Psychology is a science that studies human psychological phenomena and their psychological functions and behavioral activities under their influence, taking into account outstanding theories and applications. The following are 26 interesting psychological phenomena in my life for reference only. Let's have a look.

1, placebo effect: counterfeit drugs can also make people have psychological comfort function.

Also known as the counterfeit drug effect, it refers to taking counterfeit drugs that have no curative effect at all without letting the patients know, but the patients get the same or even better effect as the real drugs.

Revelation: Psychologists gave an example to Southern Reporter. Several city people went out for an outing, and when they arrived halfway up the mountain, they were deeply attracted by the clear spring water, green grass and charming scenery. During the break, one of them happily took the kettle handed by his companion and took a sip of water. He couldn't help but sigh: The water in the mountains is so sweet, and the water in the city really can't be compared with here. The owner of the kettle smiled. He said that the water in the kettle is the most common water in the city, and it was connected from the tap water pipe at home before departure. This shows that when we analyze reality, we are obviously mixed with many personal factors, including our expectations, experiences and beliefs.

2. Wedge theorem

10 People who disagree with you will waver?

Even if you have made up your mind that your thoughts and practices are completely correct, if you have 10 friends around you, it is hard for you not to waver.

Revelation: A person's life is actually a process of constantly making various choices. In this process, listening to other people's opinions is an essential link. But people who only listen to other people's opinions and have no opinions can't make really effective judgments based on everyone's opinions. If we want to overcome the negative influence of Wedge theorem, we must have our own opinions. This is not blind confidence, but an accurate grasp of the objective situation. We can use our own ideas and ways of thinking to choose what we want to do and what we think is good, so as to be confident but not arrogant and not blindly obedient.

3. Broken window effect

It's natural to hit someone when he's down. How do you avoid it?

For perfect things, people always hold an attitude of admiration and appreciation, hoping that it will always be perfect, so as to subconsciously protect its perfection; For broken things, people often hold an attitude of "it's all like this anyway, it doesn't matter if it's bad again", and consciously or unconsciously do more damage to it.

Enlightenment: In the work, we should guard against the negative impact brought by the broken window effect. For example, if someone starts to disobey the company's regulations, we must grasp our own principles and not blindly follow them. If one of our colleagues has bad luck, we must not hit a person when he is down. More importantly, always be vigilant and don't let yourself become a broken window trampled on in the workplace.

4. Matthew effect: maintaining an irreplaceable advantage in a certain field.

The rich tend to get richer; Famous people tend to become more and more famous; People with status tend to have higher and higher status. This phenomenon is widespread in society. "Any individual, group or region, once it has achieved success and progress in a certain aspect, will have an accumulated advantage, and will have more opportunities to achieve greater success and progress.

Enlightenment: Even if your innate background is not good enough, as long as you make achievements in a certain field and maintain certain advantages, you will be able to gather the most favorable resources around you. To maintain a certain advantage in a certain field, we must study hard in this field, seize the opportunity, and become bigger and stronger quickly. This is the king of the workplace.

5. Bystander effect: The more people there are, the fewer people do good deeds.

The possibility of rescue behavior is inversely proportional to the number of onlookers present, that is, the more onlookers there are, the less likely it is to appear. For example, in the dead of night, I met a person who fell to the ground in pain as if he were an acute criminal. At this time, you usually choose to call the police or provide help, while in downtown streets, you often choose to watch and take no measures.

Revelation: If you want to do good, don't stop doing it just because there are many people around you, because the more people, the more dispersed the responsibility, and everyone doesn't want to do it.

6. veblen effect: The higher the commodity price, the more consumers like it.

The higher the commodity price is set, the more it can be favored by consumers. The higher the price of goods, the more consumers are willing to buy. It was first noticed by American economist Van Buren, so it was named "veblen effect".

Revelation: In a sense, man is also a commodity. If you want to sell a good price, you must grind yourself into a tool and put it in the right place to sell. If you are a luxury, not just a necessity, no one dares to bargain, but will fight for it for you. This is true in the workplace and life.

