of entertainment for primitive people. The inner wall of the painted pottery basin unearthed from Majiayao cultural site in Qinghai Province is painted with three groups 15 people's dance movements. Everyone has a braid-like object on his head, which is neatly placed on the left. They are holding hands, standing on their left feet, lifting their right feet and dancing. "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals and Ancient Music" said: "In the early Tang Dynasty, yin and qi were stagnant, the waterways were congested, the people were depressed, and their bones and muscles could not shrink, so dance was used to promote them." There is also a kind of music and dance, which is recorded in Lu's Ancient Music in the Spring and Autumn Period: "In the past, Ge Zhi was happy, and the three of them fucked oxtails, and they sang eight songs: one said" carrying people ",the other said" mysterious birds ",the third said" year-old eyes ",the fourth said" dividing the grain ",the fifth said" respecting the sky "and the sixth said" achieving the emperor's merits ". Primitive sports came into being in primitive production, military and other activities, developed through certain primitive religious ceremonies, and even formed a certain degree of stereotypes, which became the source of sports culture development in China.
(2) Archery in ancient China.
After China entered the civilized society of slavery, sports culture developed more rapidly, consciously, standardized and diversified, and sports became an important part of social life. The rulers of the Western Zhou Dynasty believed that "a husband has words but no tools, and has no right to the world;" Without martial arts, the people are afraid of not approaching; Both civil and military, Wade is a success. " The important content of official education in the Western Zhou Dynasty is "Rite, Music, Shooting, Imperial, Calligraphy and Numbering", which is called "Six Arts". "Shooting" in "Six Arts" is archery, "guarding" is driving, and it is a military sports training subject. At that time, as soon as the boy was born, he made a wish to shoot, "Sing Hu Peng and Liu Ya and shoot at the four corners of the world." Men began to practice archery at the age of 15, and continued to practice in different places according to different grades in adulthood, preparing to participate in the annual archery competition. During the competition, ceremonies such as drinking and playing music should be held, that is, shooting ceremony, which can be divided into "big shooting", "guest shooting", "swallow shooting" and "hometown shooting". The rulers of the Western Zhou Dynasty combined sports activities with cultural etiquette in order to cultivate talents with both civil and military skills, defend and manage the country, which is similar to the all-round quality education implemented in the slavery era of ancient Greece in form and goal.
As a great thinker and educator, Confucius' educational content is also "six arts". "Book of Rites" records: "Confucius shot at the garden of parallel images, and covered the viewer like a wall." This shows that he is versatile, not only familiar with poetry, but also good at archery. "The Warring States Policy and the Western Zhou Dynasty Policy" says: "Those who have Yang in Chu are good at shooting, and those who go to Liu Ye shoot it with a hundred paces. Both sides are good. "
Because archery is military, competitive, entertaining and ceremonial, its importance will become more and more prominent in the future history. Archery was very popular in the Tang Dynasty. Li Bai is not only a "poetic immortal" but also an archery enthusiast, boasting that "one arrow kills two tigers and two kites fall on his back". Du Fu's poem "Mourning for the Head" describes a woman's superb archery-"with an archer, chest facing the sky, shooting through clouds, laughing and flying in the air". In order to cultivate and select military martial arts talents, Wu Zetian established a "martial arts system". Among the nine test subjects, archery alone accounted for five, namely long stack, horse shooting, step shooting, flat shooting and barrel stick. Archery was very popular among the people in Song Dynasty, and folk sports activities such as "Archery Club", "Archery Club" and "Archery Club" were very frequent. The Qing dynasty founded the country by riding and shooting, and attached great importance to archery, which promoted the prevalence of archery. Chengde, Hebei Province was once a special royal hunting ground.
(3) China ancient fencing.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, swords became common weapons in the army, and wearing swords, practicing swords and fencing became the fashion of the society at that time. The book "Biography of Mario Attached to Ma Yuan" said: "The prince of Wu is good at swordsmanship, and the people have many swords and scars", which shows the prosperity of martial arts at that time. Gou Jian, King of Yue, also likes fencing. He recruited famous craftsmen from all over the world to cast eight famous swords for him, named "Shading", "Breaking Soul" and "Breaking Water". According to the Biography of Gou Jian's Rebellion in the Spring and Autumn Period of Wu and Yue, the King of Yue asked the doctor Fan Li for advice in order to strengthen the country by training troops. Fan Li invited a woman from Lin Nan with superb swordsmanship and exceptional talent. The whole army was better at fencing than her, and all of them were defeated. The King of Yue was so impressed with this woman that he immediately named her "Yue Nv" and asked her to teach the sergeant to practice fencing. When the King of Yue asked her about the true meaning of fencing, she told a profound and incisive theory, which is the famous "Yue Nv on Sword":
The woman said, "Its way is very small and easy, and its meaning is very deep. Tao has a portal and yin and yang. Open and close the door, yin declines and yang flourishes. The way of unarmed combat is to show spirit internally and safety externally. I looked like a good woman when I saw it, and I looked like a tiger when I took it away. When you are with God, you will be like a rabbit. Worship one shadow after another, like light; Breathing is not as good as law. Perversely disobedient, straight reply does not smell. If you are a Taoist, one person should be a hundred, and a hundred people should be ten thousand people. If the king wants to try it, see it after the test. "
The story of "Xiang Zhuang's sword dance, intended to repeat itself" in Historical Records has long been a household name in China. Du Fu has a poem "Watching Gong Sundaniang's Disciples Dance Sword", which describes the superb skills of the Tang people in sword dancing:
A few years ago, there was a beautiful Gongsun who danced her dagger from all directions.
The audience is like a mountain lost between them, and the world moves back and forth with her movements.
They are as bright as archers shooting down nine suns in the sky and as swift as angels in front of dragon wings;
She began to be like a thunderbolt, venting its anger and ending the shining calm like rivers and seas.