7. Dark effect: Dating in the dark is easy to "cheat trust".

In a dark place, if the dating parties can't see each other's expressions clearly, it's easy to reduce their sense of security and create a sense of security. In this case, the possibility of being close to each other is much higher than that in a bright place. Psychologists call this phenomenon the "dark effect".

Revelation: For men and women in love, nothing is more pleasant than dim light. Dim lighting can make people feel more secure, because it obstructs others' sight. In this case, men and women are more likely to have physical and psychological closeness. "The moon is at the willow tip, and people meet after dusk." Ancient gifted scholars had high emotional intelligence, and modern people should soon feel inferior.

8. Sandwich effect: It is best to sandwich criticism between two praises.

In critical psychology, people put the content of criticism between two praises, so that the criticized person can accept the criticism happily. This is the so-called sandwich effect.

Revelation: This phenomenon is like a sandwich. The first layer always recognizes, appreciates, affirms and cares about each other's advantages or positive aspects. The middle layer is full of suggestions, criticisms or different opinions. The third layer always encourages, hopes, trusts, supports and helps, which makes the taste behind endless. This kind of criticism will not only dampen the self-esteem and enthusiasm of the criticized, but also take the initiative to accept the criticism and correct their own shortcomings. Otherwise, pure fierce criticism will dampen the enthusiasm of the other party and/or arouse a strong rebound, and will not receive good results.

9. Bird cage effect: inertial thinking can be used to attract attention in the workplace.

If a person buys an empty birdcage and puts it in his living room, after a while, he will usually throw it away or buy a bird to keep.

Revelation: The birdcage effect tells us that many times, people always adopt inertial thinking. In the workplace, we might as well skillfully use this psychological feature to arouse people's curiosity and attention. Inertia thinking is inevitable, almost everyone has it, but if you want to get unexpected results, you must jump out of the limitations of inertia thinking. In a team, it is very necessary to learn from the work experience of colleagues and leaders, but experience always has traces of inertia thinking, so only by selectively accepting these experiences and doing some reverse thinking properly can we obtain higher effectiveness.

10, Frog Effect: Will it be ugly to die of "changing with the constant"?

It means throwing a frog into boiling water. Because it feels great pain, it will push hard and jump out of the water to get a chance to survive. When the frog is put into a pot of warm water and heated gradually, because the frog has gradually adapted to the pleasant water temperature, when the temperature rises to a certain extent, the frog no longer has the strength to jump out of the water. So the frog was comfortably scalded to death.

Revelation: People, like frogs, are always able to react violently to sudden threats, but they are not alert to the accumulated crisis. As the saying goes, born in sorrow and died in happiness, that's what it means. In fact, everyone needs to keep a sense of crisis in their work and life, and adjust their work and life status in time, instead of "changing with the constant".

1 1, spotlight effect: don't think that everyone will pay attention to yourself.

Sometimes we always inadvertently magnify our problems infinitely. When we make a fool of ourselves, we always think that others will notice, but this is not the case. People may have noticed it at that time, but they will forget it immediately afterwards. No one will care about themselves like you.

Revelation: You go to a party confidently, dressed neatly and refreshed, but the breeze slightly messes up your hair. Just as you were about to push through the door, a mirror at the door startled you-you felt your clothes were in a mess and your hair was like a bird's nest. Suddenly, it seems that all eyes are staring at you, and all whispers are talking about your "unlucky appearance". You are nervous, but the fact may be that people don't care about you at all, let alone your self-righteous embarrassment.

12, Schwartz concluded: it's up to you to decide how much influence bad things can have.

All bad things will really become unfortunate events only when we think they are bad.

Revelation: A blessing in disguise is a blessing in disguise. In real life, the turbulent international political and economic environment will often lead to crises around enterprises, and they will go downhill if they are not careful. In the face of setbacks, do you give up on yourself and make it an irreversible fact, or do you make it the driving force for your renewed efforts? In fact, fate has always been hidden in our minds. What impact the blow will have on you is ultimately in your hands. As long as we can be optimistic from the bad, take effective measures to reverse this trend, and patiently find the direction, there will be a new world. This can not only solve the temporary problems, but also find out the symptoms of the company, completely eliminate hidden dangers and enhance the company's ability to make lasting profits.

13, business card effect: Who do you want to convince to agree with some of his views first?

When two people communicate, if they first show the same attitude and values as the other person, it will make the other person feel that you are more similar to him, thus quickly narrowing the psychological distance with you and being more willing to be close to you and forming a good interpersonal relationship.

Revelation: To make the other person accept your views and attitudes, you should treat the other person as one with yourself. First, spread some acceptable, familiar and favorite opinions or ideas to the communicating party, and then quietly infiltrate and sort out your own opinions and ideas, so that the other party will have an impression that our ideas and opinions are similar to what they recognize. Show that you have the same attitude and values with the other person, which will make the other person feel that you have more similarities with him, so as to quickly narrow the psychological distance with you, and be more willing to be close to you and form a good interpersonal relationship.

14, responsibility diffusion: don't be superstitious about "many hands make light work"

Also known as bystander effect, it means that if an individual is allowed to complete a task alone, he will have a strong sense of responsibility and make a positive response. However, if a group is required to complete the task together, each individual in the group will have a weak sense of responsibility and often shrink back in the face of difficulties or responsibilities. Because the former takes responsibility independently, while the latter expects others to take more responsibility. The essence of "decentralized responsibility" is that many people are irresponsible and their responsibilities are not implemented.

Revelation: This phenomenon tells us that it is more effective to ask for help from a specific object than from a bystander, especially when we are in danger. We should prevent the responsibility from spreading to ourselves and make ourselves a lazy and irresponsible person. At the same time, we should treat cooperation rationally and don't be superstitious about "many hands make light work". Sometimes, this sentence is obviously not true.

15, Barnum effect: explains why many people believe in constellation analysis.

People often think that a generalization and general description of personality reveals their own characteristics very accurately, which is called "Barnum effect" in psychology. The Barnum effect explains to some extent why some horoscopes or zodiac books can "accurately" point out someone's personality. The reason is that the word used to describe personality is actually "humanity" or basically applicable to most people. In other words, the scope of application of these words is so vague that what they say is often equal to nothing. For example, Aquarius is rational, loves freedom, and Cancer is emotional and caring. However, cancer people will never be rational, and Aquarius people will lack love?

Revelation: We don't deny the value of the constellation, after all, it is based on statistics. But if you want to be a smart person and not superstitious about constellations, I have to tell you that you are wrong again! Since more than half of the people around you believe in horoscopes, why are you trying to overthrow the ideas rooted in your heart (which is actually impossible)?

16. Rosenthal effect: whoever has expectations will work harder.

Once, psychologist Rosenthal went to a school and made a list to tell the class teacher that these students had great development potential, but asked the class teacher not to tell the students. After a semester, I found that these students made rapid progress. In fact, these students are randomly selected, which is the famous Rosenthal effect, also known as the expectation effect. It tells us that sincere expectation and unremitting efforts will eventually bear the expected fruit. Usually, the class teacher should have full confidence in the students and have high hopes, so that this sincere expectation will become the driving force and direction of students' development.

Revelation: The evaluation of human self-image often combines the views of individuals and the external environment. External information plays a vital role in self-evaluation. Therefore, in the workplace, as a boss, we should be good at discovering the advantages of subordinates and give them praise and encouragement in time; As a subordinate, you should be good at absorbing the positive comments from your boss and colleagues and the positive information released by the external environment, become a confident and passionate person, and fully stimulate your self-potential.

17, flywheel effect: you can use it to get through the initial difficult period when dieting and losing weight.

The flywheel effect means that in order to make the stationary flywheel rotate, you must first make great efforts and push it round and round again. Every turn is laborious, but every effort will not be in vain, and the flywheel will turn faster and faster. After reaching a certain critical point, the gravity and momentum of the flywheel will become a part of the driving force. At this time, you don't need to spend more effort, and the flywheel will still rotate rapidly.

Revelation: Sometimes you find it difficult to do something. Just stick to it. After the critical point, it becomes easy. It is said that many dieters used this principle to survive the initial difficult hunger period.

18, exposure effect: being familiar with a person will win a good impression.

This is a psychological phenomenon, which means that we will prefer what we are familiar with. Research on the attraction of interpersonal communication shows that the more times we meet a person, the more attractive and likable he is.

Revelation: You like a girl, and spending time with her is good for you. If you can have classes together, or if she works not far from you, or if you often see her in the gym, these contacts can help you improve your goodwill in her mind. When I first met you, I might only give you 50 points, but after seeing you many times in the gym, she might give you 890 points. And you haven't taken any action yet.

19, the first cause effect: design your first impression in the eyes of others.

It means that people will leave a deep impression when they come into contact with something or someone for the first time. In the process of social cognition, the information that individuals first input through the "first impression" has an impact on their later cognition of the object.

Revelation: If you want to take a route in front of someone, design it the first time, even in the relationship between men and women. If you want to play a lady, you have to play it all the time, otherwise you will be considered changed by the other party when you are lazy. If you are rough at first and gentle occasionally, the other person will be surprised.

20. One-third effect: The more choices, the harder it is to choose.

In the "multi-choice" decision-making, with the increase of choice objects and the increase of choice room, the difficulty of choice is getting bigger and bigger, and finally all parties are confused.

Revelation: When a customer walks into a commercial street and chooses a store, it is usually impossible to make a deal at the first store. He always felt that there was something more suitable ahead. Usually it's not the last one. I think what I've seen before seems better. If you can see the end of this street at a glance, usually, the shops at both ends and one third of the street are the best.

2 1, push your luck effect: break down your big requirements into small requirements to coax each other.

If a person accepts a small request from others, then others will put forward higher requirements on this basis, and this person will be inclined to accept it. We call it the "push your luck effect".

Revelation: It is not easy for people to accept "ruler" at once, but it is much easier to accept "inch". In fact, "Cai Kangyong's Way of Speaking" has already said that if you want to ask someone to do something, you must first break it down into several small tasks, first make small demands, and then make big demands, and the other party will slowly "take the bait".

22. Romeo and Juliet effect: the elders interfere with the children's feelings, but the children's feelings are better.

Within a certain range, parents or elders interfere with children's feelings, and the deeper the love between young people. In other words, if an external force interferes with the love relationship between two lovers, then the relationship between the two lovers will become stronger, because they unite against "foreign enemies", and the internal contradictions will be covered up instead.

Revelation: If your child's other half doesn't meet your requirements, don't object fiercely first, give them time and let their problems be exposed automatically.

23, kicking the cat effect: the weaker the person, the easier it is to get angry.

In order to reorganize everything in the company, the chairman of a company promised to come back from morning till night. Suddenly, once, he was so absorbed in reading the newspaper that he forgot the time. In order not to be late, he was speeding on the expressway. As a result, he was given a ticket by the police and finally missed the time. Old Dong was so angry that when he returned to the office, he called the sales manager to the office and scolded him, in order to make others change their minds. After being scolded, the sales manager angrily walked out of Lao Dong's office, called the secretary to the office and criticized him. The secretary is picky for no reason and naturally angry, so she deliberately finds fault with the operator. The operator came home depressed and was furious with his son. After being scolded by his father inexplicably, his son was also very angry and kicked his cat hard.

Revelation: Sometimes powerful people are angry with you, not because of your mistakes. People's dissatisfaction and bad feelings will generally be transmitted in turn along the social relationship chain composed of rank and strength, and the smallest element that spreads from the top of the pyramid to the bottom and has nowhere to vent becomes the ultimate victim.

24. Valenda effect: things that are too concerned may fail.

Valenda is a famous tightrope walker in America. He unfortunately slipped and died in a major performance. His wife said afterwards, I know something must happen this time, because he always kept saying before taking office that this time is too important to fail; In every successful performance before, he always thought about walking the tightrope itself, regardless of everything it might bring. Later, people called the mentality of focusing on the matter itself without losing money "Valenda mentality".

Revelation: In real life, people always think too much about anything, care too much about the consequences of things, care too much about other people's gossip, care too much about everything now and in the future, and we just ignore the things themselves. In this case, it is difficult for us to be at our best. Our brains are full of desires and our bodies are out of breath. Can we get things done under such a heavy load? As a result, we always deviate from the predetermined track and get farther and farther away from success! Faraday once said: "Try your best to succeed, but you don't expect success, you will often succeed."

25, the wild horse ending (emotional effect): don't hurt yourself because of other people's mistakes.

There is a story. One morning, a wise man saw death walking towards a city and asked, "What are you going to do?" Death replied, "I'm going to the city ahead to take 100 people." The wise man said, "This is terrible!" Death said, "But this is my job and I have to do it." The wise man bid farewell to death and ran to the city in front of him, reminding everyone he met: Please be careful, death is about to take away 100 people. The next morning, he met a god of death outside the city and asked in a dissatisfied tone, "Yesterday you told me that you were taking 1000 people from here, but why did1000 people die?" Death looked at the wise man and calmly replied, "I have never been overworked. I really want to do what I told you yesterday, with only 100 people." But fear and anxiety took others away. "

Revelation:

This is also called emotional effect, which refers to the phenomenon that people get angry because of trivial things, so that they hurt themselves because of other people's mistakes.

Most of the time, we don't want to know what is the reason for our anger and anxiety, whether it is worthwhile or not, and whether it is a waste of time.

26. Over-limit effect: If the time is too long and the density is too high, it will be annoying.

Too much stimulation, too strong, and too long action time cause psychological impatience or resistance, which is called "overrun effect".

Mark Twain, a famous American humorist, once listened to a priest's speech in church. At first, he felt that the pastor spoke very well and made people move, so he prepared to donate money. 10 minutes later, before the priest finished speaking, he got a little impatient and decided to donate only some small change. After another 10 minute, the priest hasn't finished yet and decided not to donate 1 minute. When the priest finally finished his long speech and began to raise money, Mark Twain got angry. Instead of donating money, he stole two dollars from the plate.

Revelation: If you are making a report or speech, the first three minutes are very important. You must get into your topic in three minutes, and you must capture the audience with your charm in three minutes. In other words, a creative advertisement is pleasing to the eye the first time, and will attract people's attention to the products and services it promotes the second time. But if such a good advertisement is to be bombed in a short time, it will make people feel very disgusted. No matter what you do, enough is enough.

Psychological knowledge in life

1 Barnum effect

People often think that a general and general description of personality reveals their own characteristics very accurately, such as constellations. This tendency is called "Barnum effect" in psychology.

Love words are more effective for the left ear.

A recent study by researchers at Sam Houston State University in the United States found that sweet words to your lover's left ear are more likely to win their hearts. This is because the left ear is controlled by the right brain. In the division of human brain, the right hemisphere is responsible for perceptual intuitive thinking and is more sensitive to emotional experience.

People can remember what they hear better with their right ear than with their left ear.

Because the information heard by the right ear feeds into the left hemisphere, it has more memory advantages than the right hemisphere. So if you want the other person to remember what you said, just say it in his/her right ear!

I want to know what a person's heart lacks.

If you want to know what is missing in a person's heart, look at nothing but what he shows off. If you want to know what a person is inferior to others, just look at what he hides.

Look at a person from the habit of chatting online.

I like to use "…" and ". . . "Most people are soft-hearted and have no bad intentions. At the same time, it also reflects his (her) indecision in dealing with things, and most of them will have a phobia of choice. ......

6 toss a coin

When faced with two choices, tossing a coin is always effective, not because it always gives the right answer, but because the second you throw it in the air, you know what you really want to choose.

Most people only lose their temper with safe people.

Because it's within the safe range. Your subconscious knows that the other person will not leave you. Sometimes fooling around is a dependence.

Life is only 900 months.

Actually, life is only 900 months! In fact, you can draw a 30×30 form, and a piece of A4 paper is enough. Every month, check a box. Your whole life is on this paper. So, you will have a clear concept: how did you spend your life?

9 Babel's Law

The original newspaper of 1 yuan has become a newspaper of 10 yuan, which you will definitely find unacceptable; Comparatively speaking, the original 5000-yuan computer has gone up by 50 yuan, so you won't have such a big reaction. Babel's law shows that when a person experiences a strong stimulus, the stimulus given afterwards becomes insignificant to him.

10 Murphy theorem

I have a mobile phone I just bought in my pocket. I'm afraid of being stolen on the bus. I go to see if my mobile phone is still there every once in a while. This move caught the attention of thieves, and eventually the mobile phone was stolen. It's only because I'm afraid that I care. The more you concentrate, the more likely you are to make mistakes. This is the famous Murphy theorem.

1 1 You suspect that you got the wrong answer. Do you want to change the answer?

The exam is coming soon. When I finished checking my answer sheet, I found that I didn't know which answer to choose. Should I change my answer at this time? According to the survey, 55% people think that changing the answer will damage their grades, and only 15.5% people think it will improve; But the actual situation is: 58% people corrected the answer correctly, only 20% people corrected the right one and 22% people corrected the wrong one.

12 demolition effect

Lu Xun once wrote in the article Silent China: "The temperament of China people always likes reconciliation and compromise. For example, if you say that this room is too dark, it must be forbidden for everyone to open the skylight here. But if you advocate tearing down the roof, they will come to reconciliation and are willing to open the skylight. " This is called the "demolition effect" in psychology. First, make big demands, and then make smaller and less demands.

13 broken window effect

If the window of a house is broken and no one comes to repair it, soon, other windows will be broken for no reason; A wall, if some graffiti is not cleaned up, will soon be covered with messy and unsightly things. In a very clean place, people will be embarrassed to throw garbage, but once there is garbage on the ground, people will not hesitate to throw it and will not feel ashamed.

14 dispersion of responsibilities

When a person encounters an emergency, if he is the only one who can help, he will clearly realize his responsibility and give help to the victims. If he feels guilty from destruction, it will cost him a high psychological price. If there are many people present, the responsibility of helping those who ask for help will be shared by everyone, resulting in scattered responsibilities. Everyone shares little responsibility, and bystanders may not even realize their own responsibility, thus creating a psychology of "I don't save, others save" and causing a situation of "collective indifference".

Matching effect of 15

After owning a new item, people will want to constantly configure the items that suit them to achieve psychological balance, which is called "matching effect" in psychology.

16 good news and bad news

You have a big piece of good news and a small piece of bad news. You should tell them together. In this way, the pain caused by bad news will be diluted by the happiness brought by good news, and the negative impact will be much smaller. You have a big bad news and a small good news, so you should tell them separately. In this way, the happiness brought by good news will not be lost because of the pain brought by bad news, and people can still enjoy the happiness brought by good news.

17 Do men cry lightly?

It has been found that the tears people shed when they are sad contain more harmful substances caused by mental depression. Experts from the Psychiatric Laboratory of St. Paul-Ramsey Medical Center in the United States found that tears can relieve people's depression.

18 Seeing beautiful women can prolong life.

German psychologists believe that staring at beautiful women for 10 minutes every day is equivalent to doing 30 minutes of aerobic exercise, and the average life expectancy of men can be extended by four or five years.

19 the direction of efforts is also very important.

The picture below tells you: If the direction is wrong, the harder you work, the more embarrassed you are. ...

20 psychological suggestion

Try to close your eyes and raise your arms horizontally. Imagine yourself holding a balloon in one hand and a bucket full of water in the other. After a minute, open your eyes and look at the height of your arm.

2 1 The best relationship is often the one that hurts you the most.

The best friend is not polite, but often sarcastic, bickering with each other, and even exposing each other's shortcomings in person, because you all know that the other person won't mind. The best relationship often hurts you the most.

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